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Chen Q, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Wu D. Nature's carriers: leveraging extracellular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2361165. [PMID: 38832506 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2361165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of drug delivery systems, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising stars for improving targeting abilities and realizing effective delivery. Numerous studies have shown when compared to conventional strategies in targeted drug delivery (TDD), EVs-based strategies have several distinguished advantages besides targeting, such as participating in cell-to-cell communications and immune response, showing high biocompatibility and stability, penetrating through biological barriers, etc. In this review, we mainly focus on the mass production of EVs including the challenges and strategies for scaling up EVs production in a cost-effective and reproducible manner, the loading and active targeting methods, and examples of EVs as vehicles for TDD in consideration of potential safety and regulatory issues associated. We also conclude and discuss the rigor and reproducibility of EVs production, the current research status of the application of EVs-based strategies to targeted drug delivery, clinical conversion prospects, and existing chances and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Jiang
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Mazahir F, Yadav AK. Recent progress in engineered extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications. Life Sci 2024; 350:122747. [PMID: 38797364 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To present the recent update on the isolation, engineering techniques for extracellular vesicles, limitations associated with different isolation techniques, different biomedical applications, and challenges of engineered extracellular vesicles for the benefit of researchers from academic, industry, etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles from most recognized journals were collected, and presented information was analyzed to discuss collection, chemical, electroporation, cellular, and membrane surface engineering to design extracellular vesicles for various therapeutic applications. In addition, we present the applications and limitations of techniques for the collection of extracellular vesicles. KEY FINDINGS There is a need for isolation techniques with the gold standard. However, advanced extracellular vesicle isolation techniques showed improved recovery, and purity of extracellular vesicles. Tumor therapy is a major part of the therapy section that illustrates the role of engineered extracellular vesicles in synergetic therapy such as phototherapy, theragnostic, and delivery of genetic materials. In addition, extracellular vesicles have shown their potential in the treatment of retinal disorders, neurodegenerative disease, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, vaccine production, and wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Engineered extracellular vesicles can deliver cargo to the specific cells, elicit an immune response and could be used for the development of the vaccines in the future. However, the progress is at the initial stage. Overall, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding and could serve as a reference for researchers in the clinical translation of engineered extracellular vesicles in different biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India.
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3
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Tao H, Gao B. Exosomes for neurodegenerative diseases: diagnosis and targeted therapy. J Neurol 2024; 271:3050-3062. [PMID: 38605227 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurodegenerative diseases are still challenging clinical issues, with no curative interventions available and early, accurate diagnosis remaining difficult. Finding solutions to them is of great importance. In this review, we discuss possible exosomal diagnostic biomarkers and explore current explorations in exosome-targeted therapy for some common neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into the clinical transformation of exosomes in this field. RECENT FINDINGS The burgeoning research on exosomes has shed light on their potential applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. As a type of extracellular vesicles, exosomes are capable of crossing the blood - brain barrier and exist in various body fluids, whose components can reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain. In addition, they can deliver specific drugs to brain tissue, and even possess certain therapeutic effects themselves. And the recent advancements in engineering modification technology have further enabled exosomes to selectively target specific sites, facilitating the possibility of targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The unique properties of exosomes give them great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and provide novel ideas for dealing with such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Yadav K, Vijayalakshmi R, Kumar Sahu K, Sure P, Chahal K, Yadav R, Sucheta, Dubey A, Jha M, Pradhan M. Exosome-Based Macromolecular neurotherapeutic drug delivery approaches in overcoming the Blood-Brain barrier for treating brain disorders. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114298. [PMID: 38642716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain is a complex challenge in medical research, particularly for disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The blood-brain barrier restricts the entry of many therapeutic molecules, hindering their effectiveness. Nanoparticles, a potential solution, face issues like toxicity and limited approvals. A new avenue explores the use of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), i.e., exosomes, as natural carriers for drug delivery. sEVs, tiny structures below 150 nm, show promise due to their minimal immune response and ability to precisely deliver drugs. This review focuses on the potential of sEVs-based drug delivery systems for treating neurological disorders, brain cancers, and other brain-related issues. Notably, bioengineered sEVs-carrying therapeutic compounds exhibit promise in early studies. The unique features of sEVs, such as their small size and natural properties, position them as candidates to overcome challenges in drug delivery to the brain. Ongoing clinical trials and research into sEVs behavior within the body further highlight their potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and addressing complex brain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- Raipur Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sarona, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - R Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GIET School of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry, AP, 533296, India
| | - Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Pavani Sure
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kavita Chahal
- Department of Botany, Government Model Science College Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Sucheta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Akhilesh Dubey
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangaluru-575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Megha Jha
- Department of Life Science, Mansarovar Global University, Sehore, M.P., India
| | - Madhulika Pradhan
- Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur, Chhattisgarh, 493661, India.
