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Halliday-Isaac AK, Jackson CR. Microeukaryotes Associated with Freshwater Mussels in Rivers of the Southeastern United States. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1835. [PMID: 39338509 PMCID: PMC11434547 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Microeukaryotes are a diverse and often overlooked group of microbes that are important in food webs and other ecological linkages. Little is known about microeukaryotes associated with aquatic invertebrates, although filter feeders such as mussels are likely to take in and potentially retain microeukaryotes in their gut while feeding. Microeukaryotes such as apicomplexans have been reported in marine mussel species, but no studies have examined the presence of these microorganisms in freshwater mussels or how they relate to mussel host species or environmental conditions. In this study, microbial community DNA was extracted from the gut tissue of over 300 freshwater mussels, representing 22 species collected from rivers in the southeastern USA. Microeukaryote DNA was detected using PCR amplification, followed by the sequencing of positive amplicons. Microeukaryotes were found in 167 individual mussels (53%) of those tested. Amplicons included dinoflagellates/algae that differed between mussel species and are likely food sources that were distinct from those found in water and sediment samples analyzed concurrently. A total of 5% of the positive amplicons were non-photosynthetic alveolates that could represent parasitic microeukaryotes. Understanding the distribution of microeukaryotes in the freshwater mussel gut microbiome could further our understanding of the ongoing decline of mussel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin R. Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
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2
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Mohanty D, Das BK, Kumari P, Dey S, Bera AK, Sahoo AK, Dasgupta S, Roy S. Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) Producing Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Lamellidens marginalis (Lamark, 1819) of Sewage-Fed Wetland: A Phenotypic and Genotypic Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:723. [PMID: 38674667 PMCID: PMC11051913 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global rise of zoonotic bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes and the growing occurrence of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. resistant to β-lactam antibiotics pose a severe threat to animal and human health. However, the contribution of natural environments, particularly aquatic ecosystems, as ideal settings for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a key concern. Investigating the phenotypic antibiotic resistance and detection of β-lactamase producing Aeromonas spp. in Lamellidens marginalis, which inhabit all freshwater ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, is essential for implications in monitoring food safety and drug resistance. In the present investigation, 92 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from 105 bivalves and screened for their antimicrobial resistance patterns. In vitro antibiotic resistance profiling showed a higher Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.8 with the highest resistance against ampicillin/sulbactam (82%), while 58, 44, 39 and 38% of the isolates were resistant to cephalothin, erythromycin, cefoxitin and imipenem, respectively. PCR results revealed that these isolates carried the blaTEM gene (94%), which was followed by the blaCTX-M gene (51%) and the blaSHV gene (45%). A combination of blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM genes was found in 17% of the isolates, indicating the presence of all three resistance genes. This is the first investigation which highlights the importance of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. in L. marginalis. The identification of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes demand the necessity of continuous surveillance and systematic monitoring, considering its potential health risks for both animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Punam Kumari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India;
| | - Saikat Dey
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 5600029, Karnataka, India;
| | - Asit Kumar Bera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Amiya Kumar Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Shubhankhi Dasgupta
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Shreya Roy
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
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Lamine I, Chahouri A, Moukrim A, Ait Alla A. The impact of climate change and pollution on trematode-bivalve dynamics. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106130. [PMID: 37625953 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems and their marine populations are increasingly threatened by global environmental changes. Bivalves have emerged as crucial bioindicators within these ecosystems, offering valuable insights into biodiversity and overall ecosystem health. In particular, bivalves serve as hosts to trematode parasites, making them a focal point of study. Trematodes, with their life cycles intricately linked to external factors, provide excellent indicators of environmental changes and exhibit a unique ability to accumulate pollutants beyond ambient levels. Thus, they act as living sentinels, reflecting the ecological condition of their habitats. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research on the use of bivalve species as hosts for trematodes, examining the interactions between these organisms. The study also investigates the combined impact of trematode infections and other pollutants on bivalve molluscs. Trematode infections have multifaceted consequences for bivalve species, influencing various aspects of their physiology and behavior, including population-wide mortality. Furthermore, the coexistence of trematode infections and other sources of pollution compromises host resistance, disrupts parasite transmission, and reduces the abundance of intermediate hosts for complex-living parasites. The accumulation process of these parasites is influenced not only by external factors but also by host physiology. Consequently, the implications of climate change and environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and ocean acidification, are critical considerations. In summary, the intricate relationship between bivalves, trematode parasites, and their surrounding environment provides valuable insights into the health and sustainability of coastal ecosystems. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions, along with the influence of climate change and environmental parameters, is essential for effective management and conservation strategies aimed at preserving these delicate ecosystems and the diverse array of species that rely on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Lamine
