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St-Cyr J, Gavrila A, Tanguay-Sela M, Vallerand RJ. Perfectionism, disordered eating and well-being in aesthetic sports: The mediating role of passion. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102648. [PMID: 38614219 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Aesthetic athletes face higher risks of disordered eating, and perfectionism is one of the determinants involved. While research suggests that perfectionism in sport may play a role in physical and psychological well-being, its influence remains to be confirmed. As such, further examination of the influence of perfectionism on health is warranted as it could lead to better interventions. This preregistered research sought to shed new light on these relationships by investigating the mediating role of passion in the perfectionism-disordered eating relationship as well as physical and psychological well-being in aesthetic sports. In Study 1, 229 American recreational and competitive athletes practicing either gymnastics (n = 150) or artistic swimming (n = 79) were recruited on MTurk to complete an online questionnaire. The same recruitment procedure was used for Study 2, with 107 American gymnasts (n = 69) and artistic swimmers (n = 38) completing the questionnaire at two timepoints, one year apart. Results from path analyses showed that socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with obsessive passion, which in turn was associated with disordered eating. Self-oriented perfectionism was associated with both obsessive and harmonious passion, the latter being more adaptative as it was associated with physical and psychological well-being. Thus, the way one engages in aesthetic sports matters, as engaging with obsessive passion may take a toll on one's health and lead to disordered eating. Conversely, fostering harmonious engagement seems to temper the negative associations between perfectionism and health outcomes and promote positive relationships with athlete's well-being, but requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jany St-Cyr
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Comportement Social, Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
| | - Andreea Gavrila
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Robert J Vallerand
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Comportement Social, Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Dietary Iron and the Elite Dancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091936. [PMID: 35565904 PMCID: PMC9105128 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dancers are an athlete population at high risk of developing iron deficiency (ID). The aesthetic nature of the discipline means dancers potentially utilise dietary restriction to meet physique goals. In combination with high training demands, this means dancers are susceptible to problems related to low energy availability (LEA), which impacts nutrient intake. In the presence of LEA, ID is common because of a reduced mineral content within the low energy diet. Left untreated, ID becomes an issue that results in fatigue, reduced aerobic work capacity, and ultimately, iron deficient anaemia (IDA). Such progression can be detrimental to a dancer’s capacity given the physically demanding nature of training, rehearsal, and performances. Previous literature has focused on the manifestation and treatment of ID primarily in the context of endurance athletes; however, a dance-specific context addressing the interplay between dance training and performance, LEA and ID is essential for practitioners working in this space. By consolidating findings from identified studies of dancers and other relevant athlete groups, this review explores causal factors of ID and potential treatment strategies for dancers to optimise absorption from an oral iron supplementation regime to adequately support health and performance.
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Leonkiewicz M, Wawrzyniak A. The relationship between rigorous perception of one's own body and self, unhealthy eating behavior and a high risk of anorexic readiness: a predictor of eating disorders in the group of female ballet dancers and artistic gymnasts at the beginning of their career. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:48. [PMID: 35410315 PMCID: PMC8996514 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A group that is particularly exposed to eating disorders are young sportswomen who practice aesthetic disciplines, for whom it is important to keep a slim figure. Hence, the purpose of the study was to present the assessment of perception of one's own body and self as well as nutritional behavior in the group of ballet dancers and artistic gymnasts (BGA, n = 60) aged 10-12 against the background of the peer group (K, n = 60) and to determine the relationship between the studied elements, as well as anorexic readiness risk assessment to help diagnose premorbid stage of eating disorders with full symptoms. METHODS Anthropometric measurements (height, body weight) and the assessment of adipose tissue were performed. Using a questionnaire, data on physical activity, perception of one's own body and self, and selected eating behaviors were collected. RESULTS Underweight was observed in nearly half of the girls from the BGA group and the content of adipose tissue was significantly lower. Girls from the BGA group were characterized by overestimation of body size (p = 0.032), the need to improve their appearance/body (p = 0.025) and wanting to be the best in many areas of life (p = 0.002) significantly more often than in the K group. Moreover, they significantly more often limited the consumption of fats and carbohydrates (p = 0.044) and felt angry with themselves after too large of a meal (p = 0.050). It was shown that unhealthy eating behavior in the BGA group was significantly associated with rigorous self-perception (r = 0.42; p < 0.001). Students from the BGA group were more often