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González-González JS, Martínez-Santos A, Emparán-Legaspi MJ, Pineda-Contreras A, Martínez-Martínez FJ, Flores-Alamo M, García-Ortega H. Molecular structure and selective theophylline complexation by conformational change of diethyl N,N'-(1,3-phenylene)dicarbamate. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2024; 80:190-199. [PMID: 38712545 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229624003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor ability of diethyl N,N'-(1,3-phenylene)dicarbamate (1) to form host-guest complexes with theophylline (TEO) and caffeine (CAF) by mechanochemistry was evaluated. The formation of the 1-TEO complex (C12H16N2O4·C7H8N4O2) was preferred and involves the conformational change of one of the ethyl carbamate groups of 1 from the endo conformation to the exo conformation to allow the formation of intermolecular interactions. The formation of an N-H...O=C hydrogen bond between 1 and TEO triggers the conformational change of 1. CAF molecules are unable to form an N-H...O=C hydrogen bond with 1, making the conformational change and, therefore, the formation of the complex impossible. Conformational change and selective binding were monitored by IR spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 1-TEO complex was characterized by IR spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Saulo González-González
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipán, km 1.7 s/n, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca 68540, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Santos
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipán, km 1.7 s/n, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca 68540, Mexico
| | - María José Emparán-Legaspi
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, km 9, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán, Colima 28400, Mexico
| | - Armando Pineda-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, km 9, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán, Colima 28400, Mexico
| | | | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Hector García-Ortega
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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2
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Luchiari NDC, da Silva GA, Marasco Júnior CA, de Lima Gomes PCF. Development of miniaturized fluorimetric device for caffeine determination using a smartphone. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35033-35038. [PMID: 35530710 PMCID: PMC9074131 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is an element that is consumed worldwide. It is present in many products such as beverages, chocolate, coffee, tea, energy drinks and medicines. Portable 3D devices working together with colorimetric and fluorimetric reactions have been able to determine the presence of caffeine in different kinds of samples. Also, digital image-based methods using smartphones have conferred portability and accessibility to miniaturized devices that are innovative and promising options for quick and low cost analyses. This study proposes a miniaturized fluorimetric device to determine caffeine by digital image using a smartphone. The OpenCamera app was used to capture images that were processed using ImageJ software to obtain RGB channels values. The red (R) channel signal intensity was selected as the analytical response. The device developed was applied to determine caffeine in an energy drink and medicines. The method developed presented a linear range from 100 to 600 mg L−1 of caffeine, and quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) limits of 100 mg L−1 and 30.0 mg L−1, respectively. The caffeine concentration found in the products analyzed was 328 mg L−1 (±2.5%) for the energy drink, 345 mg L−1 (±15%) for medicine A and 322 mg L−1 (±7.3%) for medicine B. The proposed device presented important characteristics such as low cost, required small volumes of reagents and samples, quick analysis, portability and suitable to be applied in complex matrices. This study proposes a miniaturized fluorimetric device to determine caffeine in an energy drink and medicines by digital image using a smartphone.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália da Costa Luchiari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Unesp, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry P.O. Box 355 14800-900 Araraquara (SP) Brazil
| | - Gabrielen Alves da Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Unesp, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry P.O. Box 355 14800-900 Araraquara (SP) Brazil
| | - César Augusto Marasco Júnior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Unesp, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry P.O. Box 355 14800-900 Araraquara (SP) Brazil
| | - Paulo Clairmont Feitosa de Lima Gomes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Unesp, National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry P.O. Box 355 14800-900 Araraquara (SP) Brazil
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3
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Karmakar P, Manna S, Maiti K, Ali SS, Guria UN, Sarkar R, Datta P, Mandal D, Mahapatra AK. A Perylene diimide based fluorescent probe for caffeine in aqueous medium. Supramol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2018.1530352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathi Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
| | - Srimanta Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
| | - Kalipada Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
| | - Syed Samim Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
| | - Uday Narayan Guria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
| | - Ripon Sarkar
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India
| | - Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,Howrah, India
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4
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Govindhan R, Karthikeyan B. Spectral investigations and DFT studies of 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1 H -purine-2,6-dione (caffeine) interaction and recognition by single amino acid derived self-assembled nanostructures. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Berton G, Borsato G, Zangrando R, Gambaro A, Fabris F, Scarso A. Highly efficient synthesis of C3-symmetric O-alkyl substituted triphenylenes and related Mannich derivatives. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
C3-Symmetric tris-benzyl-O-substituted hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) was prepared through selective ring opening with DIBAL-H in 48% yield (38% from HHTP in a two-step synthesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Berton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – CNR
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali
- Informatica e Statistica
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
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6
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Stahlhofen JM, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. One-Pot Synthesis to Quinone-Based Diaza[3.3]cyclophanes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Marie Stahlhofen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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7
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8
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Köstereli Z, Severin K. Array-based sensing of purine derivatives with fluorescent dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26223489 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01201e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic purine derivatives such as caffeine, theophylline, 6-mercaptopurine and 8-chlorotheophylline are important drugs. Due to the structural similarity of these compounds, it is intrinsically difficult to prepare chemosensors for their selective optical detection. Here, we describe a sensor array which can be used to differentiate pharmacologically important purine derivatives with good accuracy. The array is composed of four polysufonated fluorescent dyes, all of which can bind purines viaπ-stacking interactions. The complexation of the analytes results in partial quenching of the fluorescence. The fluorescence response of the four dyes provides a characteristic signal pattern, enabling the identification of thirteen purine derivatives at low millimolar concentration. Furthermore, it is possible to use the array for obtaining information about the quantity and purity of purine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Köstereli