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Abir Chahouri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - Aicha Ait Alla
- Laboratory of Aquatic Systems: Marine and Continental Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
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Knowles S, Dennis M, McElwain A, Leis E, Richard J. Pathology and infectious agents of unionid mussels: A primer for pathologists in disease surveillance and investigation of mortality events. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:510-528. [PMID: 37226493 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231171666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels are one of the most imperiled groups of organisms in the world, and more than 30 species have gone extinct in the last century. While habitat alteration and destruction have contributed to the declines, the role of disease in mortality events is unclear. In an effort to involve veterinary pathologists in disease surveillance and the investigation of freshwater mussel mortality events, we provide information on the conservation status of unionids, sample collection and processing techniques, and unique and confounding anatomical and physiological differences. We review the published accounts of pathology and infectious agents described in freshwater mussels including neoplasms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, fungal-like agents, ciliated protists, Aspidogastrea, Digenea, Nematoda, Acari, Diptera, and Odonata. Of the identified infectious agents, a single viral disease, Hyriopsis cumingii plague disease, that occurs only in cultured mussels is known to cause high mortality. Parasites including ciliates, trematodes, nematodes, mites, and insects may decrease host fitness, but are not known to cause mortality. Many of the published reports identify infectious agents at the light or ultrastructural microscopy level with no lesion or molecular characterization. Although metagenomic analyses provide sequence information for infectious agents, studies often fail to link the agents to tissue changes at the light or ultrastructural level or confirm their role in disease. Pathologists can bridge this gap between identification of infectious agents and confirmation of disease, participate in disease surveillance to ensure successful propagation programs necessary to restore decimated populations, and investigate mussel mortality events to document pathology and identify causality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Leis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI
| | - Jordan Richard
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abingdon, VA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Burcham GN, Fisher B, Boedeker N. Histopathologic survey of free-living populations of 2 species of freshwater mussels in Indiana. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:628-639. [PMID: 37439539 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231185872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels are one of the most endangered groups of animals in Indiana, with nearly half of the native species either extirpated or listed as "state endangered" or of "special concern." Nationally, numerous freshwater mussel species are considered threatened. Freshwater mussel diseases are not well understood and few published accounts of freshwater mussel diseases with detailed histological descriptions exist. Mass mortality events within mussel populations are increasingly recognized, often with undetermined etiology. Our objective was to determine baseline histopathology in free-living populations of freshwater mussels. One-hundred twenty individual mussels representing 2 species-plain pocketbook (Lampsilis cardium) and fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea)-were collected from 3 different locations within the Wildcat Creek watershed in central Indiana during June and July 2019. A cross-section through the visceral mass was obtained and immersed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, with routine processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Branchial acariasis occurred in 43/60 fatmuckets and 22/60 plain pocketbooks. Infection with a bucephalid trematode was recognized in 18/60 fatmuckets, while infection of the gonadal duct with an unidentified trematode species was identified in 4/60 fatmuckets and 18/59 plain pocketbooks. Additional changes associated with unidentified trematodes, bacteria, fungi or oomycetes, and ciliates were observed. Other miscellaneous changes included mineralization, neuronal lipofuscinosis, and gonadal atrophy/atresia. A range of histological changes were observed. These changes likely represented background lesions: incidental findings, spontaneous infectious or endosymbiotic conditions, or normal physiological changes that routinely occur in free-living wild populations. Awareness of baseline lesions should inform future diagnostic investigations of mussel mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brant Fisher
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Edinburgh, IN
| | - Nancy Boedeker
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN and Dubois, IN
- Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, IN
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6
