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Shushan T, Lovell R, McLaren SJ, Buchheit M, Dello Iacono A, Arguedas-Soley A, Norris D. Assessing criterion and longitudinal validity of submaximal heart rate indices as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness: A preliminary study in football. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00135-X. [PMID: 38702215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the criterion and longitudinal validity of field- and laboratory-derived heart rate (HR) indices of resting and submaximal fitness tests (SMFTs) as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. DESIGN Observational, repeated measures. METHODS Twenty-nine semi-professional footballers participated. Laboratory assessments took place at the start and end of a preseason training period, whereby resting, SMFT HR-derived indices, and criterion measures of cardiorespiratory fitness (running economy [RE], maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2 max] and aerobic speed [MAS]) were collected. Throughout this training period, two field-based SMFT protocols, prescribed at different intensities, were administered weekly. Individual slopes were calculated from the analysis of within-athlete change scores. Associations between laboratory and field measures were assessed via Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and linear regression models. RESULTS Relationships between SMFT HR-derived indices from laboratory and field were very-large for exercise HR (r = 0.74 to 0.87) and moderate to very-large for HR recovery (0.43 to 0.76). Moderate to very-large inverse relationships were observed between exercise HR and HR recovery with V̇O2 max and MAS (-0.41 to -0.78), whereas resting HR showed no substantial relationships. Changes in exercise HR showed large and very-large inverse correlations with preseason changes in V̇O2 max (-0.54 to -0.60) and MAS (-0.64 to -0.83). Relationships between changes in HR recovery and maximal cardiorespiratory criterion measures were moderate to large (-0.32 to -0.63). CONCLUSION SMFT exercise HR is a valid proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness irrespective of test setting, whereas the validity of HRR remains elusive and appears to vary between exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzlil Shushan
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia. https://twitter.com/shushan_tzlil
| | - Ric Lovell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia. https://twitter.com/ric_lovell
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, UK; Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, UK. https://twitter.com/Shaun_McLaren1
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Canada; French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), France; Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Ireland; Type 3.2 Performance, France. https://twitter.com/mart1buch
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano Arguedas-Soley
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia; High Performance Department, Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Giants Football Club, Australia. https://twitter.com/Adriano_A_Soley
| | - Dean Norris
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia. https://twitter.com/DNorrisSC
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Horgan BG, West NP, Tee N, Halson SL, Drinkwater EJ, Chapman DW, Haff GG. Effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season inflammatory responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05424-3. [PMID: 38613679 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uncertainty exists if post-resistance exercise hydrotherapy attenuates chronic inflammatory and hormone responses. The effects of repeated post-resistance exercise water immersion on inflammatory and hormone responses in athletes were investigated. METHODS Male, academy Super Rugby players (n = 18, 19.9 ± 1.5 y, 1.85 ± 0.06 m, 98.3 ± 10.7 kg) participated in a 12-week programme divided into 3 × 4-week blocks of post-resistance exercise water immersion (either, no immersion control [CON]; cold [CWI]; or hot [HWI] water immersion), utilising a randomised cross-over pre-post design. Fasted, morning blood measures were collected prior to commencement of first intervention block, and every fourth week thereafter. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse main (treatment, time) and interaction effects. RESULTS Repeated CWI (p = 0.025, g = 0.05) and HWI (p < 0.001, g = 0.62) reduced creatine kinase (CK), compared to CON. HWI decreased (p = 0.013, g = 0.59) interleukin (IL)-1ra, compared to CON. HWI increased (p < 0.001-0.026, g = 0.06-0.17) growth factors (PDGF-BB, IGF-1), compared to CON and CWI. CWI increased (p = 0.004, g = 0.46) heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72), compared to HWI. CONCLUSION Post-resistance exercise CWI or HWI resulted in trivial and moderate reductions in CK, respectively, which may be partly due to hydrostatic effects of water immersion. Post-resistance exercise HWI moderately decreased IL-1ra, which may be associated with post-resistance exercise skeletal muscle inflammation influencing chronic resistance exercise adaptive responses. Following post-resistance exercise water immersion, CWI increased HSP-72 suggesting a thermoregulatory response indicating improved adaptive inflammatory responses to temperature changes, while HWI increased growth factors (PDGF-BB, IGF-1) indicating different systematic signalling pathway activation. Our data supports the continued use of post-resistance exercise water immersion recovery strategies of any temperature during in-season competition phases for improved inflammatory adaptive responses in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Horgan
- Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- Brumbies Rugby, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute QLD, Griffith University, Gold coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicolin Tee
- Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale W Chapman
- Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Australian Sports Commission, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, Salford, UK
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Norgeot F, Fouré A. Effects of vertical and horizontal plyometric training on jump performances and sprint force-velocity profile in young elite soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05477-4. [PMID: 38602544 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE During a soccer match, horizontal acceleration ability during short sprints is determinant for performance. Development of sprint force and velocity qualites have been reported after plyometric training. However, orientation of plyometric training exercises can influence the functional performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the horizontal and vertical orientation of plyometric training on explosiveness performances and sprint force-velocity profile in young soccer players. METHODS Twenty-eight soccer players were recruited and divided in two groups: vertical (VG, n = 14) and horizontal (HG, n = 14) groups. Tests including jumps and sprint performances were conducted before and after the 8 week training period. Sprint force-velocity profile (FVP) was evaluated during a 30 m sprint test. RESULTS The results demonstrated significant improvements in both VG and HG for jump performances (from + 4.9% to + 9.0%), sprint times (from -5.5% to -8.7%) and FVP parameters. Higher relative changes for the HG than for the VG were observed in 5 m and 15 m sprint times, horizontal jump lengths, and also in FVP parameters, especially improvements in maximal power (VG: + 16.4% vs. HG: + 28.1%) and in the decrease rate of horizontal orientation of force with increasing speed (HG: + 22.9%) during the 30 m sprint. CONCLUSIONS Both horizontal and vertical plyometric training can be either used in young soccer players to improve vertical and horizontal performances in jump and sprint. However, horizontal plyometric training may result in a greater improvement in horizontal ballistic actions while similarly developing vertical jump qualities compared to vertical plyometric training in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Norgeot
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), UR7424, Villeurbanne, France
- , Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01, 01960, Péronnas, France
| | - Alexandre Fouré
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), UR7424, Villeurbanne, France.
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Gonçalves LG, Nobari H, Rites AA, Nakamura FY, Garcia GR, Aquino R. Influence of contextual factors on match running performance of starters and non-starters in elite youth male soccer players. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241239187. [PMID: 38567429 PMCID: PMC10993682 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241239187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of match location, quality of opposition (classified into: strong [1st to 4th position]; intermediate [5th to 15th position]; weak [16th to 20th position]), and match outcome on the match running performance of starters and non-starters from a top elite Brazilian soccer team. Absolute measures were calculated using total distance, high-speed (19.8-25.2 km·h-1), sprinting (≥ 25.2 km·h-1), total distance high-acceleration (> 2m·s2), and deceleration (< -2m·s2) were recorded by GPS units from a sample of young soccer players (N = 25) in a total of 17 matches. Relative measures were calculated by dividing absolute measures by the total duration of the matches. Non-starters covered greater total distance (p = 0.02), sprinting (p = 0.02), high-acceleration and deceleration (p = 0.04), sprinting distance relative per minute played (p = 0.005), and high-acceleration and deceleration relative per minute played (p < 0.001) when the team plays at home, strong opponents, and wins the matches. Starters covered greater total distance in high-speed running (p = 0.04), high-acceleration and deceleration (p = 0.03), and high-speed running relative per minute played (p = 0.04) when the team plays strong opponents and wins the matches. These findings highlight the impact of contextual factors during matches on the locomotor performance of young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Gonçalves
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alex Ambrosio Rites
- Department of Physiology, Fluminense Football Club, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Garcia
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Centre of Physical Education and Sport (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
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Rogers T, Gill N, Beaven CM. A comparison of three different work to rest periods during intermittent sprint training on maintaining sprint effort performance. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:97-102. [PMID: 38188222 PMCID: PMC10765250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Team sports are characterised by repeated maximal intensity bursts of activity, requiring significant energy contribution from the phosphagen pathways. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rest periods on repeated maximal intensity efforts. Methods The effect of three different recovery periods (60 s, 90 s and 120 s) during a 10 × six-seconds intermittent sprint training protocol performed on a cycle ergometer was investigated. Thirteen part-time female athletes from two sports, Rugby Sevens and Netball competing for their state participated in the study. Peak Power (PPO), Mean Power (MPO), "total work" in the form of calorie expenditure, performance decrement, repetitions over 95% PPO, blood lactate, and RPE were recorded. Results There was a significant effect of condition on MPO and calorie expenditure (p < 0.050). MPO was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (710.4 vs 734.4 W, ES = 0.27-0.42) and 120 s (710.4 vs 743.3 W, ES = 0.36-0.47). Calorie expenditure was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (4.41 vs 4.56 cal, ES = 0.25-0.46) and 120 s (4.41 vs 4.59 cal, ES = 0.40-0.48). There was a significant effect of time (60 s 11.7, 90 s 11.1.120 s 10.9 mmol/L, p < 0.010) but not condition (p = 0.617) for blood lactate accumulation, and a significant difference in session RPE between 60 and both 90 s and 120 s (60 s 15.5, 90 s 14.2. p = 0.034 120 s 13.9, p = 0.039). Conclusion Shorter recovery durations resulted in decreased mean power and calorie expenditure, but higher RPE when compared to longer recovery periods. All three recovery periods may have fallen between the fast and slow phases of PCr resynthesis of approximately 20 and 180 s resulting in partial but not complete recovery. Total training time should be a consideration when determining what protocol to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Rogers
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116, Tauranga, New Zealand
- One NZ Warriors Rugby League Club, 1061, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, 6011, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M. Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre, The University of Waikato, 3116, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Barra-Moura H, Guilherme Vieira J, Zacaron Werneck F, Wilk M, Pascoalini B, Queiros V, Gomes de Assis G, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Vianna J, Vilaça-Alves J. The effect of complex contrast training with different training frequency on the physical performance of youth soccer players: a randomized study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17103. [PMID: 38562995 PMCID: PMC10984173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Complex contrast training (CCT) is potentially an efficient method to improve physical abilities such as muscle strength, power output, speed, agility, are extremely important in developing soccer players of different age categories. Aim This study aimed to analyze the effects of 6 weeks of CCT program applied in different training frequency (sessions per week) on youth soccer players performance. Methods Twenty-one youth soccer players (age: 15.3 ± 1.1 years; body mass 64.9 ± 0.7 kg; height 175.4 ± 0.7 cm) were randomized into three groups: a regular pre-season training control group (G0, n = 8), a group with regular pre-season training plus twice-a-week CCT (G2, n = 6), and a group with regular pre-season training plus thrice-a-week CCT (G3, n = 7). The CCT consisted of soccer skills-based exercises distributed across five stations, to be performed before common regular practice during a 6-week pre-season period. The agility (505 Agility test), sprint (S5 and S15), jump (SJ and CMJ), and free kick speed (11 m from the goal) of the groups were analyzed pre- and post-CCT intervention. During a 6-week pre-season period, the players integrated CCT into their regular training sessions. Furthermore, performance variables were compared between the groups. Results A statistical difference was identified for the timepoint for the players' CMJ (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.343) and the free kick speed (p = 0.013; η2 = 0.383) using ANOVA. The G3 showed a significant improvement in the CMJ (p = 0.001) and the free kick speed (p = 0.003) between pre- to post-CCT test. No other significant changes in performance were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion The CCT training program with a weekly frequency of 3 days per week is effective in improving free kick speed and CMJ performance in young male soccer players (U-15 and U-17 categories). CCT training programs have the potential to refine an athlete's preparation for competition. However, certain performance tests did not demonstrate substantial enhancements. Consequently, additional investigations are required to ascertain the effectiveness of CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Barra-Moura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Zacaron Werneck