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Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Sousa MJ, Vlieghe H, Yang J, León-Félix CM, Amorim CA. Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade. Bioact Mater 2024; 36:126-156. [PMID: 38450204 PMCID: PMC10915394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are known to be secreted by a vast majority of cells. These sEVs, specifically exosomes, induce specific cell-to-cell interactions and can activate signaling pathways in recipient cells through fusion or interaction. These nanovesicles possess several desirable properties, making them ideal for regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications. These properties include exceptional stability, biocompatibility, wide biodistribution, and minimal immunogenicity. However, the practical utilization of sEVs, particularly in clinical settings and at a large scale, is hindered by the expensive procedures required for their isolation, limited circulation lifetime, and suboptimal targeting capacity. Despite these challenges, sEVs have demonstrated a remarkable ability to accommodate various cargoes and have found extensive applications in the biomedical sciences. To overcome the limitations of sEVs and broaden their potential applications, researchers should strive to deepen their understanding of current isolation, loading, and characterization techniques. Additionally, acquiring fundamental knowledge about sEVs origins and employing state-of-the-art methodologies in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine can expand the sEVs research scope. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art exosome-based strategies in diverse nanomedicine domains, encompassing cancer therapy, immunotherapy, and biomarker applications. Furthermore, we emphasize the immense potential of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vlieghe
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Yang
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecibel María León-Félix
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiani A. Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Chen J, Zhang E, Wan Y, Huang T, Wang Y, Jiang H. A quick and innovative pipeline for producing chondrocyte-homing peptide-modified extracellular vesicles by three-dimensional dynamic culture of hADSCs spheroids to modulate the fate of remaining ear chondrocytes in the M1 macrophage-infiltrated microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:300. [PMID: 38816719 PMCID: PMC11141023 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) have shown great therapeutic potential in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, the limited production and functional molecule loading of EVs hinder their clinical translation. Traditional two-dimensional culture of hADSCs results in stemness loss and cellular senescence, which is unfavorable for the production and functional molecule loading of EVs. Recent advances in regenerative medicine advocate for the use of three-dimensional culture of hADSCs to produce EVs, as it more accurately simulates their physiological state. Moreover, the successful application of EVs in tissue engineering relies on the targeted delivery of EVs to cells within biomaterial scaffolds. METHODS AND RESULTS The hADSCs spheroids and hADSCs gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) microspheres are utilized to produce three-dimensional cultured EVs, corresponding to hADSCs spheroids-EVs and hADSCs microspheres-EVs respectively. hADSCs spheroids-EVs demonstrate excellent production and functional molecule loading compared with hADSCs microspheres-EVs. The upregulation of eight miRNAs (i.e. hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-423-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-223-3p, hsa-miR-320a, hsa-miR-126-3p, and hsa-miR-25-3p) and the downregulation of hsa-miR-146b-5p within hADSCs spheroids-EVs show the potential of improving the fate of remaining ear chondrocytes and promoting cartilage formation probably through integrated regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, a quick and innovative pipeline is developed for isolating chondrocyte homing peptide-modified EVs (CHP-EVs) from three-dimensional dynamic cultures of hADSCs spheroids. CHP-EVs are produced by genetically fusing a CHP at the N-terminus of the exosomal surface protein LAMP2B. The CHP + LAMP2B-transfected hADSCs spheroids were cultured with wave motion to promote the secretion of CHP-EVs. A harvesting method is used to enable the time-dependent collection of CHP-EVs. The pipeline is easy to set up and quick to use for the isolation of CHP-EVs. Compared with nontagged EVs, CHP-EVs penetrate the biomaterial scaffolds and specifically deliver the therapeutic miRNAs to the remaining ear chondrocytes. Functionally, CHP-EVs show a major effect on promoting cell proliferation, reducing cell apoptosis and enhancing cartilage formation in remaining ear chondrocytes in the M1 macrophage-infiltrated microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, an innovative pipeline is developed to obtain CHP-EVs from three-dimensional dynamic culture of hADSCs spheroids. This pipeline can be customized to increase EVs production and functional molecule loading, which meets the requirements for regulating remaining ear chondrocyte fate in the M1 macrophage-infiltrated microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Enchong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Yingying Wan
- DongFang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100078, China.