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Leis EM, Dziki S, Standish I, Waller D, Richard J, Weinzinger J, Harris C, Knowles S, Goldberg T. A Bacteriological Comparison of the Hemolymph from Healthy and Moribund Unionid Mussel Populations in the Upper Midwestern U.S.A. Prompts the Development of Diagnostic Assays to Detect Yokenella regensburgei. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041068. [PMID: 37110491 PMCID: PMC10145785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent bacteriological investigations of freshwater mussel mortality events in the southeastern United States have identified a variety of bacteria and differences in bacterial communities between sick and healthy mussels. In particular, Yokenella regensburgei and Aeromonas spp. have been shown to be associated with moribund mussels, although it remains unclear whether these bacteria are causes or consequences of disease. To further understand the role of bacteria in mussel epizootics, we investigated mortality events that occurred in the upper Midwest in the Embarrass River (Wisconsin) and the Huron River (Michigan). For comparison, we also studied mussels from an unaffected population in the St. Croix River (Wisconsin). Diverse bacterial genera were identified from these sites, including Y. regensburgei from moribund mussels in the Embarrass River (Wisconsin). This bacterium has also been consistently isolated during ongoing mortality events in the Clinch River (Virginia). Subsequently, we developed and validated molecular assays for the detection of Yokenella to use in future investigations of mussel mortality events and to identify environmental reservoirs of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA
| | - Sara Dziki
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA
| | - Isaac Standish
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA
| | - Diane Waller
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Jordan Richard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Southwestern Virginia Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abingdon, VA 24210, USA
| | - Jesse Weinzinger
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Cleyo Harris
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Waterford, MI 48327, USA
| | - Susan Knowles
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Tony Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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7
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Brian JI, Aldridge DC. Mussel parasite richness and risk of extinction. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13979. [PMID: 35929586 PMCID: PMC10087751 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasite conservation is important for the maintenance of ecosystem diversity and function. Conserving parasites relies first on understanding parasite biodiversity and second on estimating the extinction risk to that biodiversity. Although steps have been taken independently in both these areas, previous studies have overwhelmingly focused on helminths in vertebrate hosts over broad scales, providing low resolution and excluding a large proportion of possible host and parasite diversity. We estimated both total obligate parasite richness and parasite extinction risk in freshwater mussels (Unionidae and Margaritiferidae) from Europe and the United States to provide a case study for considering parasite conservation in a severely understudied system. We used currently reported host-parasite relationships to extrapolate parasite diversity to all possible mussel hosts and then used the threat levels of those hosts to estimate the extinction risk for both described and undescribed parasites. An estimated 67% of parasite richness in freshwater mussels is undescribed and over 80% of the most host-specific groups (digenean trematodes and ciliates) are undescribed. We estimated that 21% of this total parasite fauna is at immediate risk of extinction, corresponding to 60 unique species, many of which will likely go extinct before being described. Given the important roles parasites play in community structure and function and the strong ecosystem engineering capacities of freshwater mussels, such extinctions are likely to severely affect freshwater ecosystems. Our detailed study of mussel parasites provides compelling evidence for the hidden conservation threat to parasites through extinction cascades and shows parasites are deserving of immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Brian
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David C Aldridge
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- BioRISC, St Catharine's College, Cambridge, UK
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Richard JC, Leis EM, Dunn CD, Harris C, Agbalog RE, Campbell LJ, Knowles S, Waller DL, Putnam JG, Goldberg TL. Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122603. [PMID: 36560607 PMCID: PMC9785814 DOI: 10.3390/v14122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are among the world's most imperiled taxa, but the relationship between freshwater mussel mortality events and infectious disease is largely unstudied. We surveyed viromes of a widespread and abundant species (mucket, Actinonaias ligamentina; syn: Ortmanniana ligamentina) experiencing a mortality event of unknown etiology in the Huron River, Michigan, in 2019-2020 and compared them to viromes from mucket in a healthy population in the St. Croix River, Wisconsin and a population from the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, where a mortality event was affecting the congeneric pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa; syn: Ortmanniana pectorosa) population. We identified 38 viruses, most of which were associated with mussels collected during the Huron River mortality event. Viral richness and cumulative viral read depths were significantly higher in moribund mussels from the Huron River than in healthy controls from each of the three populations. Our results demonstrate significant increases in the number and intensity of viral infections for freshwater mussels experiencing mortality events, whereas individuals from healthy populations have a substantially reduced virome comprising a limited number of species at low viral read depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C. Richard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Southwestern Virginia Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abingdon, VA 24210, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.R.); (T.L.G.)
| | - Eric M. Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Cleyo Harris
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Waterford, MI 48327, USA
| | - Rose E. Agbalog
- Southwestern Virginia Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abingdon, VA 24210, USA
| | - Lewis J. Campbell
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Susan Knowles
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Diane L. Waller
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Joel G. Putnam
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.R.); (T.L.G.)