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Bruno Pascoalini
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Queiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil
| | - Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Integrative Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeferson Vianna
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
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Kaja SM, McGuire JK. Gender-Related Disparities in Sport, Physical Activity, and Physical Activity Lessons in Minnesota From 2016 to 2019. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00065-X. [PMID: 38493395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To leverage multi-year panel data to determine statewide trends of participation in team sports, physical activity (PA) lessons, and overall PA among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents in 2016 and 2019. METHODS Frequencies and percentages for TGD adolescents' team sport and PA lesson involvement, as well as mean number of days of ≥ 60 minutes of PA in the previous week, were compared in 2016 and 2019 to cisgender youth. RESULTS In both years, cisgender students were about twice as likely to participate in sports and engaged in an average of one additional full day per week of PA for ≥ 60 minutes. Students unsure of their gender identity participated slightly more than those identifying as transgender, genderqueer, genderfluid, or nonbinary. DISCUSSION We extend previous literature by demonstrating how gender-related participation gaps existed for Minnesotan high school students in 2016 and persisted into 2019, and we added distinctions for identities within the TGD umbrella (e.g., unsure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kaja
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Jenifer K McGuire
- Department of Family Social Science, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Castellano J, López-Del Campo R, Hileno R. Tell me how much your opponent team runs and I will tell you how much you should run: A predictive model applied to Spanish high-level football. Biol Sport 2024; 41:275-283. [PMID: 38524806 PMCID: PMC10955747 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to predict a team's accumulated distance (TotDisTea) and accumulated distance at > 21 km/h (TotDis21Tea) in the Spanish Football First Division. 2,946 team physical performances (out of 3040 possible) during four seasons (from 2016-17 to 2019-20) were analysed. The outcome variables were the TotDisTea and TotDis21Tea when the ball was in play. Eight predictor variables were used: the distance accumulated and accumulated at > 21 km/h by the opponent (TotDisOpp and TotDis21Opp) were registered in km, the effective playing (EffPlaTim) and possession (BalPos) time were recorded in min, match location (MatLoc) had two levels (home and away), match outcome (MatOut) had three levels (lost, drawn, and won), and the teams were grouped in four levels (Champions League, Europa League, remained, and relegation) distinguishing the observed team (TeaLev) and the opponent team (OppLev) in the match. A total of 127 models were estimated from the all-possible regressions procedure for each outcome variable. The model with six predictor variables was selected as the best model to predict the TotDisTea (R2adj = .82). The predictor variables TotDisOpp, EffPlaTim, and BalPos had a greater contribution to the mean outcome value than the predictors OppLev, TeaLev, and MatLoc. All models estimated to predict TotDis21Tea had little predictive power (R2adj < .38). The findings of this study have both theoretical and practical implications for practitioners. The interaction between teams has a great effect on the conditional response. Before the match, teams could use this information to anticipate the physical demand expected in the next match, and after the match, be able to assess whether the physical response was similar to expected, and make decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Castellano
- GIKAFIT research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Hileno
- INEFC Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Zwierko M, Jedziniak W, Popowczak M, Rokita A. Effects of six-week stroboscopic training program on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements in young volleyball players: a study focusing on agility performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:59. [PMID: 38424539 PMCID: PMC10905827 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In team sports, deficits in visuomotor reaction speed are considered a significant and modifiable risk factor that can lead to decreased performance and an increased risk of injuries. Thus, identifying effective methods to enhance visuomotor abilities is crucial. The main objective of this research was to investigate the impact of a six-week stroboscopic intervention on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed specific movements based on agility among young volleyball players. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the impact of saccade dynamics on visuomotor reaction speed performance throughout the experiment. METHODS There were 50 athletes (26 males and 24 females) with an average age of 16.5 years (± 0.6) who participated in this study. Over a six-week training period, athletes performed volleyball-specific training either wearing stroboscopic glasses (intervention) or under normal visual conditions (control). Prior to and after the training period, the agility tests based on change-of-direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RA) were used to identify visuomotor reaction speed performance. To measure agility performance a five-repetition shuttle run to gates was conducted. The REAC-INDEX, which represents visuomotor reaction speed, was analyzed as the resulting difference between the CODS test and the RA test. To elicit saccadic dynamics, a laboratory visual search task was performed. RESULTS A significant GROUP×TIME interaction was observed for the REAC-INDEX (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.13). ANCOVA analyses revealed significant GROUP differences, indicating improved post-training REAC-INDEX results (p = 0.004, d = 0.87), regardless of gender. Training-induced modulations in saccade acceleration did not reach significance, but a significant relationship was observed between changes in saccade acceleration and changes in the REAC-INDEX (r = -0.281, p = 0.048), indicating that higher performance gains following training were associated with a stronger increase in saccade acceleration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that stroboscopic training effectively enhances visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements based on agility. Furthermore, visuomotor reaction speed gains could potentially be mediated by saccade dynamics. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of stroboscopic eyewear for training sport-specific visuomotor skills among young volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zwierko
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Jedziniak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Rossi C, Amato A, Alesi M, Alioto A, Schiera G, Drid P, Messina G, Pagliaro A, Di Liegro I, Proia P. Hormonal and psychological influences on performance anxiety in adolescent female volleyball players: a multi-approach study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16617. [PMID: 38390388 PMCID: PMC10883150 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroendocrine system has important implications for affiliation behavior among humans and can be used to assess the correlation between social relationships, stress, and health. This can be influenced by social closeness; this aspect is the closeness towards another individual or a group of individuals such as a sports team. Sports performance anxiety is considered an unpleasant emotional reaction composed of physiological, cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. This motivates us to learn about the process that can influence the outcome of competition. Hormones and genetics would seem to influence outcome and performance. In this regard, many studies have focused on the exercise response as a function of ovarian hormones and it has been observed that progesterone is a hormone that plays a key role in reducing anxiety, and thus stress, in humans and other animals. On the other hand, high cortisol concentrations are known to contribute to increased anxiety levels. However, the salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) enzyme has been suggested as marker of acute stress than cortisol. Genetics also seem to influence anxiety and stress management as in the case of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and striatal dopamine transporter (DAT). Therefore, the study aims to investigate social closeness, as a measure of sports team cohesion that can influence athletes' performance results, and its ability to influence the secretion of hormones, such as progesterone and cortisol, that affect the management of sports anxiety while also taking into account genetic background during a volleyball match. Methods Twenty-six female volleyball players who volunteered participated in this study (mean ± SD: age, 12.07 ± 0.7 years), and played in the final of the provincial volleyball championship in Palermo. All girls were during the ovarian cycle, in detail between the follicular and early ovulatory phases. Results The results showed a significant decrease in salivary cortisol only in the winning group (p < 0.039). In fact, whilst in the latter the pre-match level was 7.7 ng/ml and then decreased to 4.5 ng/ml after the match, in the losers group change was not statistically significant (7.8 ng/ml vs 6.6 ng/ml pre- and post-match). As to the sAA concentration, the winning team showed a statistically significant variation between pre- and post-match than the losers (166.01 ± 250 U/ml vs 291.59 ± 241 U/ml) (p = 0.01). Conclusion Analyzing the results of the SAS-2 psychological test it is highlighted that, on average, the loser group was more anxious than the winning group, and this contributed to the final result. In conclusion, there is strong evidence supporting the state of the art that many factors can affect performance anxiety and thus the performance itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Research and Innovation, Centro Medico di Fisioterapia “Villa Sarina”, Trapani, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marianna Alesi
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Alioto
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Giulia Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pagliaro
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Sánchez-Migallón V, Moreno-Pérez V, Terrón-Manrique P, Fernández-Ruiz V, Blake C, Navandar A, Samanes ÁL. Monitoring modifiable injury risk factors over an in-season mesocycle in semi-professional female field hockey players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:32. [PMID: 38297366 PMCID: PMC10829242 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine changes of modifiable injury risk factors and fatigue parameters during a mesocycle (4 months of the competitive season) in semi-professional female field hockey players (Spanish 2nd Division). METHODS Fourteen female field hockey players (age: 22.6 ± 4.9 years) participated in the study over 4 months of the competitive season (September-December 2019). The players were tested each month for their: maximal isometric knee flexion, hip adduction, and abduction muscle strength; passive straight leg raise and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM); countermovement jump height; and perceptual fatigue (through a perceived well-being questionnaire). RESULTS Statistical differences were reported in isometric knee flexion torque in the dominant and non-dominant limb (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.629,0.786 respectively), non-dominant isometric hip abductors torque (p = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.266) and isometric hip adductors torque in dominant and non-dominant limbs (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.441-546). Also, significant differences were reported in the straight leg raise test (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0-523, 0.556) and ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.376, 0.377) for the dominant and non-dominant limb respectively. Finally, the jump height measured showed significant differences (p = <.001, ηp2 = 0.490), while no differences were reported in perceived well-being parameters (p = 0.089-0.459). CONCLUSION Increments in isometric muscle strength and fluctuations in ROM values and vertical jumping capacity are reported over an in-season mesocycle (i.e., 4 months of the competitive season). This information can be used to target recovery strategies to make them more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - Catherine Blake
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Archit Navandar
- Faculty of Sports Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro López Samanes
