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Huang Y, Bu L, Huang K, Zhang H, Zhou S. Predicting Odor Sensory Attributes of Unidentified Chemicals in Water Using Fragmentation Mass Spectra with Machine Learning Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11504-11513. [PMID: 38877978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Knowing odor sensory attributes of odorants lies at the core of odor tracking when addressing waterborne odor issues. However, experimental determination covering tens of thousands of odorants in authentic water is not pragmatic due to the complexity of odorant identification and odor evaluation. In this study, we propose the first machine learning (ML) model to predict odor perception/threshold aiming at odorants in water, which can use either molecular structure or MS2 spectra as input features. We demonstrate that model performance using MS2 spectra is nearly as good as that using unequivocal structures, both with outstanding accuracy. We particularly show the model's robustness in predicting odor sensory attributes of unidentified chemicals by using the experimentally obtained MS2 spectra from nontarget analysis on authentic water samples. Interpreting the developed models, we identify the intricate interaction of functional groups as the predominant influence factor on odor sensory attributes. We also highlight the important roles of carbon chain length, molecular weight, etc., in the inherent olfactory mechanisms. These findings streamline the odor sensory attribute prediction and are crucial advancements toward credible tracking and efficient control of off-odors in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Huang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kuan Huang
- Aropha Inc., Bedford, Ohio 44146, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Aier I, Semwal R, Tyagi P, Varadwaj P. Sense of Smell: Structural, Functional, Mechanistic Advancements and Challenges in Human Olfactory Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:891-911. [PMID: 30520376 PMCID: PMC7052838 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181206095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, the sense of smell detects and discriminate odors as well as social cues which influence our innate responses. The olfactory system in human beings is found to be weak as compared to other animals; however, it seems to be very precise. It can detect and discriminate millions of chemical moieties (odorants) even in minuscule quantities. The process initiates with the binding of odorants to specialized olfactory receptors, encoded by a large family of Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Stimulation of ORs converts the chemical information encoded in the odorants, into respective neuronal action-potentials which causes depolarization of olfactory sensory neurons. The olfactory bulb relays this signal to different parts of the brain for processing. Odors are encrypted using a combinatorial approach to detect a variety of chemicals and encode their unique identity. The discovery of functional OR genes and proteins provided an important information to decipher the genomic, structural and functional basis of olfaction. ORs constitute 17 gene families, out of which 4 families were reported to contain more than hundred members each. The olfactory machinery is not limited to GPCRs; a number of non- GPCRs is also employed to detect chemosensory stimuli. The article provides detailed information about such olfaction machinery, structures, transduction mechanism, theories of odor perception, and challenges in the olfaction research. It covers the structural, functional and computational studies carried out in the olfaction research in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail:
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Li H, Panwar B, Omenn GS, Guan Y. Accurate prediction of personalized olfactory perception from large-scale chemoinformatic features. Gigascience 2018; 7:4750780. [PMID: 29267859 PMCID: PMC5824779 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The olfactory stimulus-percept problem has been studied for more than a century, yet it is still hard to precisely predict the odor given the large-scale chemoinformatic features of an odorant molecule. A major challenge is that the perceived qualities vary greatly among individuals due to different genetic and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, the combinatorial interactions between multiple odorant receptors and diverse molecules significantly complicate the olfaction prediction. Many attempts have been made to establish structure-odor relationships for intensity and pleasantness, but no models are available to predict the personalized multi-odor attributes of molecules. In this study, we describe our winning algorithm for predicting individual and population perceptual responses to various odorants in the DREAM Olfaction Prediction Challenge. Results We find that random forest model consisting of multiple decision trees is well suited to this prediction problem, given the large feature spaces and high variability of perceptual ratings among individuals. Integrating both population and individual perceptions into our model effectively reduces the influence of noise and outliers. By analyzing the importance of each chemical feature, we find that a small set of low- and nondegenerative features is sufficient for accurate prediction. Conclusions Our random forest model successfully predicts personalized odor attributes of structurally diverse molecules. This model together with the top discriminative features has the potential to extend our understanding of olfactory perception mechanisms and provide an alternative for rational odorant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Li
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bharat Panwar
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuanfang Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Tromelin A, Chabanet C, Audouze K, Koensgen F, Guichard E. Multivariate statistical analysis of a large odorants database aimed at revealing similarities and links between odorants and odors. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- UMR CSGA: CNRS, INRA; Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 21000 Dijon France
