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Lundqvist C, Kolbeinsson Ö, Asratian A, Wade TD. Untangling the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction: a cross-sectional study on aesthetic and non-aesthetic female and male athletes aged 10 to 22 years. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001975. [PMID: 38962362 PMCID: PMC11217999 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction among young athletes in one aesthetic sport (gymnastics) and one non-aesthetic sport (basketball). The study hypothesise that (1) age, gender and type of sport (aesthetic or non-aesthetic) will predict body satisfaction scores, (2) autonomous motivation will positively be related to body satisfaction and (3) perfectionistic self-presentation will negatively be related to body satisfaction. Design Cross-sectional. Method 209 athletes (132 gymnasts and 77 basketball players) aged 10-22 (median=13) years were recruited. After data screening, 200 athletes were included in analyses (females: n=155; males: n=45). Participants completed an online survey, which assessed demographic information, athlete motivation (Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire), perfectionistic self-presentation (Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale-Junior Form) and body satisfaction (Body Appreciation Scale-2). Results Hierarchical multiple regression showed age, self-assigned gender, and two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation (ie, perfectionistic presentation and non-disclosure of imperfection) to predict reported levels of body satisfaction significantly. Subsequently, adding motivational variables did not improve the model. A moderation analysis showed that the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction was significantly moderated by gender. Conclusions Two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation were associated with reported body satisfaction. Additionally, the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction appears to differ between female and male athletes. Researchers should move beyond sport types and identify factors (eg, perfectionistic self-presentation) at the individual and environmental levels that can protect young athletes' body satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lundqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Örn Kolbeinsson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Anna Asratian
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Martín-Rodríguez A, Gostian-Ropotin LA, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Belando-Pedreño N, Simón JA, López-Mora C, Navarro-Jiménez E, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Sporting Mind: The Interplay of Physical Activity and Psychological Health. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:37. [PMID: 38275986 PMCID: PMC10819297 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between sports practice and psychological well-being has, in recent times, surged to the forefront of academic and public attention. The aim of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the intricate pathways linking physical engagement in sports to its subsequent impacts on mental health and synthesize the multifarious effects of sports on psychological health, offering insights for integrating physical and psychological strategies to enhance well-being. From neurobiological underpinnings to therapeutic applications, this comprehensive manuscript provides an in-depth dive into the multifaceted world of sports and psychology. Highlighting evidence-based interventions, this review aspires to offer actionable insights for practitioners, athletes, and individuals alike, advocating for a holistic approach to mental well-being. This manuscript highlights the profound impact of sports on mental health, emphasizing its role in emotional regulation, resilience, cognitive function, and treating psychological conditions. It details how sports induce neurochemical changes, enhance brain functions like memory and learning, and aid against cognitive decline. This review also notes the benefits of regular exercise in mood improvement, stress management, and social skill enhancement, particularly when combined with mindfulness practices. It underscores the importance of considering cultural and gender perspectives in sports psychology, advocating for an integrated physical-psychological approach to promote overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (L.A.G.-R.); (N.B.-P.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Laura Augusta Gostian-Ropotin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (L.A.G.-R.); (N.B.-P.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | | | - Noelia Belando-Pedreño
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (L.A.G.-R.); (N.B.-P.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Juan Antonio Simón
- Department Ciencias Sociales Act Fis Deporte & Ocio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l’Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain;
| | | | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (L.A.G.-R.); (N.B.-P.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (L.A.G.-R.); (N.B.-P.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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D'Anna G, Lucherini Angeletti L, Benvenuti F, Melani G, Ferroli M, Poli F, Villano RG, Ricca V, Rotella F. The association between sport type and eating/body image concerns in high school students: a cross-sectional observational study. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:43. [PMID: 37195394 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Disordered eating and body image concerns are increasingly common among adolescents, possibly representing the underpinning of eating disorders (EDs). This cross-sectional observational study aimed at investigating the relationship between various patterns of sports involvement or inactivity, and the abovementioned psychopathological dimensions. METHODS All adolescents attending their 3rd-5th Italian grade in a single high school reported their sociodemographic and anthropometric data, their weekly sports involvement, and filled the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q), the Body Uneasiness Test, and the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (for boys). Comparisons were performed considering sex, weekly hours of activity, and different sports type (none, individual, or team sports). RESULTS Of 744 enrolled students, 522 (70.2%) completed the survey. Girls showed higher underweight rates, preference for inactivity or individual sports, and higher psychometric scores compared to boys. Among girls, no differences were found based on time spent exercising or sports type. Inactive boys displayed worse weight- and shape-based psychopathology, higher body uneasiness, and higher appearance intolerance compared to those who devoted more time to exercise. Among boys, individual and team sports were associated with lower EDE-Q scores compared to inactivity, whereas body uneasiness and appearance intolerance were lower only in team sports. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms the presence of remarkable sex differences in eating and body concerns of adolescents. Among boys, sports involvement is tied to lower ED psychopathology, and preference for team sports may be associated with reduced concerns. Wider longitudinal studies on will clarify the direction and specificity of these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V-Cross-sectional observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio D'Anna
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Melani
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Ferroli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Poli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Giulia Villano
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Rotella