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Plastic Surgery Hospital and Institute, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Muolokwu CE, Chaulagain B, Gothwal A, Mahanta AK, Tagoe B, Lamsal B, Singh J. Functionalized nanoparticles to deliver nucleic acids to the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1405423. [PMID: 38855744 PMCID: PMC11157074 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1405423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-targeted gene delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a significant challenge in the 21st century for the healthcare sector, particularly in developing an effective treatment strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Internal architecture of the brain capillary endothelium restricts bio-actives entry into the brain. Additionally, therapy with nucleic acids faces challenges like vulnerability to degradation by nucleases and potential immune responses. Functionalized nanocarrier-based gene delivery approaches have resulted in safe and effective platforms. These nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated efficacy in protecting nucleic acids from degradation, enhancing transport across the BBB, increasing bioavailability, prolonging circulation time, and regulating gene expression of key proteins involved in AD pathology. We provided a detailed review of several nanocarriers and targeting ligands such as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), endogenous proteins, and antibodies. The utilization of functionalized NPs extends beyond a singular system, serving as a versatile platform for customization in related neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few numbers of bioactive regimens can go through the BBB. Thus, exploring functionalized NPs for brain-targeted gene delivery is of utmost necessity. Currently, genes are considered high therapeutic potential molecules for altering any disease-causing gene. Through surface modification, nanoparticulate systems can be tailored to address various diseases by replacing the target-specific molecule on their surface. This review article presents several nanoparticulate delivery systems, such as lipid NPs, polymeric micelles, exosomes, and polymeric NPs, for nucleic acids delivery to the brain and the functionalization strategies explored in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Fatima S, Qaiser A, Andleeb S, Hashmi AH, Manzoor S. Navigating the brain: the role of exosomal shuttles in precision therapeutics. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1324216. [PMID: 38304326 PMCID: PMC10831691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1324216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases have become one of the leading roots of mortality and disability worldwide, contributing a significant part of the disease burden on healthcare systems. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a primary physical and biological obstacle that allows only small molecules to pass through it. Its selective permeability is a significant challenge in delivering therapeutics into the brain for treating brain dysfunction. It is estimated that only 2% of the new central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic compounds can cross the BBB and achieve their therapeutic targets. Scientists are exploring various approaches to develop effective cargo delivery vehicles to promote better therapeutics targeting the brain with minimal off-target side effects. Despite different synthetic carriers, one of the natural brain cargo delivery systems, "exosomes," are now employed to transport drugs through the BBB. Exosomes are naturally occurring small extracellular vesicles (EVs) with unique advantages as a therapeutic delivery system for treating brain disorders. They have beneficial innate aspects of biocompatibility, higher stability, ability to cross BBB, low cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity, homing potential, targeted delivery, and reducing off-site target effects. In this review, we will discuss the limitations of synthetic carriers and the utilization of naturally occurring exosomes as brain-targeted cargo delivery vehicles and highlight the methods for modifying exosome surfaces and drug loading into exosomes. We will also enlist neurodegenerative disorders targeted with genetically modified exosomes for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheera Fatima
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ariba Qaiser
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Andleeb
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Industrial Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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9
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Haroon K, Zheng H, Wu S, Liu Z, Tang Y, Yang GY, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Engineered exosomes mediated targeted delivery of neuroprotective peptide NR2B9c for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123656. [PMID: 38040392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is one of the core treatment strategies for brain injuries including traumatic brain injury (TBI). NR2B9c is a promising neuroprotective peptide but its clinical translation is limited because of poor brain penetrability. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanovesicles having therapeutic potential for TBI as well as an efficient drug delivery carrier to the brain. Here, we engineered exosomes with neuron targeting peptide rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29) via bio-orthogonal click chemistry technique and loaded it with NR2B9c, developing RVG-ExoNR2B9c. RVG29 conjugated exosome had higher neuron targeting efficiency compared to naïve exosomes both in vivo and in vitro. RVG-ExoNR2B9c had great cytoprotective effect against oxygen glucose deprived Neuro2a cells. Intravenous administration of RVG-ExoNR2B9c significantly improved behavioral outcomes and reduced the lesion volume after TBI injury in a mice controlled cortical impact model. Due to their multifunctionality and significant efficacy, we anticipate that RVG-ExoNR2B9c have the potential to be translated both as therapeutic agent as well as cargo delivery system to the brain for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Haroon