| | - Claire Chabanet
- UMR CSGA: CNRS, INRA; Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 21000 Dijon France
| | - Karine Audouze
- MTi, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot; INSERM UMR-S 973 75013 Paris France
| | - Florian Koensgen
- UMR CSGA: CNRS, INRA; Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 21000 Dijon France
| | - Elisabeth Guichard
- UMR CSGA: CNRS, INRA; Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 21000 Dijon France
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Ployon S, Morzel M, Canon F. The role of saliva in aroma release and perception. Food Chem 2017; 226:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Habituation is a filter that optimizes the processing of information by our brain in all sensory modalities. It results in an unconscious reduced responsiveness to continuous or repetitive stimulation. In olfaction, the main question is whether habituation works the same way for any odorant or whether we habituate differently to each odorant? In particular, whether chemical, physical or perceptual cues can limit or increase habituation. To test this, the odour intensity of 32 odorants differing in physicochemical characteristics was rated by 58 participants continuously during 120s. Each odorant was delivered at a constant concentration. Results showed odorants differed significantly in habituation, highlighting the multifactoriality of habituation. Additionally habituation was predicted from 15 physico-chemical and perceptual characteristics of the odorants. The analysis highlighted the importance of trigeminality which is highly correlated to intensity and pleasantness. The vapour pressure, the molecular weight, the Odor Activity Value (OAV) and the number of double bonds mostly contributed to the modulation of habituation. Moreover, length of the carbon chain, number of conformers and hydrophobicity contributed to a lesser extent to the modulation of habituation. These results highlight new principles involved in the fundamental process of habituation, notably trigeminality and the physicochemical characteristics associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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8
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Barwich AS. Bending Molecules or Bending the Rules? The Application of Theoretical Models in Fragrance Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/posc_a_00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kumar R, Kaur R, Auffarth B, Bhondekar AP. Understanding the Odour Spaces: A Step towards Solving Olfactory Stimulus-Percept Problem. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141263. [PMID: 26484763 PMCID: PMC4615634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Odours are highly complex, relying on hundreds of receptors, and people are known to disagree in their linguistic descriptions of smells. It is partly due to these facts that, it is very hard to map the domain of odour molecules or their structure to that of perceptual representations, a problem that has been referred to as the Structure-Odour-Relationship. We collected a number of diverse open domain databases of odour molecules having unorganised perceptual descriptors, and developed a graphical method to find the similarity between perceptual descriptors; which is intuitive and can be used to identify perceptual classes. We then separately projected the physico-chemical and perceptual features of these molecules in a non-linear dimension and clustered the similar molecules. We found a significant overlap between the spatial positioning of the clustered molecules in the physico-chemical and perceptual spaces. We also developed a statistical method of predicting the perceptual qualities of a novel molecule using its physico-chemical properties with high receiver operating characteristics(ROC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rishemjit Kaur
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Benjamin Auffarth
- Neuroinformatik, Department of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amol P. Bhondekar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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Delasalle C, de March CA, Meierhenrich UJ, Brevard H, Golebiowski J, Baldovini N. Structure-odor relationships of semisynthetic β-santalol analogs. Chem Biodivers 2015; 11:1843-60. [PMID: 25408326 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of eleven β-santalol analogs, including nine new derivatives, was prepared by semisynthesis from natural (-)-(Z)-β-santalol and studied by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) to characterize their olfactory properties and potencies. These compounds and 45 others selected in the literature were used to build three olfactophores by molecular modelling. Three models were obtained that gather structural and physicochemical constraints that will be useful for further design of new sandalwood odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delasalle
- Institute of Chemistry - Nice, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, FR-06108 Nice (phone: +33492076133; fax: +33492076125)
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11
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Persuy MA, Sanz G, Tromelin A, Thomas-Danguin T, Gibrat JF, Pajot-Augy E. Mammalian olfactory receptors: molecular mechanisms of odorant detection, 3D-modeling, and structure-activity relationships. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 130:1-36. [PMID: 25623335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the main characteristics of olfactory receptor (OR) genes of vertebrates, including generation of this large multigenic family and pseudogenization. OR genes are compared in relation to evolution and among species. OR gene structure and selection of a given gene for expression in an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) are tackled. The specificities of OR proteins, their expression, and their function are presented. The expression of OR proteins in locations other than the nasal cavity is regulated by different mechanisms, and ORs display various additional functions. A conventional olfactory signal transduction cascade is observed in OSNs, but individual ORs can also mediate different signaling pathways, through the involvement of other molecular partners and depending on the odorant ligand encountered. ORs are engaged in constitutive dimers. Ligand binding induces conformational changes in the ORs that regulate their level of activity depending on odorant dose. When present, odorant binding proteins induce an allosteric modulation of OR activity. Since no 3D structure of an OR has been yet resolved, modeling has to be performed using the closest G-protein-coupled receptor 3D structures available, to facilitate virtual ligand screening using the models. The study of odorant binding modes and affinities may infer best-bet OR ligands, to be subsequently checked experimentally. The relationship between spatial and steric features of odorants and their activity in terms of perceived odor quality are also fields of research that development of computing tools may enhance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Annick Persuy
- INRA UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guenhaël Sanz
- INRA UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Tromelin
- INRA UMR 1129 Flaveur, Vision et Comportement du Consommateur, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-François Gibrat
- INRA UR1077 Mathématique Informatique et Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edith Pajot-Augy
- INRA UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Thomas-Danguin T, Sinding C, Romagny S, El Mountassir F, Atanasova B, Le Berre E, Le Bon AM, Coureaud G. The perception of odor objects in everyday life: a review on the processing of odor mixtures. Front Psychol 2014; 5:504. [PMID: 24917831 PMCID: PMC4040494 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smelling monomolecular odors hardly ever occurs in everyday life, and the daily functioning of the sense of smell relies primarily on the processing of complex mixtures of volatiles that are present in the environment (e.g., emanating from food or conspecifics). Such processing allows for the instantaneous recognition and categorization of smells and also for the discrimination of odors among others to extract relevant information and to adapt efficiently in different contexts. The neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning this highly efficient analysis of complex mixtures of odorants is beginning to be unraveled and support the idea that olfaction, as vision and audition, relies on odor-objects encoding. This configural processing of odor mixtures, which is empirically subject to important applications in our societies (e.g., the art of perfumers, flavorists, and wine makers), has been scientifically studied only during the last decades. This processing depends on many individual factors, among which are the developmental stage, lifestyle, physiological and mood state, and cognitive skills; this processing also presents striking similarities between species. The present review gathers the recent findings, as observed in animals, healthy subjects, and/or individuals with affective disorders, supporting the perception of complex odor stimuli as odor objects. It also discusses peripheral to central processing, and cognitive and behavioral significance. Finally, this review highlights that the study of odor mixtures is an original window allowing for the investigation of daily olfaction and emphasizes the need for knowledge about the underlying biological processes, which appear to be crucial for our representation and adaptation to the chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRA UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngoly TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sébastien Romagny
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRA UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France
| | - Fouzia El Mountassir
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRA UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Le Bon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRA UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Coureaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRA UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France
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13
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Teixeira MA, Barrault L, Rodríguez O, Carvalho CC, Rodrigues AE. Perfumery Radar 2.0: A Step toward Fragrance Design and Classification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403968w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas Barrault
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Oscar Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cindy C. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Teixeira MA, Rodríguez O, Rodrigues AE, Selway RL, Riveroll M, Chieffi A. Prediction Model for the Odor Intensity of Fragrance Mixtures: A Valuable Tool for Perfumed Product Design. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Teixeira
- LSRE−Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering,
Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Oscar Rodríguez
- LSRE−Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering,
Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- LSRE−Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering,
Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rebecca L. Selway
- Procter & Gamble Tecnical Centre Limited, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Riveroll
- Procter & Gamble Tecnical Centre Limited, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - André Chieffi
- Procter & Gamble Tecnical Centre Limited, Whitley Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