exposed to a higher risk of anorexic readiness (p = 0.001). In a detailed analysis, it was found that eating behaviors, such as fasting, limiting the consumption of fats and carbohydrates, and avoiding eating under stress, were associated with feelings of dissatisfaction with oneself, the belief that appearance is extremely important in achieving life success and the need to improve appearance. CONCLUSION The obtained research results can be used as a source of information for specialists (including dietitians and psychologists), for the preparation of educational and repair programs in the group of ballet dancers or artistic gymnasts aged 10-12, including nutritional education and psychological care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Leonkiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Doria N, Numer M. Dancing in a culture of disordered eating: A feminist poststructural analysis of body and body image among young girls in the world of dance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0247651. [PMID: 35020720 PMCID: PMC8754298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders among adolescent girls are a public health concern. Adolescent girls that participate in aesthetic sport, such as dance, are of particular concern as they experience the highest rates of clinical eating disorders. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of young girls in the world of competitive dance and examine how these experiences shape their relationship with the body; feminist poststructural discourse analysis was employed to critically explore this relationship. Interviews were conducted across Canada with twelve young girls in competitive dance (14–18 years of age) to better understand how the dominant discourses in the world of competitive dance constitute the beliefs, values and practices about body and body image. Environment, parents, coaches, and peers emerged as the largest influencers in shaping the young dancers’ relationship with their body. These influencers were found to generate and perpetuate body image discourses that reinforce the ideal dancer’s body and negative body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Doria
- School of Health and Human Performance, Stairs House, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Numer
- School of Health and Human Performance, Stairs House, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Vacca M, Ballesio A, Lombardo C. The relationship between perfectionism and eating-related symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 29:32-51. [PMID: 32975870 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical significance of two major aspects of perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings (PS) and perfectionistic concerns (PC), in eating disorders (EDs) symptoms was well-established among adults. However, no systematic review has assessed evidence examining associations between both unidimensional and multidimensional perfectionism and EDs in early and middle adolescence. For this aim, three online databases (PsycINFO, Medline and PsycArticle) were searched for articles published until January 2019, and observational studies were considered. Study quality was systematically appraised, and results were summarized using a narrative synthesis approach. Fifty-one cross-sectional and 28 longitudinal studies were included. Most studies supported the relationship between perfectionism and EDs, with the majority adopting a unidimensional approach for assessing perfectionism. Among studies that employed multidimensional measures of perfectionism, the majority (n = 11) of evidence supported the relationship between eating symptoms and PC, while fewer (n = 5) studies provided significant unique associations with PS. These findings are consistent with the body of research suggesting the strength of the relationship between PC and EDs was greater than between PS and EDs. It was recommended that preventive interventions should be primarily focused on reducing self-critical perfectionism, since it resulted to be the most relevant perfectionistic dimension in the development of eating symptoms in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome "G. Marconi"-Telematic, Rome, Italy
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Starley D. Perfectionism: a challenging but worthwhile research area for educational psychology. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02667363.2018.1539949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Starley
- Educational, Child and Community Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Dantas AG, Alonso DA, Sánchez-Miguel PA, Del Río Sánchez C. Factors Dancers Associate with their Body Dissatisfaction. Body Image 2018; 25:40-47. [PMID: 29475190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction constitutes an important factor in the development of eating pathologies, particularly among dancers. The aim of this research was to test the factors that dancers identified as relevant to their body dissatisfaction using an exploratory mixed method design. Participants were 369 dancers from two Spanish dance conservatories. Questionnaires assessed body dissatisfaction, abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors, and risk factors to eating disorders in the dance domain. Nine factors were found; the "teacher", the "uniform", and the "mirrors" were the most common. Individuals with a greater likelihood of developing an eating disorder identified teacherś influence as a key factor in their body dissatisfaction. Specifically, ballet dancers were more likely to indicate that teachers were a negative influence compared to students in other dance genres (contemporary, flamenco, and Spanish dance). Programs to reduce negative body image and improve positive body image in dance conservatories are needed, specifically focusing on teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García Dantas