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Sahoo P. Molecular recognition of caffeine in solution and solid state. Bioorg Chem 2015; 58:26-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Schneider HJ, Agrawal P, Yatsimirsky AK. Supramolecular complexations of natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6777-800. [PMID: 23703643 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60069f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Complexations of natural products with synthetic receptors as well as the use of natural products as host compounds are reviewed, with an emphasis on possible practical uses or on biomedical significance. Applications such as separation, sensing, enzyme monitoring, and protection of natural drugs are first outlined. We then discuss examples of complexes with all important classes of natural compounds, such as amino acids, peptides, nucleosides/nucleotides, carbohydrates, catecholamines, flavonoids, terpenoids/steroids, alkaloids, antibiotics and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Schneider
- FR Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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11
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Lohoelter C, Brutschy M, Lubczyk D, Waldvogel SR. Novel supramolecular affinity materials based on (-)-isosteviol as molecular templates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2821-33. [PMID: 24367446 PMCID: PMC3869372 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The readily available ex-chiral-pool building block (-)-isosteviol was combined with the C 3-symmetric platforms hexahydroxytriphenylene and hexaaminotriptycene providing large and rigid molecular architectures. Because of the persistent cavities these scaffolds are very potent supramolecular affinity materials for head space analysis by quartz crystal microbalances. The scaffolds serve in particular as templates for tracing air-borne arenes at low concentration. The affinities of the synthesized materials towards different air-borne arenes were determined by 200 MHz quartz crystal microbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lohoelter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Malte Brutschy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Lubczyk
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Brutschy M, Lubczyk D, Müllen K, Waldvogel SR. Surface Pretreatment Boosts the Performance of Supramolecular Affinity Materials on Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Sensor Applications. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10526-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4025818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brutschy
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Lubczyk
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Lohoelter C, Weckbecker M, Waldvogel SR. (-)-Isosteviol as a Versatile Ex-Chiral-Pool Building Block for Organic Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ghosh AK, Ghosh C, Gupta A. A simple approach to detect caffeine in tea beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3814-3820. [PMID: 23544959 DOI: 10.1021/jf400293u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of commercially available dye Acridine Orange (AO) describe an excellent probe for selective and sensitive detection of caffeine in aqueous solution. AO exists in monomer-dimer equilibrium in water. AO monomer is a fluorophore, but the dimer is not. Addition of caffeine to the AO leads to a shift in the monomer-dimer equilibrium toward the direction of AO monomer (fluorophore) and results in enhancement of AO fluorescence intensity. Enhancement of AO fluorescence intensity in the presence of caffeine has been treated as a signal for caffeine sensor. Furthermore, the caffeine-induced shift in AO monomer-dimer equilibrium is attributed to the binding of caffeine with AO monomer, and the binding constant was higher at a low pH range (pH ~2) compared to pH ~7, which results in superior caffeine sensitivity at pH ~2. Finally, caffeine content in commercial tea beverages has been evaluated and compared with the value obtained with a standard HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Ghosh
- Unilever R&D Bangalore , 64 Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India
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15
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Brutschy M, Schneider MW, Mastalerz M, Waldvogel SR. Porous organic cage compounds as highly potent affinity materials for sensing by quartz crystal microbalances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:6049-6052. [PMID: 22941901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Porosity makes powerful affinity materials for quartz crystal microbalances. The shape-persistent organic cages and pores create superior affinity systems to existing ones for direct tracing of aromatic solvent vapors. A shape and size selectivity for the analytes is observed. These organic cages can be processed to thin films with highly reproducible sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brutschy
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Lohoelter C, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Derivatives of (-)-Isosteviol with Expanded Ring D and Various Oxygen Functionalities. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Fluorescence sensing of caffeine in aqueous solution with carbazole-based probe and imaging application in live cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5379-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Luisier N, Ruggi A, Steinmann SN, Favre L, Gaeng N, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. A ratiometric fluorescence sensor for caffeine. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7487-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Boshta NM, Bomkamp M, Schnakenburg G, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of all-syn Functionalized Triphenylene Ketals. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Rochat S, Steinmann SN, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. Fluorescence sensing of caffeine in water with polysulfonated pyrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10584-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Bhalla V, Singh H, Kumar M. Facile Cyclization of Terphenyl to Triphenylene: A New Chemodosimeter for Fluoride Ions. Org Lett 2009; 12:628-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Hardev Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
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22
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First artificial acidic fluorescent receptors for caffeine and other xanthine alkaloids. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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24
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Mahapatra AK, Sahoo P, Goswami S, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK. Fluorescence sensing of theobromine by simple 2,6-diamino-pyridine and the novel cyclic chair-like hydrogen-bonded tetramer of its diacetyl derivative. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Voisin
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Vance E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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26
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Bomkamp M, Siering C, Landrock K, Stephan H, Fröhlich R, Waldvogel SR. Extraction of Radio-Labelled Xanthine Derivatives by Artificial Receptors: Deep Insight into the Association Behaviour. Chemistry 2007; 13:3724-32. [PMID: 17290482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Association constants for the interaction of almost insoluble substrates with triphenylene ketal-based receptors in toluene have been determined by means of an extraction method employing the corresponding radio-labelled substrates. Flexible and more polar receptors tend to aggregate and exhibit inferior extraction qualities. Binding constants in toluene were found to be in the range 10(5)-10(7) m(-1), which is significantly higher than in dichloromethane. X-ray analyses indicate the direct participation of a water molecule in the binding process, which may account for the surprisingly small effect of moisture in the solvent on the stability of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bomkamp
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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