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Larsson L, Laska M. Ultra-high olfactory sensitivity for the human sperm-attractant aromatic aldehyde bourgeonal in CD-1 mice. Neurosci Res 2011; 71:355-60. [PMID: 21893110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that certain aromatic aldehydes are ligands for olfactory receptors expressed in mammalian sperm cells and induce sperm chemotaxis. Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of five CD-1 mice for seven aromatic aldehydes was investigated. With all seven stimuli, the mice discriminated concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm (parts per million) from the solvent, and with bourgeonal the animals even detected concentrations as low as 0.1 ppq (parts per quadrillion) which constitutes the lowest olfactory detection threshold value reported in this species so far. The presence of a tertiary butyl group in para-position (relative to the functional aldehyde group) combined with a lack of an additional alkyl group next to the functional aldehyde group may be responsible for the extraordinary sensitivity of the mice for bourgeonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Larsson
- IFM Biology, Section of Zoology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Rodríguez O, Teixeira MA, Rodrigues AE. Prediction of odour detection thresholds using partition coefficients. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rodríguez
- LSRE - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering; Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM; Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
| | - Miguel A Teixeira
- LSRE - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering; Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM; Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
| | - Alírio E Rodrigues
- LSRE - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering; Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM; Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias; 4200-465; Porto; Portugal
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17
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Olfactory sensitivity for sperm-attractant aromatic aldehydes: a comparative study in human subjects and spider monkeys. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 197:15-23. [PMID: 20820786 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a three-alternative forced-choice ascending staircase procedure, we determined olfactory detection thresholds in 20 human subjects for seven aromatic aldehydes and compared them to those of four spider monkeys tested in parallel using an operant conditioning paradigm. With all seven odorants, both species detected concentrations <1 ppm, and with several odorants single individuals of both species even discriminated concentrations <1 ppb from the solvent. No generalizable species differences in olfactory sensitivity were found despite marked differences in neuroanatomical and genetic features. The across-odorant patterns of sensitivity correlated significantly between humans and spider monkeys, and both species were more sensitive to bourgeonal than to lilial, cyclamal, canthoxal, helional, lyral, and 3-phenylpropanal. No significant correlation between presence/absence of an oxygen-containing moiety attached to the benzene ring or presence/absence of an additional alkyl group next to the functional aldehyde group, and olfactory sensitivity was found in any of the species. However, the presence of a tertiary butyl group in para position (relative to the functional aldehyde group) combined with a lack of an additional alkyl group next to the functional aldehyde group may be responsible for the finding that both species were most sensitive to bourgeonal.
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Stappen I, Buchbauer G, Robien W, Wolschann P. (13)C-NMR spectra of santalol derivatives: a comparison of DFT-based calculations and database-oriented prediction techniques. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:720-726. [PMID: 19475540 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of a series of santalol and epi-santalol derivatives by means of ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations together with database-oriented prediction methods leads to a configurational reassignment within this compound class. The DFT calculations as well as the HOSE-code and neural network-based predictions allow deriving a general rule set for unambiguous assignment within this compound class. The methyl group in position 2' serves as an indication for the configuration at this stereocenter allowing easy differentiation between santalol derivatives and their diastereomers belonging to the epi-santalol series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stappen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
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Luan F, Wang X, Liu H, Gao Y, Guo Y, Xie Z, Zhang X. Studies on the quantitative relationship between the olfactory thresholds of pyrazine derivatives and their molecular structures. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Turks M, Vogel P. Synthesis of Optically Active 5-Alkoxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ones and 4-Alkoxy-5-methylcyclopent-1-enyl Benzoate. J Org Chem 2008; 74:435-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ma̅ris Turks
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sanz G, Thomas-Danguin T, Hamdani EH, Le Poupon C, Briand L, Pernollet JC, Guichard E, Tromelin A. Relationships between molecular structure and perceived odor quality of ligands for a human olfactory receptor. Chem Senses 2008; 33:639-53. [PMID: 18603653 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjn032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of thousands of odors by a few hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs) results from a combinatorial coding, in which one OR recognizes multiple odorants and an odorant is recognized by a specific group of ORs. Moreover, odorants could act both as agonists or antagonists depending on the OR. This dual agonist-antagonist combinatorial coding is in good agreement with behavioral and psychophysical observations of mixture perception. We previously described the odorant repertoire of a human OR, OR1G1, identifying both agonists and antagonists. In this paper, we performed a 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study of these ligands. We obtained a double-alignment model explaining previously reported experimental activities and permitting to predict novel agonists and antagonists for OR1G1. These model predictions were experimentally validated. Thereafter, we evaluated the statistical link between OR1G1 response to odorants, 3D-QSAR categorization of OR1G1 ligands, and their olfactory description. We demonstrated that OR1G1 recognizes a group of odorants that share both 3D structural and perceptual qualities. We hypothesized that OR1G1 contributes to the coding of waxy, fatty, and rose odors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenhaël Sanz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Minte de Recherche 1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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22
