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Massaro M, Cinà G, Borrego-Sánchez A, Sainz-Díaz CI, Viseras-Iborra C, Sánchez-Espejo R, de Melo Barbosa R, Leone F, Pibiri I, Noto R, Riela S. Thixotropic Hydrogels Based on Laponite® and Cucurbituril for Delivery of Lipophilic Drug Molecules. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300370. [PMID: 37767728 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the use of hydrogels for biomedical purposes is increasing because of their interesting features that allow the development of targeted drug delivery systems. Herein, hydrogel based on Laponite® (Lap) clay mineral as gelator and cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) molecules were synthetized for the delivery of flufenamic acid (FFA) for potential topical application. Firstly, the interaction between CB[6] and FFA was assessed by UV-vis spectroscopic measurements and molecular modeling calculations. Then, the obtained complex was used as filler for Lap hydrogel (Lap/CB[6]/FFA). The properties of the hydrogel in terms of viscosity and, self-repair abilities were investigated; its morphology was imaged by scanning electron and polarized optical microscopies. Furthermore, the changes in the hydrodynamic radii and in the colloidal stability of CB[6]/Lap mixture were investigated in terms of translational diffusion from dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements. Finally, the kinetic in vitro release of FFA, from Lap/CB[6]/FFA hydrogel, was studied in a medium mimicking the pH of skin and the obtained results were discussed both by an experimental point of view and by molecular modeling calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Massaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Ed. 17 "Stanislao Cannizzaro", 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Ed. 17 "Stanislao Cannizzaro", 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - C Ignacio Sainz-Díaz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de Granada (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras, 4, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - César Viseras-Iborra
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad de Granada (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras, 4, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rita Sánchez-Espejo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel de Melo Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Federica Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Ed. 17 "Stanislao Cannizzaro", 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ivana Pibiri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Ed. 17 "Stanislao Cannizzaro", 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Ed. 17 "Stanislao Cannizzaro", 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Riela
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, Via A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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2
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Ranamalla SR, Porfire AS, Tomuță I, Banciu M. An Overview of the Supramolecular Systems for Gene and Drug Delivery in Tissue Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081733. [PMID: 36015356 PMCID: PMC9412871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a prominent area of research, developing biomaterials aimed to be tunable, mechanistic scaffolds that mimic the physiological environment of the tissue. These biomaterials are projected to effectively possess similar chemical and biological properties, while at the same time are required to be safely and quickly degradable in the body once the desired restoration is achieved. Supramolecular systems composed of reversible, non-covalently connected, self-assembly units that respond to biological stimuli and signal cells have efficiently been developed as preferred biomaterials. Their biocompatibility and the ability to engineer the functionality have led to promising results in regenerative therapy. This review was intended to illuminate those who wish to envisage the niche translational research in regenerative therapy by summarizing the various explored types, chemistry, mechanisms, stimuli receptivity, and other advancements of supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh Reddy Ranamalla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Doctoral School in Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, “Babeș-Bolyai” University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Silvia Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, “Babeș-Bolyai” University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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McNaughton DA, To TYT, Hawkins BA, Hibbs DE, Gale PA. Delivering anion transporters to lipid bilayers in water. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9624-9628. [PMID: 34709282 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have been employed as delivery agents for lipophilic anion transporters, which allow their incorporation into lipid bilayers without using an organic solvent or pre-incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsz Ying Teresa To
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Bryson A Hawkins
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David E Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philip A Gale
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. .,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Singh P, Chen Y, Tyagi D, Wu L, Ren X, Feng J, Carrier A, Luan T, Tang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X. β-Cyclodextrin-grafted hyaluronic acid as a supramolecular polysaccharide carrier for cell-targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120602. [PMID: 33862128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) in a single step to generate a supramolecular biopolymer (HA-β-CD) that was explored for targeted drug delivery applications. Along with its excellent biocompatibility, the prepared HA-β-CD exhibits not only exceptionally high loading capacity for the model drugs doxorubicin and Rhodamine B through the formation of inclusion complexes with the β-CD component, but also the capability of targeted drug delivery to cancerous cells with a high level of expression of CD44 receptors, attributable to its HA component. The polymer can release the drug under slightly acidic conditions. With all its attributes, HA-β-CD may be a promising cancer-cell-targeting drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parbeen Singh
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Department of Biological Applied Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fermentation, Purification and Analysis, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51027, China; Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongli Chen
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Department of Biological Applied Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fermentation, Purification and Analysis, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51027, China
| | - Deependra Tyagi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohong Ren
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinglong Feng
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Department of Biological Applied Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fermentation, Purification and Analysis, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Andrew Carrier
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Health Sciences, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 51027, China
| | - Yongjun Tang
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Department of Biological Applied Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fermentation, Purification and Analysis, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No.2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Health Sciences, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada.