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Clermont C, Paquette L, Lalande D, Dion J. Self-determination, restrictive eating, and psychological needs: Challenges for young athletes. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2761. [PMID: 36204805 PMCID: PMC9660416 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-determination for sport in the relationship between psychological needs in a sport context, and restrictive eating behaviors among adolescent athletes, while controlling for confounding variables. METHOD Self-report online surveys were completed by 983 adolescent athletes (41.3% identified as girls, M = 14.63 years, SD = 0.765). Structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate the hypothesized associations between basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in sport, self-determination for sport, and restrictive eating behaviors, controlling for the level of competition and the type of sport practiced. Gender differences between the associations were assessed using moderation analysis. RESULTS Girls reported significantly more restrictive eating behaviors (Mgirls = 0.85; SD = 1.39 vs. Mboys = 0.62; SD = 1.31). Both associations between basic psychological need frustration and satisfaction and restrictive eating behaviors were mediated by self-determination for sport (β = 0.054, 95% bootstrap IC = 0.027-0.089; β = -0.045, 95% bootstrap IC = -0.079 to -0.021). Further, gender moderated an association so that frustration of basic psychological in sport more strongly predicted restrictive eating behaviors in girls (β = 0.256; p = 0.008), compared with boys. DISCUSSION Our study reveals considerable gender differences in the mechanism underlying the adoption of restrictive eating in adolescent athletes. The research also fills a gap in the literature by supporting the assumptions of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in eating behaviors, specifically in the sport context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Clermont
- Intersectoral center for sustainable health, Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda Paquette
- Intersectoral center for sustainable health, Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Lalande
- Intersectoral center for sustainable health, Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Intersectoral center for sustainable health, Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS) [Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse], Universitè de Montrèal, 90 av. Vincent d'Indy, Montréal, Quèbec, H2V 2S9, Canada
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The Effect of Exercise Motivation on Eating Disorders in Bodybuilders in Social Networks: The Mediating Role of State Anxiety. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7426601. [PMID: 36035301 PMCID: PMC9410939 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7426601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between exercise motivation and eating disorder and the mediating effect of anxiety in physical exercise. Athletes are in a social network, and the different human-machine relationships and situations generated in this may produce different sports motivations and anxiety states for athletes. The exercise motivation, status-trait anxiety, and eating disorder of 1076 fitness subjects were described and analyzed by questionnaire survey, and the survey data were statistically analyzed by means of correlation, regression, and structural equation model. The results showed that the overall detection rate of eating disorder was 56.3%. The overall detection rate of eating disorder was different between males and females. Exercise motivation has a significant positive correlation with state anxiety and eating disorder. Exercise motivation has a significant positive predictive effect on eating disorder, exercise motivation has a significant positive predictive effect on state anxiety, and state anxiety has a significant positive predictive effect on eating disorder. The mediating effect shows that state anxiety can partially mediate the relationship between exercise motivation and eating disorder, exercise motivation has a direct impact on eating disorder, and state anxiety has an indirect impact on eating disorder. In physical exercise, the exercisers’ bad exercise motivation will produce too much anxiety. Poor exercise motivation and anxiety can lead to symptoms of eating disorders. In physical exercise, we should adopt reasonable value orientation and positive psychological suggestion and encourage healthy and reasonable eating behavior, which will help to prevent and treat eating disorders.
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Nian Q, Liu J. WITHDRAWN: Construction of the evaluation system of snowboarders' motor function and the risk evaluation of health sports. Work 2021:WOR205359. [PMID: 34308927 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
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Nascimento Junior JRAD, Freire GLM, Quinaud RT, Oliveira DVD, Cronin LD. Life Skills Development Through Sport in Brazil: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1017-1036. [PMID: 33706593 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a large sample of youth participants' life skills development through sport was impacted by demographic variables and/or variables based on self-determination theory. Participants were 461 Brazilian youth sport (325 boys; 136 girls) aged 10-17 years (Mage = 15.12, SD = 1.44). Participants completed a self-report research survey to assess demographic variables, coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and sport motivation. We analyzed data using cluster analysis, a chi-square test and multivariate analysis of variance. We found that sport participants in the high life skills development cluster were older (p = .007) and had more years of sport experience (p = .032). Compared to the low life skills development cluster, sports participants in the high life skills development cluster displayed higher scores for coach's autonomy support (p = .001), autonomy satisfaction (p = .002), competence satisfaction (p = .001), relatedness satisfaction (p = .001), and identified regulation (p = .023). In practice, these findings indicate that coaches should seek to satisfy participants' three basic psychological needs and encourage an identified regulation form of motivation when trying to promote participants' life skills development through sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo T Quinaud
- Physical Education College, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Anderson LK, Cook-Cottone C. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention 2019 year in review statement from the editors. Eat Disord 2020; 28:1-5. [PMID: 32138635 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1723344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews 11 prevention-related publications in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention during 2019. Two models from the 2018 review continue to frame this analysis: (1) the Mental Health Intervention Spectrum from health promotion → types of prevention → case identification and referral → treatment; and (2) parsing phases of prevention into rationale, theory, and methodology → clarification of risk factors → implications for specific preventive interventions → design innovation and feasibility (pilot) research → efficacy and effectiveness research → program dissemination. These articles illustrate how the theoretical complexity and rigorous methodological demands of prevention science are manifest in the eating disorder field. A subset of articles also demonstrates the importance of working with researchers and community stakeholders to improve our understanding of how ethnicity, class, and gender intersect with planning for improvements in all phases of prevention. Other subsets show the need to expand the list of relevant risk factors, and how the traditional schema of masculinity creates both maladaptive biases in case identification and obstacles to an effective and compassionate understanding of EDs. Finally, implications of the absence of efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination studies are discussed.
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