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Yingli Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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10
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Chen Z, Xiong M, Tian J, Song D, Duan S, Zhang L. Encapsulation and assessment of therapeutic cargo in engineered exosomes: a systematic review. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:18. [PMID: 38172932 PMCID: PMC10765779 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane containing various biologically active cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Engineered exosomes generated through genetic modification of parent cells show promise as drug delivery vehicles, and they have been demonstrated to have great therapeutic potential for treating cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and immune diseases, but systematic knowledge is lacking regarding optimization of drug loading and assessment of delivery efficacy. This review summarizes current approaches for engineering exosomes and evaluating their drug delivery effects, and current techniques for assessing exosome drug loading and release kinetics, cell targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic outcomes are critically examined. Additionally, this review synthesizes the latest applications of exosome engineering and drug delivery in clinical translation. The knowledge compiled in this review provides a framework for the rational design and rigorous assessment of exosomes as therapeutics. Continued advancement of robust characterization methods and reporting standards will accelerate the development of exosome engineering technologies and pave the way for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Min Xiong
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Shuyin Duan
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China.
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11
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Yang C, Xue Y, Duan Y, Mao C, Wan M. Extracellular vesicles and their engineering strategies, delivery systems, and biomedical applications. J Control Release 2024; 365:1089-1123. [PMID: 38065416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles that can be secreted by all cell types, are intracellular in origin and have the same composition as their parent cells, play a key role in intercellular communication in organismal health and disease, and are now often used as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic agents in biomedical research. When injected locally or systemically, they have the ability to provide a variety of therapeutic effects, for example, regeneration of skin damage or restoration of cardiac function. However, direct injection of extracellular vesicles may result in their rapid clearance from the injection site.In order to maintain the biological activity of extracellular vesicles and to control the release of effective concentrations for better therapeutic efficacy during long-term disease treatment, the design of an optimized drug delivery system is necessary and different systems for the continuous delivery of extracellular vesicles have been developed. This paper first provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition and physiological function of extracellular vesicles, followed by a review of different strategies for extracellular vesicle isolation and methods for engineering extracellular vesicles. In addition, this paper reviews the latest extracellular vesicle delivery platforms such as micro-nanoparticles, injectable hydrogels, microneedles and scaffold patches. At the same time, the research progress and key cases of extracellular vesicle delivery systems in the field of biomedical therapeutics are described. Finally, the challenges and future trends of extracellular vesicle delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunxin Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Duan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Haroon K, Ruan H, Zheng H, Wu S, Liu Z, Shi X, Tang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Bio-clickable, small extracellular vesicles-COCKTAIL therapy for ischemic stroke. J Control Release 2023; 363:585-596. [PMID: 37793483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Delivering large therapeutic molecules via the blood-brain barrier to treat ischemic stroke remains challenging. NR2B9c is a potent neuroprotective peptide but it's safe and targeted delivery to the brain requires an efficient, natural, and non-immunogenic delivery technique. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have shown great potential as a non-immunogenic, natural cargo delivery system; however, tailoring of its inefficient brain targeting is desired. Here, we coupled rabies virus glycoprotein 29 with sEVs surface via bio-orthogonal click chemistry reactions, followed by loading of NR2B9c, ultimately generating stroke-specific therapeutic COCKTAIL (sEVs-COCKTAIL). Primary neurons and Neuro-2a cells were cultured for in vitro and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used for in vivo studies to evaluate neuron targeting and anti-ischemic stroke potential of the sEVs-COCKTAIL. Bio-clickable sEVs were selectively taken up by neurons but not glial cells. In the in vitro ischemic stroke model of oxygen-glucose deprivation, the sEVs-COCKTAIL exhibited remarkable potential against reactive oxygen species and cellular apoptosis. In vivo studies further demonstrated the brain targeting and increased half-life of bio-clickable sEVs, delivering NR2B9c to the ischemic brain and reducing stroke injury. Treatment with the sEVs-COCKTAIL significantly increased behavioral recovery and reduced neuronal apoptosis after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. NR2B9c was delivered to neurons binding to post-synaptic density protein-95, inhibiting N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptor-mediated over production of oxidative stress and mitigating protein B-cell lymphoma 2 and P38 proteins expression. Our results provide an efficient and biocompatible approach to a targeted delivery system, which is a promising modality for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Haroon
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huitong Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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13
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Won Lee J, Kyu Shim M, Kim H, Jang H, Lee Y, Hwa Kim S. RNAi therapies: Expanding applications for extrahepatic diseases and overcoming delivery challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115073. [PMID: 37657644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The era of RNA medicine has become a reality with the success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against COVID-19 and the approval of several RNA interference (RNAi) agents in recent years. Particularly, therapeutics based on RNAi offer the promise of targeting intractable and previously undruggable disease genes. Recent advances have focused in developing delivery systems to enhance the poor cellular uptake and insufficient pharmacokinetic properties of RNAi therapeutics and thereby improve its efficacy and safety. However, such approach has been mainly achieved via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) or chemical conjugation with N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), thus current RNAi therapy has been limited to liver diseases, most likely to encounter liver-targeting limitations. Hence, there is a huge unmet medical need for intense evolution of RNAi therapeutics delivery systems to target extrahepatic tissues and ultimately extend their indications for treating various intractable diseases. In this review, challenges of delivering RNAi therapeutics to tumors and major organs are discussed, as well as their transition to clinical trials. This review also highlights innovative and promising preclinical RNAi-based delivery platforms for the treatment of extrahepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Kyu Shim
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosuk Kim
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hochung Jang
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Accelerated Medical Innovation & Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Pan R, Chen D, Hou L, Hu R, Jiao Z. Small extracellular vesicles: a novel drug delivery system for neurodegenerative disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1184435. [PMID: 37404690 PMCID: PMC10315580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1184435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a slow onset and are usually detected late during disease. NDs are often difficult to cure due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which makes it difficult to find effective treatments and drugs, causing great stress and financial burden to families and society. Currently, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the most promising drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeted delivery of molecules to specific sites in the brain as a therapeutic vehicle due to their low toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, high delivery efficiency, high biocompatibility and trans-BBB functionality. Here, we review the therapeutic application of sEVs in several NDs, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, discuss the current barriers associated with sEVs and brain-targeted DDS, and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lanlan Hou
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhigang Jiao