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Luan F, Liu HT, Wen YY, Zhang XY. Classification of the fragrance properties of chemical compounds based on support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Odor frequency and odor annoyance. Part I: assessment of frequency, intensity and hedonic tone of environmental odors in the field. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:671-82. [PMID: 17932684 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Odors can be evaluated as being pleasant or unpleasant (hedonic tone), but this differentiation was not incorporated into environmental odor regulation. In order to study the hedonic-induced modification of dose-response associations for community odor annoyance a pertinent field study was conducted. This paper covers the first step, namely the development and validation of a standardized human observation strategy for the direct quantification of the frequency, intensity, and hedonic tone of environmental odors in the field. METHODS Grids with equidistant observation points were located around six industrial odor sources, two with pleasant (sweets, rusk bakery), two with neutral (textile production, seed oil production), and two with unpleasant odor emissions (fat refinery, cast iron production). These points were visited by trained observers, screened for normal olfaction and reliable performance, in a systematic fashion for an observation time of 10 min duration. Exposure-related information from the observers in terms of frequency, intensity (six-point scale) and hedonic tone (nine-point scale) were compared to that of 1,456 residents using the same rating scales. RESULTS Residents evaluated the industrial odors more intense and more unpleasant than the panelists. Furthermore, for the residents only negative relations between odor intensity and hedonic tone were found while for the observer pleasant odor became more pleasant with increasing intensity. Instead of three classes of industrial odors, namely pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, the responses allowed only for two odor classes, namely pleasant and not pleasant, the latter also covering the neutral category. CONCLUSIONS The developed methodology has been shown to yield valid information about odor exposure in the field. With regard to different application settings the discrepancies between external observers and affected residents are discussed in terms of different information processing strategies, namely stimulus-based (bottom-up) for the panel and memory-based and, thus, subject to cognitive bias for the residents (top-down).
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24
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Stappen I, Höfinghoff J, Friedl S, Pammer C, Wolschann P, Buchbauer G. Structure-activity relationships of sandalwood odorants: total synthesis and fragrance properties of cyclopropano-beta-santalol. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1525-9. [PMID: 18035451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and odor properties of cyclopropano-beta-santalol, a new santalol analogue, are described. The exocyclic double bond of the original molecule, beta-santalol, is replaced by a cyclopropane ring. Despite the analogies in the binding properties between the double bond and cyclopropane this change in the bulky hydrophobic part of the molecule leads to the complete loss of the characteristic sandalwood odor: in an olfactory evaluation the (Z)-product appears spicy and sweet, the (E)-isomer woody, but neither of them exhibits the typical sandalwood character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stappen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Pernollet JC, Sanz G, Briand L. Les récepteurs des molécules odorantes et le codage olfactif. C R Biol 2006; 329:679-90. [PMID: 16945834 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first step of olfactory detection involves interactions between odorant molecules and neuronal protein receptors. Odour coding results from the combinatory activation of a set of receptors and rests on their clonal expression and olfactory neurone connexion, which lead to formation of a specific sensory map in the cortex. This system, sufficient to discriminate myriads of odorants with a mere 350 different receptors, allows humans to smell molecules that are not natural (new cooking flavours, synthetic chemicals...). The extreme olfactory genome diversity explains the absence of odour semantics. Olfactory receptors are also involved in cellular chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Pernollet
- Biochimie de l'Olfaction et de la Gustation, UMR de Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, Inra, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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26
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Meierhenrich UJ, Golebiowski J, Fernandez X, Cabrol-Bass D. The molecular basis of olfactory chemoreception. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 43:6410-2. [PMID: 15578781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe J Meierhenrich
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire Arômes, Synthèses et Interactions, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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27