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6
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Hyaluronic-acid-based β-cyclodextrin grafted copolymers as biocompatible supramolecular hosts to enhance the water solubility of tocopherol. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119542. [PMID: 32553494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a common biopolymer found in the extracellular fluid, was grafted with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form a composite polymer that could form inclusion complexes with tocopherol (VE), enhancing its water-solubility and serving as a model drug delivery system. Herein, different copolymers were prepared with varying HA:β-CD ratios and characterized. VE loading capacity was directly correlated with increased β-CD composition in the polymers and morphological changes were observed upon VE binding. The host materials and their VE inclusion complexes are not cytotoxic, and are thus useful for VE and drug delivery.
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Silion M, Fifere A, Lungoci AL, Marangoci NL, Ibanescu SA, Zonda R, Rotaru A, Pinteală M. Mass Spectrometry as a Complementary Approach for Noncovalently Bound Complexes Based on Cyclodextrins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:685-701. [PMID: 31347079 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important and well-designed solution to overcome some of the problems associated with new drugs is provided by the molecular encapsulation of the drugs in the cyclodextrins (CDs) cavity, yielding corresponding inclusion complexes (ICs). These types of non-covalent complexes are of current interest to the pharmaceutical industry, as they improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of the guest molecules. This review highlights several methods for cyclodextrin ICs preparation and characterization, focusing mostly on the mass spectrometry (MS) studies that have been used for the detection of noncovalent interactions of CDs inclusion complexes and binding selectivity of guest molecules with CDs. Furthermore, the MS investigations of several ICs of the CD with antifungal, antioxidants or fluorescent dyes are presented in greater details, pointing out the difficulties overcome in the analysis of this type of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Silion
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Adrian Fifere
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Lacramioara Lungoci
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Narcisa Laura Marangoci
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin Alexandru Ibanescu
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Zonda
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteală
- Advanced Research Centre for Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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Singh P, Ren X, Guo T, Wu L, Shakya S, He Y, Wang C, Maharjan A, Singh V, Zhang J. Biofunctionalization of β-cyclodextrin nanosponges using cholesterol. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Riela S, Arcudi F, Lazzara G, Lo Meo P, Guernelli S, D'Anna F, Milioto S, Noto R. Binding abilities of new cyclodextrin–cucurbituril supramolecular hosts. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2014.975704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Riela
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche,Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcudi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche,Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Lo Meo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche,Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Susanna Guernelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche,Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefana Milioto
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche,Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, pad. 17, 90128Palermo, Italy
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Lo Meo P, Lazzara G, Liotta L, Riela S, Noto R. Cyclodextrin–calixarene co-polymers as a new class of nanosponges. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanosponge materials, obtained by co-polymerization of cyclodextrin and calixarene derivatives, have been characterized by various techniques and tested for the removal of model pollutants from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lo Meo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- University of Palermo
- 90128-Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- University of Palermo
- 90128-Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Serena Riela
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- University of Palermo
- 90128-Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- University of Palermo
- 90128-Palermo, Italy
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11
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Mallakpour S, Zadehnazari A. Molten salt-supported polycondensation of optically active diacid monomers with an aromatic thiazole-bearing diamine using microwave irradiation. J Adv Res 2013; 5:311-8. [PMID: 25685498 PMCID: PMC4294744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave heating was used to prepare optically active thiazole-bearing poly(amide-imide)s. Polymerization reactions were carried out in the molten tetrabutylammonium bromide as a green molten salt medium and triphenyl phosphite as the homogenizer. Structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analysis results. The polymeric samples were readily soluble in various organic solvents, forming low-colored and flexible thin films via solution casting. They showed high thermal stability with decomposition temperature being above 360 °C. They were assembled randomly in a nanoscale size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran ; Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Institute, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Amin Zadehnazari
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Yang J, Song LX, Du FY, Yang J, Shao ZC. Formation, structure and thermal properties of the ternary aggregate of polyethylene glycol, β-cyclodextrin and ferrocene. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.716839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Le Xin Song
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
- c State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210093 , P.R. China
| | - Fang Yun Du
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Zhi Cheng Shao
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , 230026 , P.R. China
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Xia J, Song LX, Dang Z. Low-Temperature Carbonization and More Effective Degradation of Carbohydrates Induced by Ferric Trichloride. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7635-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303041v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's
Republic of China
| | - Le Xin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's
Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's
Republic of China
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