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Wei J, Ou Z, Tong B, Liao Z, Yang C. Engineered extracellular vesicles as therapeutics of degenerative orthopedic diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1162263. [PMID: 37362216 PMCID: PMC10289007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1162263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative orthopedic diseases, as a global public health problem, have made serious negative impact on patients' quality of life and socio-economic burden. Traditional treatments, including chemical drugs and surgical treatments, have obvious side effects and unsatisfactory efficacy. Therefore, biological therapy has become the focus of researches on degenerative orthopedic diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), with superior properties of immunoregulatory, growth support, and drug delivery capabilities, have emerged as a new cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases, including degenerative orthopedic diseases. An increasing number of studies have shown that EVs can be engineered through cargo loading, surface modification, and chemical synthesis to improve efficiency, specificity, and safety. Herein, a comprehensive overview of recent advances in engineering strategies and applications of engineered EVs as well as related researches in degenerative orthopedic diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis (OP), intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), is provided. In addition, we analyze the potential and challenges of applying engineered EVs to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cao Yang
- *Correspondence: Zhiwei Liao, ; Cao Yang,
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16
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Mohammadi AH, Ghazvinian Z, Bagheri F, Harada M, Baghaei K. Modification of Extracellular Vesicle Surfaces: An Approach for Targeted Drug Delivery. BioDrugs 2023; 37:353-374. [PMID: 37093521 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising drug delivery vehicle candidate because of their natural origin and intrinsic function of transporting various molecules between different cells. Several advantages of the EV delivery platform include enhanced permeability and retention effect, efficient interaction with recipient cells, the ability to traverse biological barriers, high biocompatibility, high biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Furthermore, EV membranes share approximately similar structures and contents to the cell membrane, which allows surface modification of EVs, an approach to enable specific targeting. Enhanced drug accumulation in intended sites and reduced adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are the most prominent effects of targeted drug delivery. In order to improve the targeting ability of EVs, chemical modification and genetic engineering are the most adopted methods to date. Diverse chemical methods are employed to decorate EV surfaces with various ligands such as aptamers, carbohydrates, peptides, vitamins, and antibodies. In this review, we introduce the biogenesis, content, and cellular pathway of natural EVs and further discuss the genetic modification of EVs, and its challenges. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive deliberation on the various chemical modification methods for improved drug delivery, which are directly related to increasing the therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghazvinian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Sun Y, Sun F, Xu W, Qian H. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as a Targeted Delivery Platform for Precision Therapy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:157-175. [PMID: 36637750 PMCID: PMC10070595 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free strategy has shown therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration. Due to their important roles in intercellular communications and their natural ability to shield cargos from degradation, EVs are also emerged as novel delivery vehicles for various bioactive molecules and drugs. Accumulating studies have revealed that EVs can be modified to enhance their efficacy and specificity for the treatment of many diseases. Engineered EVs are poised as the next generation of targeted delivery platform in the field of precision therapy. In this review, the unique properties of EVs are overviewed in terms of their biogenesis, contents, surface features and biological functions, and the recent advances in the strategies of engineered EVs construction are summarized. Additionally, we also discuss the potential applications of engineered EVs in targeted therapy of cancer and damaged tissues, and evaluate the opportunities and challenges for translating them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntong Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengtian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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19
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Mao L, Li YD, Chen RL, Li G, Zhou XX, Song F, Wu C, Hu Y, Hong YX, Dang X, Li GR, Wang Y. Heart-targeting exosomes from human cardiosphere-derived cells improve the therapeutic effect on cardiac hypertrophy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:435. [PMID: 36195937 PMCID: PMC9531502 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes of human cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are very promising for treating cardiovascular disorders. However, the current challenge is inconvenient delivery methods of exosomes for clinical application. The present study aims to explore the potential to enhance the therapeutic effect of exosome (EXO) from human CDCs to myocardial hypertrophy. A heart homing peptide (HHP) was displayed on the surface of exosomes derived from CDCs that were forced to express the HHP fused on the N-terminus of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2b (LAMP2b). The cardiomyocyte-targeting capability of exosomes were analyzed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in a mouse model of myocardial hypertrophy induced by transverse aorta constriction (TAC). The molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects were dissected in angiotensin II-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRCMs) hypertrophy model using a combination of biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques. We found that HHP-exosomes (HHP-EXO) accumulated more in mouse hearts after intravenous delivery and in cultured NRCMs than control exosomes (CON-EXO). Cardiac function of TAC mice was significantly improved with intravenous HHP-EXO administration. Left ventricular hypertrophy was reduced more by HHP-EXO than CON-EXO via inhibition of β-MHC, BNP, GP130, p-STAT3, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT. Similar results were obtained in angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of NRCMs, in which the beneficial effects of HHP-EXO were abolished by miRNA-148a inhibition. Our results indicate that HHP-EXO preferentially target the heart and improve the therapeutic effect of CDCs-exosomes on cardiac hypertrophy. The beneficial therapeutic effect is most likely attributed to miRNA-148a-mediated suppression of GP130, which in turn inhibits STAT3/ERK1/2/AKT signaling pathway, leading to improved cardiac function and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Mao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yun-Da Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Chen
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Fei Song
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Chan Wu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Hong
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xitong Dang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.,Nanjing Amaigh Pharma Limited, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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20
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Fu W, Li T, Chen H, Zhu S, Zhou C. Research Progress in Exosome-Based Nanoscale Drug Carriers in Tumor Therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:919279. [PMID: 35800056 PMCID: PMC9253528 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.919279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antitumor treatment methods have several reported limitations, including multidrug resistance and serious adverse reactions. Targeted drug delivery systems are effective alternatives that can help healthcare providers overcome these limitations. Exosomes can serve as a natural nanoscale drug delivery system, with the advantages of high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and efficient tumor targetability. In this paper, we discuss the biological characteristics of exosomes, summarize the drug-carrying mechanisms of exosome-based drug delivery systems, and examine the potential role and applicability of exosomes in clinical tumor treatment approaches. This review can be used as a guideline for the future development of exosome-based delivery systems in clinical precision tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changkai Zhou, ; Shu Zhu, ; Hongbo Chen,
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Changkai Zhou, ; Shu Zhu, ; Hongbo Chen,
| | - Changkai Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong First People’s Hospital, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Changkai Zhou, ; Shu Zhu, ; Hongbo Chen,
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21
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Long D, Chen C, Li W, Peng W, Li D, Zhou R, Dang X. Cardiac Expression of Esophageal Cancer-Related Gene-4 is Regulated by Sp1 and is a Potential Early Target of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:404-418. [PMID: 35129819 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal Cancer-Related Gene 4 (Ecrg4) expressed in cardiomyocytes and the cardiac conduction system is downregulated during cardiac ischemia and atrial fibrillation. To explore whether Ecrg4 plays any role in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Rats and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were employed to study the effect of DOX on Ecrg4 transcription. Bioinformatics combined with promoter analysis were used to map the rat Ecrg4 promoter. ChIP assay was used to evaluate the binding of Sp1 to the Ecrg4 promoter. Transient transfection was used to study the effect of Sp1 on the expression of endogenous Ecrg4. DOX decreased endogenous Ecrg4 gene expression in the heart and cultured NRCMs. In silico analysis showed that the 5'UTR immediately upstream of the start codon ATG, harbors a putative promoter that is GC-rich, and contains CpG islands, multiple overlapping Sp1sites. Transcription is initiated mainly on the 'C' at - 15. Serial 5'-deletion combined with dual-luciferase assays showed that the rat Ecrg4 core promoter resides at - 1/- 800. Sp1 transactivated Ecrg4 gene, which was almost abolished by DOX. Furthermore, ChIP assay showed that Sp1 specifically bound to the Ecrg4 promoter was interrupted by DOX. Finally, DOX suppressed Sp1 protein expression, and restoration of Sp1 increased Ecrg4 expression that was resistant to DOX-induced Ecrg4 downregulation. Importantly, cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Ecrg4 significantly enriched the differentially expressed proteins in the signaling pathways commonly involved in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Our results indicate that Sp1 mediates DOX-induced suppression of Ecrg4, which may contribute indirectly to its cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Long
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyue Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xitong Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 1-1 Xianglin Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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