- Education, Research Methods and Evaluation Department, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Natera AO, Chapman DW, Chapman ND, Keogh JW. Predicting repeat power ability through common field assessments: is repeat power ability a unique physical quality? PeerJ 2024; 12:e16788. [PMID: 38282868 PMCID: PMC10812577 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The repeat power ability (RPA) assessment is used to test the ability to repeatedly produce maximal ballistic efforts with an external load. The underpinning physical qualities influencing RPA are undetermined. This study aimed to gain further insight into the physical qualities that determine RPA by analysing the association between physical qualities and an assessment of RPA. Materials and methods Ten well-trained male field hockey players performed an RPA assessment consisting of 20 repetitions of loaded countermovement jumps (LCMJ20), with a percent decrement score of peak power output calculated. Over a two-week period, each participant performed the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test 2 (IRT2), a repeated speed ability assessment incorporating a 180° change of direction (RSA180), a 40-meter linear speed test (40 mST), an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), a countermovement jump (CMJ), and a 3-repetition maximum half squat (HS) assessment. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the strength of relationships between each assessment variable and the LCMJ20. The assessment variables with the strongest relationships within each assessment were used in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to determine the best predictor model of LCMJ20. Results RSA180percent decrement score (RSA180% had a very strong, significant relationship with LCMJ20 (r = 0.736: p < 0.05). HS relative strength (HSrel) was found to have a significant and very strong, negative relationship with LCMJ20 (r = - 0.728: p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed RSA180 to explain 48.4% of LCMJ20 variance (Adjusted R2 = 0.484) as the only covariate included in the model. Conclusion The findings indicate that RSA180 as a repeated high intensity effort (RHIE) task is strongly related to LCMJ20 and is also the best predictor of LCMJ20. This may suggest that RPA can provide practitioners with information on RHIE performance. The variance between assessment methods indicates that RPA may be a distinct physical quality, future research should assess other physical capacities to better understand the factors contributing to RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O. Natera
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Sport Science, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale W. Chapman
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Neil D. Chapman
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin W.L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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13
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Rebelo A, Pereira JR, Cunha P, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Valente-Dos-Santos J. Training stress, neuromuscular fatigue and well-being in volleyball: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:17. [PMID: 38218879 PMCID: PMC10788005 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volleyball, with its unique calendar structure, presents distinct challenges in training and competition scheduling. Like many team sports, volleyball features an unconventional schedule with brief off-season and pre-season phases, juxtaposed against an extensive in-season phase characterized by a high density of matches and training. This compact calendar necessitates careful management of training loads and recovery periods. The effectiveness of this management is a critical factor, influencing the overall performance and success of volleyball teams. In this review, we explore the associations between training stress measures, fatigue, and well-being assessments within this context, to better inform future research and practice. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in databases including PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were original research papers published in peer-reviewed journals involving volleyball athletes. RESULTS Of the 2535 studies identified, 31 were thoroughly analysed. From these 31 articles, 22 included professional athletes, seven included collegiate-level volleyball athletes, and two included young athletes. Nine studies had female volleyball players, while the remaining 22 had male volleyball athletes. CONCLUSIONS Internal training load should be collected daily after training sessions and matches with the session rating of perceived exertion method. External training load should also be measured daily according to the methods based on jump height, jump count, and kinetic energy. If force platforms are available, neuromuscular fatigue can be assessed weekly using the FT:CT ratio of a countermovement jump or, in cases where force platforms are not available, the average jump height can also be used. Finally, the Hooper Index has been shown to be a measure of overall wellness, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness, mood, and sleep quality in volleyball when used daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal.
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João R Pereira
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cunha
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- FCDEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ageberg E, Bunke S, Linnéll J, Moesch K. Co-creating holistic injury prevention training for youth handball: Development of an intervention targeting end-users at the individual, team, and organizational levels. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:10. [PMID: 38191495 PMCID: PMC10773026 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that are co-created with end-users, and that are informed by behavior change or implementation theories, support implementation in real world settings. However, injury prevention programs for youth athletes have typically been developed by experts with no, or insufficiently described, end-user involvement and without guidance by theories. The aim of the current study was to describe the development of a holistic injury prevention intervention for youth handball targeting end-users at different levels, through using knowledge from end-users and researchers/experts and applying relevant behavior change and implementation theories. METHODS Knowledge from researchers/experts (sports medicine, sport psychology, handball, physical therapy, strength and conditioning (n = 14)) and end-users (coaches, players, club administrators, n = 16), and applying relevant implementation (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, CFIR), behavior change (Health Action Process Approach, HAPA) and motivational (Self-Determination Theory, SDT) theories, were used to co-design the intervention. Early end-users (coaches (n = 6), players (n = 3) and a club administrator (n = 1)) were interviewed for initial feedback. RESULTS The intervention consisted of end-user-targeted information and training that was made available in a specifically developed interactive mobile application with modules for players, coaches, club administrators, and caregivers. Information for all end-users included benefits and principles of physical and psychological injury prevention training, load-management, motivation, and communication. Information about implementation was developed for club administrators specifically. For coaches, training to do with their teams included handball-specific injury prevention exercises (legs, shoulders, core) combined with psychological aspects (motivation, task focus, body awareness) to integrate within warm-up and handball skills training. Training for players included handball-specific multi-joint strength, power, and explosive exercises (legs, shoulders, core) and sport psychology exercises (self-awareness, relaxation, being in the present moment, prevent and handle stress). To support self-management, adoption, and motivation, programs were provided, and players and coaches could change, add, progress the difficulty of exercises, and build their own programs. Initial feedback from early end-users was generally positive. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing an approach where researchers/experts and end-users co-created injury prevention training specifically for youth handball, an intervention was generated that included information and holistic training targeting end-users at the individual (players, caregivers), team (coaches), and organizational (club administrators) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 117, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Bunke
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennie Linnéll
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 117, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
- Swedish Handball Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Moesch
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Koyama T, Nishikawa J, Yaguchi K, Irino T, Rikukawa A. A comparison of the physical demands generated by playing different opponents in basketball friendly matches. Biol Sport 2024; 41:253-260. [PMID: 38188115 PMCID: PMC10765436 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the physical demands of playing opponents of different skill levels in basketball. Eighteen men's college basketball players wore accelerometers to measure the relative accumulated acceleration load (AAL), estimated equivalent distance, and frequencies of sprint, jump, and exertion events during games against professional teams (Pro), teams at the same competition level (Collegiate), and teams comprising intra-team members in practice games (Scrimmage). Internal responses were calculated using the relative rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A repeated measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and standardized Cohen's effect sizes were calculated to compare the physical demands and internal responses across matches played against different levels of opponents. The results showed that in the game against the Pro, AAL (arbitrary units), sprint events (cases per min), and exertion events (cases per min) were significantly (p < .05) higher than those in games against the Collegiate and Scrimmage teams. As the competitive level of the opponents increased, the relative external load of the participants also increased. Conversely, internal responses measured using sRPE were lower after games against the Pro than those against the Collegiate. Internal and external loads may vary from each other depending on contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Koyama
- Department of Physical Education, Tokai university, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Tokai university, Japan
| | - Kaishi Yaguchi
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Tokai university, Japan
| | - Takayuki Irino
- Department of Sports Promotion Center, Tokai university, Japan
| | - Akira Rikukawa
- Department of Sports Promotion Center, Tokai university, Japan
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Riboli A, Francini L, Rossi E, Caronti A, Boldrini L, Mazzoni S. Top-class women's soccer performance: peak demands and distribution of the match activities relative to maximal intensities during official matches. Biol Sport 2024; 41:207-215. [PMID: 38188116 PMCID: PMC10765427 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to determine the most demanding passages of match play (MDP) and the distribution of match activities relative to maximum intensities during official matches in top-class women soccer players. Twenty-eight women players competing in European championship and international UEFA competitions were monitored during 38 official matches (277 individual samples). Maximum relative (m · min-1) total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSRD), very high-speed running (VHSRD), sprint, acceleration and deceleration distances were calculated across different durations (1-5, 10, 15, 90 min) using a rolling average analysis. Maximum intensities (1-minpeak) were used as the reference value to determine the distribution of relative intensity across the whole-match demands (90-minavg). Time and distance higher than 90-minavg (> 90-minavg) were also calculated. MDP showed moderate to very large [effect size (ES): 0.63/5.20] differences between 1-minpeak vs all durations for each parameter. The relative (m · min-1) 1-minpeak was greater than 90-minavg of about +63% for TD, +358% for HSRD, +969% for VHSRD, +2785% for sprint, +1216% for acceleration, and +768% for deceleration. The total distance covered > 90-minavg was ~66.6% of the total distance covered during the 90-minavg for TD, ~84.8% for HSRD, ~97.4% for VHSRD, ~100% for sprint, ~99.1% for acceleration and ~98.2% for deceleration. The relative distance > 90-minavg was higher (P < 0.05) than the 90-minavg for each metric (ES: 2.22 to 7.58; very large). The present results may help coaches and sport scientists to replicate the peak demands during training routine in top-class women soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Riboli
- MilanLab Research Department, AC Milan S.p.A., Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Francini
- MilanLab Research Department, AC Milan S.p.A., Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rossi
- MilanLab Research Department, AC Milan S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Caronti
- MilanLab Research Department, AC Milan S.p.A., Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Boldrini
- MilanLab Research Department, AC Milan S.p.A., Milan, Italy
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Milan, Italy
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Ferrandis J, Coso JD, Moreno-Pérez V, Campo RLD, Resta R, González-Rodenas J. Changes in physical and technical match performance variables in football players promoted from the Spanish Second Division to the First Division. Biol Sport 2024; 41:217-225. [PMID: 38188124 PMCID: PMC10765445 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare physical and technical match performance variables in football players who competed in the Spanish second division for one season and were promoted to the top (first) division in the following season. A total of 97 male outfield football players who were promoted from the second to the first division of the Spanish professional football league within the same team were analysed. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerised optical tracking system during five seasons (2015-2016 to 2019-2020). A one-way ANOVA repeated measures analysis showed that players executed a greater number of high-intensity running (HIR) efforts (P < 0.001; ES: 0.258), as well as covering greater HIR distance (P < 0.010; ES: 0.106) and total running distance (TD) (P < 0.010; ES: 0.080), when they played in the first division compared with the second division. Moreover, players performed a lower number of passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.116), short passes (P < 0.01; ES = 0.106), long passes (P < 0.05; ES = 0.067), dribbles (P < 0.001; ES = 0.146) and shots (P < 0.01; ES = 0.074) in the first division compared to the second division. No significant differences were found for any of the defensive variables evaluated. In conclusion, being promoted from the second to the first division of professional football requires players to adapt to greater physical demands and a reduced number of technical actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ferrandis