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Buchbauer G, Stappen I, Pretterklieber C, Wolschann P. Structure-activity relationships of sandalwood odorants: synthesis and odor of tricyclo beta-santalol. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 39:1039-46. [PMID: 15571865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a series of structure-odor relationship investigations the synthesis of a new tricyclic beta-santalol derivative is described. The product of a multistep synthesis appears in an olfactive evaluation more or less odorless, may be slightly creamy but definitely with no sandalwood odor. This modification with a bulky aliphatic bridge in the neighborhood of the quaternary C3-atom demonstrated the sensitivity of sandalwood odor on the structure of beta-santalol analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Kovatcheva A, Golbraikh A, Oloff S, Feng J, Zheng W, Tropsha A. QSAR modeling of datasets with enantioselective compounds using chirality sensitive molecular descriptors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 16:93-102. [PMID: 15844445 DOI: 10.1080/10629360412331319844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shape descriptors used in 3D QSAR studies naturally take into account chirality; however, for flexible and structurally diverse molecules such studies require extensive conformational searching and alignment. QSAR modeling studies of two datasets of fragrance compounds with complex stereochemistry using simple alignment-free chirality sensitive descriptors developed in our laboratories are presented. In the first investigation, 44 alpha-campholenic derivatives with sandalwood odor were represented as derivatives of several common structural templates with substituents numbered according to their relative spatial positions in the molecules. Both molecular and substituent descriptors were used as independent variables in MLR calculations, and the best model was characterized by the training set q2 of 0.79 and external test set r2 of 0.95. In the second study, several types of chirality descriptors were employed in combinatorial QSAR modeling of 98 ambergris fragrance compounds. Among 28 possible combinations of seven types of descriptors and four statistical modeling techniques, k nearest neighbor classification with CoMFA descriptors was initially found to generate the best models with the internal and external accuracies of 76 and 89%, respectively. The same dataset was then studied using novel atom pair chirality descriptors (cAP). The cAP are based on a modified definition of the atomic chirality, in which the seniority of the substituents is defined by their relative partial charge values: higher values correspond to higher seniorities. The resulting models were found to have higher predictive power than those developed with CoMFA descriptors; the best model was characterized by the internal and external accuracies of 82 and 94%, respectively. The success of modeling studies using simple alignment free chirality descriptors discussed in this paper suggests that they should be applied broadly to QSAR studies of many datasets when compound stereochemistry plays an important role in defining their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kovatcheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Meierhenrich UJ, Golebiowski J, Fernandez X, Cabrol-Bass D. Die molekulare Basis der olfaktorischen Chemorezeption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Abstract
We propose a setup for an odor communication system. Its different parts are described, and ways to realize them are outlined. Our scheme enables an output device-the whiffer-to release an imitation of an odorant read in by an input device-the sniffer-upon command. The heart of the system is the novel algorithmic scheme that makes the scheme feasible. We are currently at work researching and developing some of the components that constitute the algorithm, and we hope that the description of the overall scheme in this paper will help to get other groups to join in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Harel
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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31
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Debska B, Guzowska-Swider B. Analysis of the relationship between the structure and aromatic properties of chemical compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1049-61. [PMID: 12677351 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2002] [Revised: 12/13/2002] [Accepted: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the relationship between the structure and odour properties of a selection of chemical compounds. The research concerns five groups of esters, each with a different smell: almond, apricot, apple, pineapple and rose. The supposed relationship between the smell and certain selected attributes of each molecule was examined by various pattern recognition techniques using programs developed in the Department of Computer Chemistry at Rzeszów University of Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Debska
- Department of Computer Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35041, Rzeszów, Poland.
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32
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Ros F, Audouze K, Pintore M, Chrétien JR. Hybrid systems for virtual screening: interest of fuzzy clustering applied to olfaction. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2000; 11:281-300. [PMID: 10969876 DOI: 10.1080/10629360008033236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Kohonen neural networks, also known as Self Organizing Map (SOM), offer a useful 2D representation of the compound distribution inside a large chemical database. This distribution results from the compound organization in a molecular diversity hyperspace derived from a large set of molecular descriptors. Fuzzy techniques based on the "concept of partial truth" reveal to be also a valuable tool for the direct exploitation of chemical databases or SOM. In such cases a fuzzy clustering algorithm is used. In this paper, a complete hybrid system, combining SOM and fuzzy clustering, is applied. As example, a series of olfactory compounds was selected. The complexity of such information is that a same compound may exhibit different odors. It is shown how fuzzy logic helps to have a better understanding of the organization of the compounds. These hybrid systems, using simultaneously SOM and fuzzy clustering, are foreseen as powerful tools for "virtual pre-screening".
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ros
- Laboratory of Chemometrics and BioInformatics, University of Orléans, France
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