- Psychologist at Reina Sofia Hospital, Córdoba, Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Amado Alonso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Physical Education Area, King Juan Carlos University, Faculty of Juridical and Social Sciences, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel
- Department of Didactic of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Del Río Sánchez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Mitchell SB, Haase AM, Malina RM, Cumming SP. The role of puberty in the making and breaking of young ballet dancers: Perspectives of dance teachers. J Adolesc 2016; 47:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Body mass index, nutritional knowledge, and eating behaviors in elite student and professional ballet dancers. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24:390-6. [PMID: 24326932 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is recognized that there is a high esthetic demand in ballet, and this has implications on dancers' body mass index (BMI) and eating behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine the association between BMI, eating attitudes, and nutritional knowledge of elite student and professional ballet dancers. DESIGN Observational design. SETTING Institutional. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighty-nine participants from an elite full-time dance school (M = 53, F = 86) and from an elite ballet company (M = 16, F = 25) volunteered for the study. There were no exclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS Anthropometric data (height and mass), General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), and the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) were collected from each participant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Univariate analysis of variance was used to examine differences in gender and group for BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. Regression analyses were applied to examine interactions between BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. RESULTS Professional dancers had significantly greater BMI than student dancers (P < 0.001), and males had significantly higher BMI scores than females (P < 0.05). Food knowledge increased with age (P < 0.001) with no gender difference. Student dancers had a significant interaction between year group and gender because of significantly higher EAT-26 scores for females in years 10 and 12. Regression analysis of the subcategories (gender and group) reported a number of significant relationships between BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that dancers with disordered eating also display lower levels of nutritional knowledge, and this may have an impact on BMI. Female students' eating attitudes and BMI should especially be monitored during periods of adolescent development.
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Goodwin H, Arcelus J, Marshall S, Wicks S, Meyer C. Critical comments concerning shape and weight: associations with eating psychopathology among full-time dance students. Eat Weight Disord 2014; 19:115-8. [PMID: 24097346 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Goodwin
- Loughborough University Centre for Research into Eating Disorders, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK,
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Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Mitchell A. Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 22:92-101. [PMID: 24277724 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders in dancers are thought to be common, but the exact rates remain to be clarified. The aim of this study is to systematically compile and analyse the rates of eating disorders in dancers. A literature search, appraisal and meta-analysis were conducted. Thirty-three relevant studies were published between 1966 and 2013 with sufficient data for extraction. Primary data were extracted as raw numbers or confidence intervals. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for controlled studies. The overall prevalence of eating disorders was 12.0% (16.4% for ballet dancers), 2.0% (4% for ballet dancers) for anorexia, 4.4% (2% for ballet dancers) for bulimia and 9.5% (14.9% for ballet dancers) for eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The dancer group had higher mean scores on the EAT-26 and the Eating Disorder Inventory subscales. Dancers, in general, had a higher risk of suffering from eating disorders in general, anorexia nervosa and EDNOS, but no higher risk of suffering from bulimia nervosa. The study concluded that as dancers had a three times higher risk of suffering from eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and EDNOS, specifically designed services for this population should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Arcelus
- Loughborough University Centre for Research into Eating Disorders (LUCRED), Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK; Eating Disorders Service, Leicester Partnership Trust, Bennion Centre, Leicester Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Goodwin H, Arcelus J, Geach N, Meyer C. Perfectionism and Eating Psychopathology Among Dancers: The Role of High Standards and Self-criticism. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 22:346-51. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Goodwin
- Centre for Research into Eating Disorders; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Centre for Research into Eating Disorders; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - Nicole Geach
- Centre for Research into Eating Disorders; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - Caroline Meyer
- Centre for Research into Eating Disorders; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
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Wheatley S, Khan S, Székely AD, Naughton DP, Petróczi A. Expanding the Female Athlete Triad concept to address a public health issue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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