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
- Catholic University of Valencia, "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
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Forcher L, Forcher L, Altmann S, Jekauc D, Kempe M. The Success Factors of Rest Defense in Soccer - A Mixed-Methods Approach of Expert Interviews, Tracking Data, and Machine Learning. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:707-725. [PMID: 38045740 PMCID: PMC10690503 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
While the tactical behavior of soccer players differs between specific phases of play (offense, defense, offensive transition, defensive transition), little is known about successful behavior of players during defensive transition (switching behavior from offense to defense). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the group tactic of rest defense (despite in ball possession, certain players safeguard quick counterattacks in case of ball loss) in defensive transition. A mixed-methods approach was used, involving both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Semi-structured expert interviews with seven professional soccer coaches were conducted to define rest defense. In the quantitative analysis, several KPIs were calculated, based on tracking and event data of 153 games of the 2020/21 German Bundesliga season, to predict the success of rest defense situations in a machine learning approach. The qualitative interviews indicated that rest defense can be defined as the positioning of the deepest defenders during ball possession to prevent an opposing counterattack after a ball loss. For instance, the rest defending players created a numerical superiority of 1.69 ± 1.00 and allowed a space control of the attacking team of 11.51 ± 9.82 [%] in the area of rest defense. The final machine learning model showed satisfactory prediction performance of the success of rest defense (Accuracy: 0.97, Precision: 0.73, f1-Score: 0.64, AUC: 0.60). Analysis of the individual KPIs revealed insights into successful behavior of players in rest defense, including controlling deep spaces and dangerous counterattackers. The study concludes regaining possession as fast as possible after a ball loss is the most important success factor in defensive transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Leon Forcher
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Darko Jekauc
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Shi Q, Tong TK, Nie J, Tao D, Zhang H, Tan X, Kong Z. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia boosts up team-sport-specific repeated-sprint ability: 2-week vs 5-week training regimen. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2699-2710. [PMID: 37335354 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate (1) the boosting effects immediately and 4 weeks following 2-week, 6-session repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH2-wk, n = 10) on the ability of team-sport players in performing repeated sprints (RSA) during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise protocol (RSAIEP) by comparing with normoxic counterpart (CON2-wk, n = 12), and (2) the dose effects of the RSH by comparing the RSA alterations in RSH2-wk with those resulting from a 5-week, 15-session regimen (RSH5-wk, n = 10). METHODS Repeated-sprint training protocol consisted of 3 sets, 5 × 5-s all-out sprints on non-motorized treadmill interspersed with 25-s passive recovery under the hypoxia of 13.5% and normoxia, respectively. The within- (pre-, post-, 4-week post-intervention) and between- (RSH2-wk, RSH5-wk, CON2-wk) group differences in the performance of four sets of RSA tests held during the RSAIEP on the same treadmill were assessed. RESULTS In comparison with pre-intervention, RSA variables, particularly the mean velocity, horizontal force, and power output during the RSAIEP enhanced significantly immediate post RSH in RSH2-wk (5.1-13.7%), while trivially in CON2-wk (2.1-6.2%). Nevertheless, the enhanced RSA in RSH2-wk diminished 4 weeks after the RSH (- 3.17-0.37%). For the RSH5-wk, the enhancement of RSA immediately following the 5-week RSH (4.2-16.3%) did not differ from that of RSH2-wk, yet the enhanced RSA was well-maintained 4-week post-RSH (0.12-1.14%). CONCLUSIONS Two-week and five-week RSH regimens could comparably boost up the effects of repeated-sprint training in normoxia, while dose effect detected on the RSA enhancement was minimal. Nevertheless, superior residual effects of the RSH on RSA appear to be associated with prolonged regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Av. da Universidade, Taipa, Macao S.A.R, China.
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Khan A, Werner-Seidler A, Hidajat T, Feng J, Huang WY, Rosenbaum S. Association Between Sports Participation and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Australian Children: An 8-year Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:1117-1124. [PMID: 37656103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sports participation is associated with children's health and wellbeing; however, existing evidence is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies. This study examined the longitudinal association of sports participation with psychosocial wellbeing of Australian children. METHODS Data were from five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children aged 6-7 years in 2010 (n = 4,242) and followed up until 2018. Outcomes were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Sports participation was measured using two items assessing regular participation in team and individual sports. RESULTS Multilevel mixed effects modeling showed that any sports participation was beneficially associated with psychosocial wellbeing. Boys who participated in team sports had 1.78 point lower difficulties score (β = -1.78; 95% confidence interval: --2.01,-1.55), while this was 0.58 points lower for individual sports (β =-0.58; -0.81,-0.34). In girls, difficulties score was 1.22 point lower for team sports (β = -1.22; -1.44,-1.00) and 0.49 point lower for individual sports (β = -0.49; -0.71,-0.26). Sports participation was positively associated with better quality of life with team sports (β = 4.72; 4.15,5.28 for boys; β = 3.44; 2.87,4.00 for girls) offering more benefits than individual sports (β = 1.00; 0.83,1.98 for boys; β = 1.40; 0.83,1.98 for girls). Participation in both team and individual sports had the strongest benefits. Prolonged engagement in sports was associated with better psychosocial wellbeing in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION Regular participation in any sports can benefit children's wellbeing with team sports being more beneficial than individual sports. Encouraging children to regularly participate and remain engaged in sports can help to optimize their psychosocial wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaduzzaman Khan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Tarissa Hidajat
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wendy Yajun Huang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Dr Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Doering TM, Elsworthy N, Callaghan DE, Jones B, Teramoto M, Scanlan AT. A comparison of activity demands between trial matches and in-season matches across multiple teams and seasons in semi-professional, male rugby league players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1239-1247. [PMID: 37867734 PMCID: PMC10588578 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.125586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trial matches are frequently used for team preparation in rugby league competitions, making it essential to understand the demands experienced to assess their specificity to actual competition. Consequently, this study aimed to compare the activity demands between pre-season trial matches and early in-season rugby league matches. Following a repeated-measures observational design, 39 semi-professional, male rugby league players from two clubs were monitored using microsensors during two trial matches and the first two in-season matches across two consecutive seasons. Total distance, average speed, peak speed, absolute and relative high-speed running (HSR; > 18 km · h-1) and low-speed running (LSR; < 18 km · h-1) distance, as well as absolute and relative impacts, accelerations (total and high-intensity > 3 m · s-2), and decelerations (total and high-intensity < -3 m · s-2) were measured. Linear mixed models and Cohen's d effect sizes were used to compare variables between match types. Playing duration was greater for in-season matches (p < 0.001, d = 0.64). Likewise, higher (p < 0.001, d = 0.45-0.70) activity volumes were evident during in-season matches indicated via total distance, HSR distance, LSR distance, total accelerations, high-intensity accelerations, total decelerations, and high-intensity decelerations. Regarding activity intensities, a higher average speed (p = 0.008, d = 0.31) and relative LSR distance (p = 0.005, d = 0.31) only were encountered during in-season matches. Despite players completing less volume, the average activity intensities and impact demands were mostly similar between trial and early in-season matches. These findings indicate trial matches might impose suitable activity stimuli to assist players in preparing for early in-season activity intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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Pereira LA, Nunes RFH, Freitas TT, Paes CA, Conde JH, Novack LF, Kosloski T, Silva RL, Azevedo PH, Loturco I. Sand and grass surfaces are equally effective in promoting positive adaptations in the sprint performance of elite young soccer players. Biol Sport 2023; 40:993-1001. [PMID: 37867732 PMCID: PMC10588565 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.123324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of two sprint-jump training programmes, performed on either sand or grass surfaces, on the sprint and jump performance of elite young soccer players over an 8-week training period. Fifteen under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to the sand (n = 7) or grass (n = 8) group. Athletes performed 12 training sessions, comprising vertical and horizontal jump exercises, and linear and change-of-direction (COD) sprint drills. Pre- and post-measurements were completed in the following order: vertical jump, sprint speed at 10 m and 17 m, curve sprint (CS), and modified Zigzag COD tests. Between-group differences were determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and effect sizes (ES). No improvements in jump performance were found in either group. Significant increases were observed in the sand group for acceleration in 0-10 m and for 10- and 17-m linear sprint velocity (ES = 1.15, 1.16, and 1.81, respectively; P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were detected for acceleration and linear sprint velocity in the grass group, comparing pre- and post-tests (ES ranging from 0.01 to 0.47; P > 0.05). Both sand and grass groups revealed similar increases in the CS and COD velocities after the training period (ES ranging from 0.98 to 1.93; P < 0.05). In conclusion, sprint-jump training programmes performed on both grass and sand surfaces elicited significant improvements in CS and COD performances, whereas acceleration and linear sprint velocity increased only in the sand group, after a short-term training period. The sand training surface was proven to be a practical strategy to improve sprint performance in all its forms in soccer players, which is of great interest and importance for coaches and sport scientists working in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tomás. T. Freitas
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo H.S.M. Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
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23
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Leão C, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado I, Lemos J, Leal S, Nobari H. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in young male soccer players. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:101. [PMID: 37667367 PMCID: PMC10476429 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition is vital in health and sports performance by improving anthropometric-related parameters and dietary habits, especially in the youngest ages. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been highly recognized for its positive health effects and low adverse environmental impact. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize adherence to the MD and analyze its association with anthropometric parameters in young soccer players. METHODOLOGY In the present study, 132 male young soccer players from under 9 to under 15 categories (aged 7 to 15 years) from a Portuguese football club participated. The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED) questionnaire was applied to assess adherence to the MD. Anthropometric-related parameters, including body mass, height, triceps skinfold thickness (TSKF), suprailiac skinfold thickness (SISKF), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF), were determined. The differences between groups were performed accordingly to normal and non-normal distribution. Spearman's correlations were performed to analyze the hypothetical correlation between KIDMED and BMI. RESULTS Players reached an average KIDMED score of 8.36 ± 1.92, showing that 68.2% (n = 90) reached high adherence to the MD, 31.1% (n = 41) had moderate adherence to the MD, and 0.78% (n = 1) had poor adherence to the MD. When the analysis was made for age group and BMI classification, no significant differences were observed in adherence to the MD. Considering the main characteristics of the MD, 50.8% consumed fruit (vs. 49,2%), 52.3% consumed vegetables (vs. 47,7%), and only 20% consumed oleaginous dried fruits (vs. 80%). Dairy consumption throughout the day was 49,2% (vs. no: 50,8%). CONCLUSION Data from the present study showed that many soccer players adhered to the MD, and no differences were observed for age group or BMI classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, 4960-320, Portugal
- Tumour & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, 4200-153, Portugal
| | - Inês Machado
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Paredes, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - João Lemos
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Paredes, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 5619911367, H.N, Iran.
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Cooley A, Parker P, Grace S, Thornton AR, Bunn JA. Wellness Following Wins and Losses Based on Psychological Hardiness in Division I Women's Lacrosse. Int J Exerc Sci 2023; 16:1182-1190. [PMID: 38288285 PMCID: PMC10824287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Psychological hardiness encompasses three components: commitment, control, and challenge, and illustrates how individuals respond to stressors. Analyzing athletes' responses to wins and losses, depending on their psychological hardiness level, may provide insight of the impact of game outcome on student-athlete wellness. The purpose of this study was to examine postgame subjective wellness scores based on level of psychological hardiness following wins and losses in collegiate female lacrosse athletes. Players (n = 17) took the Dispositional Resilience Scale Scale-15 (DRS-15) at the start of the academic year and were grouped based on hardiness level: above average (AH) and below average (BA). Participants took a daily wellness survey rating their overall wellness, energy level, muscle soreness, stress level, and sleep quality. RM-ANOVA indicated no difference in post-game wellness scores between hardiness groups (Lambda(5,11) = 1.073, p = .426, ES = .328), by game outcome (Lambda(5,11) = 2.361, p = .109, ES = .518), or an interaction between hardiness and outcome of game (Lambda(5,11) = 1.421, p = .291, ES = .392). No hardiness group differences were found for overall wellness or sub-scores. These results show subjective wellness scores decrease collectively after a loss versus a win but refute prior studies as hardy players did not experience significantly less stress than their less hardy counterparts. Future studies should be conducted to assess wellness after differing game outcomes over many seasons to assist coaching staff on the subjective, psychological impacts of game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Cooley
- Department of Exercise Science, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC USA
| | - Paula Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC USA
| | - Sarah Grace
- Department of Exercise Science, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC USA
| | - Andrew R Thornton
- Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX USA
| | - Jennifer A Bunn
- Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX USA
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Correas-Gómez L, Benítez-Flores S, Calleja-González J, Carnero EA. Quality of lean body mass and jump capacity in high performance young basketball players lean body mass and jump capacity. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1667-1677. [PMID: 38060374 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2291294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The lean body mass (LBM) components have been suggested as important predictors of anaerobic performance, which is highly involved in basketball. We explored with descriptive cross-sectional design the relationship between anaerobic performance and full molecular and cellular body composition profile in young male basketball players. Twenty-one players (age = 16.8 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 76.3 ± 15.7 kg, height = 189.3 ± 12.6 cm) were recruited, 11 elite and 10 local level. Participants were evaluated on multicomponent body composition [LBM, appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), bone mineral content (BMC), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW)] and field-based anaerobic performance (vertical jump, linear sprint, and handgrip strength). The stepwise regression analyses adjusted for confounders showed significant relationships of whole-body and regional body composition components with handgrip and jump performance (P ≤ 0.03). Prediction models combining body composition variables assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) revealed that lean mass and hydration ratios (ICW/ECW and ECW/TBW) were strongly associated with jump performance (CMJ and CMJ25kg), independently of the competition level (P < 0.01). The novel finding in this study was that water quality (ICW/ECW) and water distribution (ECW/TBW, ICW) of total and regional LBM were the main predictors of vertical jump capacity in young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Correas-Gómez
- Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Physical Education and Sports Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
| | - Stefano Benítez-Flores
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Elvis A Carnero
- Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Malaga, Andalucia Tech, Málaga, Spain
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Martín-Moya R, Silva AF, Clemente FM, González-Fernández FT. Effects of combined plyometric, strength and running technique training program on change-of-direction and countermovement jump: A two-armed parallel study design on young soccer players. Gait Posture 2023; 105:27-34. [PMID: 37454438 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Players must be capable to have a good change-of-direction (COD) skill aiming to be the fastest as possible to react immediately to the opponent or even to help players to be more agile since COD is a physical determinant of agility. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the effects of a six-week combined training intervention in the COD and countermovement jump (CMJ) of young soccer players, while comparing with a control group only performing the regular field-based training sessions. METHODS A sample of 80 non-professional players (40 experimental group and 40 control group) between the ages of ten and twelve was taken [(Age: 10.70 ± 1.02)]. The tests that were carried out from the beginning to the end of the intervention were: CMJ test, 505COD Test and Illinois Test. Paired sample t-test was used for determining differences as a repeated measures analysis (pre- post). An ANCOVA test was performed using the pretest as a covariate and the times pre and post as factors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Repeated measures ANCOVA revealed significant influence of baseline level on the 5-0-5 COD (p = 0.001; ηp2=0.170), the Illinois (p = 0.018; ηp2=0.070) and the CMJ (p = 0.047; ηp2=0.050). Significant interactions group*time (p < 0.001; ηp2=0.137), 5-0-5 COD (p < 0.001; ηp2=0.274), and CMJ (p < 0.001; ηp2=0.392) were found, while no significant interactions were found in Illinois (p = 0.293; ηp2=0.014). The current research revealed that a combined training intervention consisting of strength training, plyometrics, and running techniques can be significantly beneficial for improving COD performance and CMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martín-Moya
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, 52006 Melilla, Spain.
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, 52006 Melilla, Spain
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Sansone P, Gasperi L, Makivic B, Gomez-Ruano MA, Tessitore A, Conte D. An ecological investigation of average and peak external load intensities of basketball skills and game-based training drills. Biol Sport 2023; 40:649-656. [PMID: 37398975 PMCID: PMC10286615 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantified average and peak external intensities of various basketball training drills. Thirteen youth male basketball players (age: 15.2 ± 0.3 years) were monitored (BioHarness-3 devices) to obtain average and peak external load per minute (EL · min-1; peak EL · min-1) during team-based training sessions. Researchers coded the training sessions by analysing the drill type (skills, 1vs1, 2vs2, 3vs0, 3vs3, 4vs0, 4vs4, 5vs5, 5vs5-scrimmage), court area per player, player's involvement in the drill (in percentage), playing positions (backcourt; frontcourt) and competition rotation status (starter; rotation; bench). Separate linear mixed models were run to assess the influence of training and individual constraints on average and peak EL · min-1. Drill type influenced average and peak EL · min-1 (p < 0.05), but with different directions of effects. EL · min-1 was higher in skills and 4vs0 drills, while higher peak EL · min-1 values were obtained in 5vs5 and 5vs5-scrimmage. Similarly, EL · min-1 was higher when involvement % increased (p = 0.001), while there was an opposite trend for peak EL · min-1 (lower with higher involvement %). Court area per player influenced peak (p = 0.025) but not average demands. No effects were found for playing position or competition rotation status (all p > 0.05), except for a moderately higher EL · min-1 in starters compared to bench players. The external load intensities of basketball training drills substantially vary depending on the load indicator chosen, the training content, and task and individual constraints. Practitioners should not interchangeably use average and peak external intensity indicators to design training but considering them as separate constructs could help to gain a better understanding of basketball training and competition demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sansone
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Gasperi
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bojan Makivic
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Miguel Angel Gomez-Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Torres Martín L, Raya-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Chaabene H, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Effects of body mass-based resistance training on measures of physical fitness and musculotendinous injury incidence and burden in U16 male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:574-587. [PMID: 34852693 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of body mass-based resistance training (bmRT) on selected measures of physical fitness and injury incidence and burden in soccer players. Forty-six U16 male soccer players were randomly assigned to an control (CG; n = 26) or experimental group (EG; n = 20) Countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction (CoD) (i.e., 20 m with one CoD), and linear sprint over 30 m were assessed before and after a 15-weeks training. Any type of musculotendinous injury that occurred throughout the intervention period was recorded. Between-group difference was noted at post-test for CMJ (p = 0.008). Pre-to-post training values increased in the EG (effect size [ES] = 1.01) while in the CG no pre-to-post changes were detected (ES = 0.27). No between-group differences at post-test were observed for sprint and CoD tests. Differences in injury burden were reported (33.28 [CG] vs. 9.55 [EG] absence days/1,000 hours exposure, rate ratio = 3.49, 95% CI 2.03-6.00, p < 0.001), but not in injury incidence. A bmRT programis suitable for improving jumping height but not linear and CoD speed performance. Additionally, bmRT may reduce injury burden, and therefore, the severity of musculotendinous injuries in U16 male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Torres Martín
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Bianchi M, Anderson L, Brownlee TE, Bossi L, Beato M. The effect of two sessions of combined jump and sprint training per week on fitness parameters in soccer players. A randomized controlled trial. Biol Sport 2023; 40:699-706. [PMID: 37398964 PMCID: PMC10286599 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a combined jump and sprint training program, two sessions a week for 6 weeks, on sprinting, change of directions (COD) and jumping performance in semi-professional soccer players. Twenty soccer players were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (age 20 ± 2 years, body mass 74.3 ± 5.9 kg). Players were randomized into two groups such as training group (TG, n = 10 players) or control group (CG, n = 10 players). Physical tests were performed before and after 6 weeks of training such as sprint 10 m, sprint 30 m, 505-COD test and standing long jump (LJ). The two groups performed the same training except for the combined jump and sprint training performed twice a week by TG. After 6 weeks of training, between-group analysis reported statistical difference in favor of the TG in sprint 10 m (p = 0.015, η2 = 0.295, large), sprint 30 m (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.599, large), in 505-COD (p = 0.026, η2 = 0.154, large), and LJ (p = 0.025, η2 = 0.027, small). These data indicate that combined sprint and jump training, when performed twice a week, for the duration of 6 weeks, in addition to the regular team training, can improve specific physical performance in male soccer players. This study has shown that a volume increment of 10% after 3 weeks of training can be a suitable training dose progression and that a combination of 64-70 jumps and 675-738 m of sprinting training per session can yield benefits in sprint, COD and jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bianchi
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Bossi
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Figueiredo Machado CL, Nakamura FY, de Andrade MX, Dos Santos GC, Carlet R, Brusco CM, Reischak-Oliveira A, Voser RDC, Pinto RS. Total and regional body composition are related with aerobic fitness performance in elite futsal players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:164-168. [PMID: 37330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Body composition (i.e., fat and lean mass profile) has been related to aerobic performance, an essential capacity for futsal athletes. The present study aimed to verify the relationship between total and regional body composition (percentage of fat and lean mass) with aerobic performance in elite futsal players. Male professional futsal athletes (n = 44) from two Brazilian National Futsal League teams and athletes representing the National team participated in this study. Body composition was evaluated using DXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and aerobic fitness by ergospirometry. There was a negative (p < 0.05) correlation between maximum oxygen uptake and maximal velocity reached with total body (r = -0.53; r = -0.58), trunk (r = -0.52; r = -0.56) and lower-limb (r = -0.46; r = -0.55) fat mass percentage. Lower-limb lean mass percentage had a positive (p < 0.05) correlation with maximum oxygen uptake (r = 0.46) and maximal velocity (r = 0.55). In conclusion, total and regional body composition present a relationship with aerobic performance in professional futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia (ISMAI), Portugal
| | - Marcos Xavier de Andrade
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Carlet
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Muller Brusco
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério da Cunha Voser
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Riboli A, Esposito F, Coratella G. Technical and locomotor demands in elite soccer: manipulating area per player during small-sided games to replicate official match demands. Biol Sport 2023; 40:639-647. [PMID: 37398955 PMCID: PMC10286612 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.118338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the area per player (ApP) to replicate the technical and locomotor match demands using small-sided games (SSGs) in male soccer players (n = 20) competing in major European and UEFA competitions. The relative number of each individual technical activity per minute (number · min-1; technical demands) was counted and the relative (m · min-1) total (TD), high-speed running (HSRD), very high-speed running (VHSRD), sprint and acceleration+deceleration (Acc+Dec) distances were collected during different SSG formats (n = 24; 4 vs 4 to 10 vs 10 with an ApP from 60 to 341 m2 · player-1) and official matches (n = 28). Data were collected during two full seasons. A linear mixed model analysis was used to calculate the individual relationship between technical/locomotor demands and the ApP during SSGs; the correlation coefficient was also calculated. With the exception of an inverse moderate (r = -0.457) correlation for Acc+Dec, each locomotor metric (TD, HSRD, VHSRD and sprint) showed a positive large to very large (r = 0.560 to 0.710) correlation with ApP (P < 0.001). The technical demands showed an inverse moderate correlation (r = -0.529) with ApP. Additionally, inverse moderate to large correlations (r = -0.397 to -0.600; P < 0.05) between the technical demands and the locomotor demands (TD, HSR, VHSR and sprint) were found. Lastly, an ApP of ~243 m2 · player was found to replicate the official match technical demand and it was quite similar to the ApP required to replicate HSRD, VHSRD and sprint. These findings may help practitioners to replicate, overload and underload both technical and locomotor demands using a specific ApP during SSGs in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riboli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the impact of elite rugby league competition on mental fatigue; and to investigate how mental fatigue influenced in-match technical performance. Twenty elite male rugby league players recorded their pre- and post-game subjective mental fatigue and had their technical performance analysed during matches across one competition season. Metrics were created to assess in-match technical performance and described the percentage of positive, neutral, and negative involvements for each player, while accounting for the context and difficulty of each involvement. Self-reported mental fatigue increased from pre-game to post-game (maximum a posteriori estimation [MAP] = 33.1, 95% high-density interval [HDI] = 26.9-39.8), with backs reporting higher changes in mental fatigue than forwards (MAP = 18.0, 95% HDI = 9.7-26.9). Larger increases in mental fatigue from pre-game to post-game were negatively associated with the adjusted percentage of positive involvements metric (MAP = -2.1, 95% HDI = -5.6 to 1.1). Elite rugby league players reported increased mental fatigue following competitive games, with backs reporting a greater increase than forwards. Mental fatigue impacted technical performance, whereby participants had a lower percentage of positive involvements when they reported being more mentally fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yleia Mariano
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UC-RISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Mara
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UC-RISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
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Zwierko M, Jedziniak W, Popowczak M, Rokita A. Effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in youth volleyball players. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15213. [PMID: 37250711 PMCID: PMC10211363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroboscopic training is based on an exercise with intermittent visual stimuli that force a greater demand on the visuomotor processing for improving performance under normal vision. While the stroboscopic effect is used as an effective tool to improve information processing in general perceptual-cognitive tasks, there is still a lack of research focused on identifying training protocols for sport-specific settings. Therefore, we aimed at assessing the effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in young volleyball players. Methods Fifty young volleyball athletes (26 males and 24 females; mean age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study and were each divided randomly into an experimental group and a control group, who then both performed identical volleyball-specific tasks, with the experimental group under stroboscopic influence. The participants were evaluated three times using laboratory based tests for simple and complex reaction speed, sensory sensitivity and saccade dynamics; before the after the 6-week-long training (short-term effect) and 4 weeks later (long-term effect). In addition, a field test investigated the effects of the training on reactive agility. Results A significant TIME vs GROUP effect was observed for (1) simple motor time (p = 0.020, ηp2 = 0.08), with improvement in the stroboscopic group in the post-test and retention test (p = 0.003, d = 0.42 and p = 0.027, d = 0.35, respectively); (2) complex reaction speed (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.22), with a large post-test effect in the stroboscopic group (p < 0.001, d = 0.87) and a small effect in the non-stroboscopic group (p = 0.010, d = 0.31); (3) saccade dynamics (p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.09), with post-hoc tests in the stroboscopic group not reaching significance (p = 0.083, d = 0.54); and (4) reactive agility (p = 0.039, ηp2 = 0.07), with a post-test improvement in the stroboscopic group (p = 0.017, d = 0.49). Neither sensory sensitivity nor simple reaction time was statistically significantly affected as a result of the training (p > 0.05). A significant TIME vs GENDER effect was observed for saccadic dynamics (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.226) and reactive agility (p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.213), with stronger performance gains in the females. Conclusions There was a larger effectiveness from the 6-week volleyball-specific training in the stroboscopic group compared to the non-stroboscopic group. The stroboscopic training resulted in significant improvements on most measures (three of five) of visual and visuomotor function with more marked enhancement in visuomotor than in sensory processing. Also, the stroboscopic intervention improved reactive agility, with more pronounced performance gains for short-term compared to the long-term changes. Gender differences in response to the stroboscopic training are inconclusive, therefore our findings do not offer a clear consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zwierko
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jedziniak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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D'Anna G, Lucherini Angeletti L, Benvenuti F, Melani G, Ferroli M, Poli F, Villano RG, Ricca V, Rotella F. The association between sport type and eating/body image concerns in high school students: a cross-sectional observational study. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:43. [PMID: 37195394 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Disordered eating and body image concerns are increasingly common among adolescents, possibly representing the underpinning of eating disorders (EDs). This cross-sectional observational study aimed at investigating the relationship between various patterns of sports involvement or inactivity, and the abovementioned psychopathological dimensions. METHODS All adolescents attending their 3rd-5th Italian grade in a single high school reported their sociodemographic and anthropometric data, their weekly sports involvement, and filled the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q), the Body Uneasiness Test, and the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory (for boys). Comparisons were performed considering sex, weekly hours of activity, and different sports type (none, individual, or team sports). RESULTS Of 744 enrolled students, 522 (70.2%) completed the survey. Girls showed higher underweight rates, preference for inactivity or individual sports, and higher psychometric scores compared to boys. Among girls, no differences were found based on time spent exercising or sports type. Inactive boys displayed worse weight- and shape-based psychopathology, higher body uneasiness, and higher appearance intolerance compared to those who devoted more time to exercise. Among boys, individual and team sports were associated with lower EDE-Q scores compared to inactivity, whereas body uneasiness and appearance intolerance were lower only in team sports. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms the presence of remarkable sex differences in eating and body concerns of adolescents. Among boys, sports involvement is tied to lower ED psychopathology, and preference for team sports may be associated with reduced concerns. Wider longitudinal studies on will clarify the direction and specificity of these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V-Cross-sectional observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio D'Anna
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Melani
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Ferroli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Poli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Giulia Villano
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Rotella
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Oliveira TACD, Davids K, Denardi RA, Zalla S, Corrêa UC. Interpersonal coordination tendencies and perception of visual information for decision-making in futsal. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 66:102403. [PMID: 37665865 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how futsal players visually perceived information on angular interpersonal coordination relations, between available sources such as nearest defender, goalkeeper position and ball, when deciding to shoot at goal. Experienced players (n = 180) participated in eighteen, video-recorded futsal matches, during which 32 participants wore an eye tracking device. Forty-five sequences of play were selected and edited from the moment a teammate passed the ball to the shooter, until the moment a shot was undertaken. Independent variables included the angle connecting the shooter to their closest defender and goalkeeper, and it's rate of change (velocity and variability) during performance. Then eye tracking system (TOBII PRO) was used to examine gaze patterns of shooters during task performance. Findings revealed that: (i) futsal players adapted their gaze patterns differently between key information sources when shooting confirmed as: their closest defender, goalkeeper, ball, and court floor; and (ii), the ball was the information source which was most fixated on, regardless of the characteristics of interpersonal coordination tendencies that emerged when shooting. These findings can be interpreted as evidence of functional perceptual behaviours used to regulate actions needed to ensure precise contact with the ball when shooting at goal. Further, adaptations of fixation patterns, varied between marking defender, goalkeeper, and ball, may provide functional postural orientation to facilitate a successful shot at goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Umberto Cesar Corrêa
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patil G, Nalepka P, Novak A, Auletta F, Pepping GJ, Fransen J, Kallen RW, Richardson MJ. Dynamical biomarkers in teams and other multiagent systems. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00074-9. [PMID: 37150726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective team behavior in high-performance environments such as in sport and the military requires individual team members to efficiently perceive the unfolding task events, predict the actions and action intents of the other team members, and plan and execute their own actions to simultaneously accomplish individual and collective goals. To enhance team performance through effective cooperation, it is crucial to measure the situation awareness and dynamics of each team member and how they collectively impact the team's functioning. Further, to be practically useful for real-life settings, such measures must be easily obtainable from existing sensors. This paper presents several methodologies that can be used on positional and movement acceleration data of team members to quantify and/or predict team performance, assess situation awareness, and to help identify task-relevant information to support individual decision-making. Given the limited reporting of these methods within military cohorts, these methodologies are described using examples from team sports and teams training in virtual environments, with discussion as to how they can be applied to real-world military teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Patil
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Patrick Nalepka
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Andrew Novak
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; High Performance Department, Rugby Australia, Australia
| | - Fabrizia Auletta
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Gert-Jan Pepping
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rachel W Kallen
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Michael J Richardson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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Åkerlund I, Sonesson S, Lindblom H, Waldén M, Hägglund M. Perceptions, facilitators, and barriers regarding use of the injury prevention exercise programme Knee Control among players and coaches in youth floorball: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:56. [PMID: 37055800 PMCID: PMC10103405 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth participation in team ball sports is associated with a risk of both acute and gradual onset injuries but today there are several efficacious injury prevention exercise programmes (IPEPs). However, there is limited research about how to implement those programmes and the perceived barriers and facilitators among end-users. OBJECTIVE To investigate perceptions of the IPEP Knee Control and facilitators and barriers to programme use among coaches and youth floorball players, and explore factors associated with planned maintenance of Knee Control. METHODS This cross-sectional study is a sub-analysis of data from the intervention group of a cluster randomised controlled trial. Perceptions about Knee Control and facilitators and barriers to programme use were evaluated with surveys pre-intervention and post-season. 246 youth floorball players aged 12-17 years, and 35 coaches that reported no use of IPEPs during the preceding year were included. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were undertaken with the dependent variables: coaches' planned maintenance and players' opinions of maintenance of Knee Control. Independent variables were perceptions, facilitators and barriers regarding use of Knee Control and other potential influencing factors. RESULTS 88% of the players believed that Knee Control can reduce injury risk. Common facilitators to Knee Control use among coaches were support, education and high player motivation, and common barriers were that injury prevention training was time-consuming, lack of space to execute the exercises and lack of player motivation. Players who planned to maintain use of Knee Control had higher outcome expectancies and belief in one's ability to use Knee Control (action self-efficacy). Coaches who planned to maintain Knee Control had higher action self-efficacy and to a lesser extent considered that Knee Control takes too much time. CONCLUSIONS Support, education, and high player motivation are key facilitators, while lack of time and space for injury prevention training and boring exercises are key barriers for coaches and players to use Knee Control. High action self-efficacy among coaches and players seems to be a prerequisite for maintained use of IPEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Åkerlund
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, s-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Sofi Sonesson
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, s-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lindblom
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, s-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- GHP Ortho & Spine Center Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, s-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Saunders B, da Costa LR, de Souza RAS, Barreto G, Marticorena FM. Caffeine and sport. Adv Food Nutr Res 2023; 106:95-127. [PMID: 37722778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine found in coffee and several other foods and beverages. Its stimulatory effects make it an interesting strategy to boost performance for athletic populations. Scientific evidence supports its efficacy to improve high-intensity endurance exercise, explosive and high-intensity efforts, resistance exercise, team sports and combat sports, though individual variation in the ergogenic response to caffeine exists. Supplementation can be taken in many forms including dissolved in water, via capsules, coffee, energy drinks and caffeinated gum; ingestion via capsules, dissolved in water or in caffeinated gum appear to be most effective. Variability in the exercise response following caffeine supplementation may be explained by genetic factors or habitual caffeine consumption. Caffeine is an excellent supplement for athletes looking to improve their exercise performance, though some consideration of side-effects and impact on sleep are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Registro da Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Silva de Souza
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Peek RJ, Carey DL, Middleton KJ, Gastin PB, Clarke AC. Peak movement and impact characteristics of different training methods in professional rugby union. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2760-2767. [PMID: 36934080 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2192555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the peak periods (1- to 6-minute epochs) for three different training methods (game-based training - GBT; small-sided games - SSG; and conditioning training - CT) in elite male rugby union (RU) players. The peak movement (m·min-1) and impact (impact·min-1) characteristics of 42 players during in-season training were assessed. When comparing between training methods, SSG drills produced the greatest peak movement characteristics for all time epochs (1-minute average peak periods - SSG 195 m·min-1, GBT 160 m·min-1, and CT 144 m·min-1). The peak impact characteristics performed during training were 1-2 impact·min-1 for a 1-minute period and then decreased as the time period increased for all training methods. The greatest distribution of training time occurred at 30-39% (SSG and CT) and 40-49% (GBT) of peak movement intensity, with less than 5% of training performed at or above 80% peak intensity across all drill types. Findings from the current study show that the peak movement periods (m·min-1) in RU training from all three training methods match or exceed those which are previously reported in peak gameplay, yet their ability to replicate peak impact characteristics is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Peek
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Athletic Performance Department, Melbourne Rebels Rugby Union Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kane J Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthea C Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Matias CN, Campa F, Cavaca M, Paoli A, Teixeira FJ. Fat-free mass estimation in male elite futsal players: Development and validation of a new bioelectrical impedance-based predictive equation. Nutrition 2023; 107:111931. [PMID: 36584663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to develop and cross-validate a futsal-specific bioelectrical equation for estimating fat-free mass (FFM) in male players. METHODS A total of 66 futsal players (age 23.3 ± 5.4 years) from the Major Portuguese Futsal League "LIGA PLACARD" and from the 2nd and 3rd National Futsal Leagues were included in this cross-sectional, observational study. The participants underwent a foot-to-hand bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at 50 kHz and completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for reference body composition data. The sport-specific model was developed by stepwise multiple regression using bioelectrical raw parameters [resistance (R) and reactance (Xc)] as independent variables. Validation was performed using the PRESS approach, least squares regression, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS A BIA-based model was developed for FFM [FFM (kg) = -8.865 + 0.437 * Body Mass (kg) + 0.186 * Xc + 0.415 * stature (cm)2/R (R2 = 0.89, standard error of estimation = 2.38 kg)]. Results showed a substantial strength of agreement (CCC = 0.953), an r2 of 0.88 with a standard error of estimation equal to 2.31 kg, no mean bias (0.04 kg, p>0.05), low limits of agreement (ranged from -4.5 to 4.6 kg), and no trend (r = -0.170, p = 0.172). CONCLUSIONS The present equation is the first to allow for a valid, accurate, and sport-specific assessment of FFM in male futsal players.
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Ahmed S, Gomersall S, Khan A. Trends and determinants of organised sports participation in immigrant and Australian children: A nine-year follow-up. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:125-31. [PMID: 36774233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine trends and determinants of organised sports participation among children of immigrant parents from low-and-middle-income countries, high-income countries, and Australian children. DESIGN Longitudinal (nine-year follow-up). METHODS Data were from the birth-cohort of Australian Children aged 6-15 years with follow-up between 2010 and 2018. Organised sports participation was measured using two items about regular participation in team and individual sports. Multilevel logit modelling was used to assess the determinants of organised sports participation across groups. RESULTS Both team sports participation and individual sports participation increased between 6 and 11 years and declined between 11 and 15 years across the three groups. Children of immigrant parents from low-and-middle-income countries (OR 0.65; 95 % CI 0.57-0.74) and high-income countries (OR 0.82; 95 % CI 0.76-0.89) had lower odds of team sports participation than Australian children. Children of immigrant parents from low-and-middle-income countries had lower odds of team sports participation (OR 0.79; 95 % CI 0.69-0.90) than children of immigrant parents from high-income countries. Female children, high screen time, high psychological difficulties, increased number of siblings and low socio-economic position were identified as determinants of lower team and individual sports participation. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified evidence of disparities in organised sports participation among children of immigrant parents and Australian children. Multilevel and multicomponent interventions to promote children's organised sports participation should be prioritised, with a focus on children of the female sex, older children, children with lower socioeconomic status, and children with higher screen time and higher psychological difficulties.
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Horgan BG, Halson SL, Drinkwater EJ, West NP, Tee N, Alcock RD, Chapman DW, Haff GG. No effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season body composition and performance responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:351-9. [PMID: 36284024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following resistance exercise, uncertainty exists as to whether the regular application of cold water immersion attenuates lean muscle mass increases in athletes. The effects of repeated post-resistance exercise cold versus hot water immersion on body composition and neuromuscular jump performance responses in athletes were investigated. METHODS Male, academy Super Rugby players (n = 18, 19.9 ± 1.5 y, 1.85 ± 0.06 m, 98.3 ± 10.7 kg) participated in a 12-week (4-week × 3-intervention, i.e., control [CON], cold [CWI] or hot [HWI] water immersion) resistance exercise programme, utilising a randomised cross-over pre-post-design. Body composition measures were collected using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry prior to commencement and every fourth week thereafter. Neuromuscular squat (SJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance were measured weekly. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse main (treatment, time) and interaction effects. RESULTS There were no changes in lean (p = 0.960) nor fat mass (p = 0.801) between interventions. CON (p = 0.004) and CWI (p = 0.003) increased (g = 0.08-0.19) SJ height, compared to HWI. There were no changes in CMJ height (p = 0.482) between interventions. CONCLUSION Repeated post-resistance exercise whole-body CWI or HWI does not attenuate (nor promote) increases in lean muscle mass in athletes. Post-resistance exercise CON or CWI results in trivial increases in SJ height, compared to HWI. During an in-season competition phase, our data support the continued use of post-resistance exercise whole-body CWI by athletes as a recovery strategy which does not attenuate body composition increases in lean muscle mass, while promoting trivial increases in neuromuscular concentric-only squat jump performance.
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Thoseby B, Govus AD, Clarke AC, Middleton KJ, Dascombe BJ. Positional and temporal differences in peak match running demands of elite football. Biol Sport 2023; 40:311-9. [PMID: 36636178 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal changes in the total running demands of professional football competition have been well documented, with absolute running demands decreasing in the second half. However, it is unclear whether the peak match running demands demonstrate a similar decline. A total of 508 GPS files were collected from 44 players, across 68 matches of the Australian A-League. GPS files were split into the 1st and 2nd half, with the peak running demands of each half quantified across 10 moving average durations (1-10 min) for three measures of running performance (total distance, high-speed distance [> 19.8 km · h-1] and average acceleration). Players were categorised based on positional groups: attacking midfielder (AM), central defender (CD), defensive midfielder (DM), striker (STR), wide defender (WD) and winger (WNG). Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used to identify differences between positional groups and halves. Peak running demands were lower in the second half for STR across all three reported metrics (ES = 0.60-0.84), with peak average acceleration lower in the second half for DM, WD and WNG (ES = 0.60-0.70). Irrespective of match half, AM covered greater peak total distances than CD, STR, WD and WIN (ES = 0.60-2.08). Peak high-speed distances were greater across both halves for WIN than CD, DM and STR (ES = 0.78-1.61). Finally, STR had lower peak average acceleration than all positional groups across both halves (ES = 0.60-1.12). These results may help evaluate implemented strategies that attempt to mitigate reductions in second half running performance and inform position specific training practices.
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Rago V, Mohr M, Vigh-Larsen JF. Quantifying training load and intensity in elite male ice hockey according to game-related contextual variables. Biol Sport 2023; 40:283-9. [PMID: 36636188 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to quantify training load (TL) and intensity during practice sessions according to game-related contextual variables (game outcome, opponent standard, game location) in an elite male ice hockey team. Practice data were collected using a wearable 200-Hz accelerometer, heart rate (HR) recording, and session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) throughout 23 sessions (n = 306 files). The reference team performed a greater number of accelerations, decelerations, spent longer time > 85% maximum HR (t85%HRmax) and reported greater s-RPE after losing a game compared to a win (r = 0.13-0.19). Moreover, a lower number of accelerations, decelerations, t85%HRmax and s-RPE (r = 0.15-0.45) were found before playing against a top-ranked opponent. In contrast, more accelerations, decelerations, longer t85%HRmax and greater s-RPE were observed after playing against a top-ranked team opponent (r = 0.15-0.41). The players performed more accelerations/min, spent more t85%HRmax and reported greater s-RPE before playing an away game (r = 0.13-0.22). Weekly TL seems to slightly increase after losing a game, when preparing a game against a weaker opponent, after playing against a stronger opponent, and when preparing an away game. On the other hand, training intensity seems not to be affected by game-related contextual variables. Thus, ice hockey practitioners involved with TL monitoring should consider the interplay of the numerous variables that influence the volume of prescribed training and the actual training responses in each individual player.
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Scott GA, Bezodis N, Waldron M, Bennett M, Church S, Kilduff LP, Brown MR. Performance indicators associated with match outcome within the United Rugby Championship. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:63-68. [PMID: 36528551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to: i) identify performance indicators associated with match outcomes in the United Rugby Championship; ii) compare the efficacy of isolated and relative datasets to predict match outcome; and iii) investigate whether reduced statistical models can reproduce predictive accuracy. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of key performance indicators in the United Rugby Championship. METHODS Twenty-seven performance indicators were selected from 96 matches (2020-21 United Rugby Championship). Random forest classification was completed on isolated and relative datasets, using a binary match outcome (win/lose). Maximum relevance and minimum redundancy performance indicator selection was utilised to reduce models. In addition, models were tested on 53 matches from the 2021-22 season to ascertain prediction accuracy. RESULTS Within the 2020-21 datasets, the full models correctly classified 83% of match performances for the relative dataset and 64% for isolated data, the equivalent reduced models classified 85% and 66% respectively. The reduced relative model successfully predicted 90% of match performances in the 21-22 season, highlighting that five performance indicators were significant: kicks from hand, metres made, clean breaks, turnovers conceded and scrum penalties. CONCLUSIONS Relative performance indicators were more effective in predicting match outcomes than isolated data. Reducing features used in random forest classification did not degrade prediction accuracy, whilst also simplifying interpretation for practitioners. Increased kicks from hand, metres made, and clean breaks compared to the opposition, as well as fewer scrum penalties and turnovers conceded were all indicators of winning match outcomes within the United Rugby Championship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Scott
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Ospreys Rugby, UK. https://twitter.com/GeorgiaAScott
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK; University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
| | - Mark Bennett
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, UK
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Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J, Méndez A, Clemente FM, Baca A. Machine learning application in soccer: a systematic review. Biol Sport 2023; 40:249-63. [PMID: 36636183 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the chaotic nature of soccer, the predictive statistical models have become in a current challenge to decision-making based on scientific evidence. The aim of the present study was to systematically identify original studies that applied machine learning (ML) to soccer data, highlighting current possibilities in ML and future applications. A systematic review of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO) was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 145 studies initially identified, 32 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In summary, all articles were clustered into three groups: injury (n = 7); performance (n = 21), which was classified in match/league outcomes forecasting, physical/physiological forecasting, and technical/tactical forecasting; and the last group was about talent forecasting (n = 5). The development of technology, and subsequently the large amount of data available, has become ML in an important strategy to help team staff members in decision-making predicting dose-response relationship reducing the chaotic nature of this team sport. However, since ML models depend upon the amount of dataset, further studies should analyze the amount of data input needed make to a relevant predictive attempt which makes accurate predicting available.
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Carter J, Mathews SL, Figueroa YL, Bunn JA. Salivary Cortisol Analysis in Collegiate Female Lacrosse Athletes. Int J Exerc Sci 2023; 16:242-251. [PMID: 37114116 PMCID: PMC10124719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a hormone that corresponds to physiological and emotional stress. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the changes in cortisol in female Division I collegiate lacrosse players (n = 15) throughout the competitive season, and 2) evaluate the correlation between cortisol and athlete wellness and workload. Salivary cortisol samples were collected weekly in the morning throughout the entirety of the 2021 competitive season (12 weeks). Subjective athlete total wellness scores and sub-scores (muscle soreness, sleep quality, fatigue, and stress) were taken on the same days. Objective total weekly Athlete Load (AL, an amalgam workload metric) were tabulated from the previous training week. A significant effect of time was found on wellness (p < 0.001) and AL (p < 0.001) over the twelve weeks with weekly differences, such as weeks with more than one game, weeks with no games, weeks with students in quarantine (not competing), or weeks with academic stressors such as final exams. There were no weekly differences in cortisol (p = 0.058). Cortisol had negligible correlations with wellness (r = -0.010, p = 0.889) and AL (r = 0.083, p = 0.272) during the competitive season. These findings suggest that cortisol changed little for athletes throughout the season although training volume and wellness did. Thus, assessing acute responses of cortisol may prove to be more beneficial to evaluating athletes' stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Carter
- Department of Biology, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Yvette L Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer A Bunn
- Department of Kinesiology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, UNITED STATES
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Brendan Duggan, Gretta Mohan. A Longitudinal Examination of Young People’s Gambling Behaviours and Participation in Team Sports. J Gambl Stud 2022. [PMID: 36527539 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops and expands upon social identity theory as an explanation for gambling among youth engaged in team sport. Analysing longitudinal data for over 4500 20-year-olds from the Growing Up in Ireland study, reveals that online gambling increased from 2.6 to 9.3% between 17 and 20 years in the cohort, with the increase driven by males. A statistically significant positive association is uncovered between playing team sports and regularly gambling, as well as online gambling behaviour, independent of socio-demographic and other risk factors for males but not for females. The findings provide support for a dose-response like effect for males, where a longer period of participation in team sports is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in gambling behaviour compared to shorter periods. Implications of the findings for policy and practice are discussed.
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Han B, Yang L, Pan P, García-de-Alcaraz A, Yang C, Liu T. The influence of removing home advantage on the Chinese Football Super League. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:208. [PMID: 36494746 PMCID: PMC9733305 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 season Chinese Super League (CSL) was held in neutral venues, this study aims to analyse the impact of removing home advantage (HA) in CSL. METHOD 240 games of the CSL 2019 season (home and away double round-robin system) and 160 games of the 2020 season (in neutral venues) were analysed. 27 technical and tactical performance indicators were involved as dependent variables. A multiple linear regression model was established to analyse the influence of removing HA on the performance indicators. RESULTS After moving from home stadium to neutral venue in 2020 season, goal, shot, shot on target, shot from outside box, shot from inside box, shot on target from inside box, corner kick, key pass, cross, breakthrough, tackle decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while yellow card and foul increased steeply (p < 0.05). Comparing with playing away match, in neutral venue, free kicks and pass accuracy enhanced radically (p < 0.05), while tackle, clearance and block shot dropped noticeably (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION When removing HA and playing in the neutral venue, teams' performance dropped significantly. This study confirmed the positive impact of HA on the teams' performance and may help elite football teams make proper playing strategies regarding different match locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- grid.411614.70000 0001 2223 5394China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lang Yang
- Present Address: Beijing Zhongguancun Foreign Language School, Beijing, 100085 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Pengyu Pan
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- grid.28020.380000000101969356Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain ,grid.28020.380000000101969356SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Can Yang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Tianbiao Liu
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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Palucci Vieira LH, Carling C, da Silva JP, Santinelli FB, Polastri PF, Santiago PRP, Barbieri FA. Modelling the relationships between EEG signals, movement kinematics and outcome in soccer kicking. Cogn Neurodyn 2022; 16:1303-1321. [PMID: 36408067 PMCID: PMC9666621 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of cortical activity (e.g. EEG recordings) in various brain regions to motor control during goal-directed manipulative tasks using lower limbs remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine the magnitude of associations between EEG-derived brain activity and soccer kicking parameters. Twenty-four under-17 players performed an instep kicking task (18 m from the goal) aiming to hit 1 × 1 m targets allocated in the goalpost upper corners in the presence of a goalkeeper. Using a portable 64-channel EEG system, brain oscillations in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands were determined at the frontal, motor, parietal and occipital regions separately for three phases of the kicks: preparatory, approach and immediately prior to ball contact. Movement kinematic measures included segmental linear and relative velocities, angular joint displacement and velocities. Mean radial error and ball velocity were assumed as outcome indicators. A significant influence of frontal theta power immediately prior to ball contact was observed in the variance of ball velocity (R 2 = 35%, P = 0.01) while the expression of occipital alpha component recorded during the preparatory phase contributed to the mean radial error (R 2 = 20%, P = 0.049). Ankle eversion angle at impact moment likely mediated the association between frontal theta power and subsequent ball velocity (β = 0.151, P = 0.06). The present analysis showed that the brain signalling at cortical level may be determinant in movement control, ball velocity and accuracy when performing kick attempts from the edge of penalty area. Trial registration number #RBR-8prx2m-Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials ReBec. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-022-09786-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 - Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, SP 17033-360 Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro da Silva
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 - Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, SP 17033-360 Brazil
| | - Felipe B. Santinelli
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 - Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, SP 17033-360 Brazil
| | - Paula F. Polastri
- Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action (LIVIA), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. P. Santiago
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory (LaBioCoM), School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 - Nucleo Res. Pres. Geisel, Bauru, SP 17033-360 Brazil
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