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Chiarello M, Bucholz JR, McCauley M, Vaughn SN, Hopper GW, Sánchez González I, Atkinson CL, Lozier JD, Jackson CR. Environment and Co-occurring Native Mussel Species, but Not Host Genetics, Impact the Microbiome of a Freshwater Invasive Species ( Corbicula fluminea). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800061. [PMID: 35444631 PMCID: PMC9014210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Family: Cyneridae) has aggressively invaded freshwater habitats worldwide, resulting in dramatic ecological changes and declines of native bivalves such as freshwater mussels (Family: Unionidae), one of the most imperiled faunal groups. Despite increases in our knowledge of invasive C. fluminea biology, little is known of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including co-occurring native species, influence its microbiome. We investigated the gut bacterial microbiome across genetically differentiated populations of C. fluminea in the Tennessee and Mobile River Basins in the Southeastern United States and compared them to those of six co-occurring species of native freshwater mussels. The gut microbiome of C. fluminea was diverse, differed with environmental conditions and varied spatially among rivers, but was unrelated to host genetic variation. Microbial source tracking suggested that the gut microbiome of C. fluminea may be influenced by the presence of co-occurring native mussels. Inferred functions from 16S rRNA gene data using PICRUST2 predicted a high prevalence and diversity of degradation functions in the C. fluminea microbiome, especially the degradation of carbohydrates and aromatic compounds. Such modularity and functional diversity of the microbiome of C. fluminea may be an asset, allowing to acclimate to an extensive range of nutritional sources in invaded habitats, which could play a vital role in its invasive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Chiarello
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Jamie R Bucholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Mark McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Stephanie N Vaughn
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Garrett W Hopper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | | | - Carla L Atkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Colin R Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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10
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Saavedra MJ, Fernandes C, Teixeira A, Álvarez X, Varandas S. Multiresistant bacteria: Invisible enemies of freshwater mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118671. [PMID: 34902528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels are among the most endangered groups of fauna anywhere in world. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant strains. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria play a key role in increasing the risk allied with the use of surface water and in spread of resistance genes. Two endangered freshwater mussel species, Margaritifera margaritifera and Potomida littoralis, were sampled at 4 sampling sites along a 50 km stretch of River Tua. Water samples were taken at same sites. Of the total of 135 isolates, 64.44% (39.26% from water and 25.19% from mussels) were coliform bacteria. Site T1, with the lowest concentration of coliform bacteria, and site T2 were the only ones where M. margaritifera was found. No E. coli isolates were found in this species and the pattern between water and mussels was similar. P. littoralis, which was present at T3/T4 sites, is the one that faces the highest concentration of bacterial toxins, which are found in treated wastewater effluents and around population centers. Sites T3/T4 have the isolates (water and mussels) with the highest resistance pattern, mainly to β-lactams. Water and P. littoralis isolates (T3/T4) showed resistance to penicillins and their combination with clavulanic acid, and to cephalosporins, precisely to a fourth generation of cephalosporin antibiotics. The analysis provides important information on the risk to water systems, as well as the need to investigate possible management measures. It is suggested that future studies on the health status of freshwater bivalves should incorporate measures to indicate bacteriological water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Saavedra
- CITAB-Inov4Agro, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Conceição Fernandes
- CIMO, Mountain Research Center, ESA-Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Amílcar Teixeira
- CIMO, Mountain Research Center, ESA-Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Xana Álvarez
- University of Vigo, Agroforestry Group, School of Forestry Engineering, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Simone Varandas
- CITAB-Inov4Agro, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal.
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11
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Sun B, Luo H, Jiang H, Wang Z, Jia A. Inhibition of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation of Esculetin on Aeromonas Hydrophila. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737626. [PMID: 34630364 PMCID: PMC8500062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation inhibition activity of esculetin on Aeromonas hydrophila SHAe 115 were evaluated. Exposure to esculetin at 25, 50, and 100μg/ml significantly inhibited the production of protease and hemolysin, the formation of biofilms and attenuated the swarming motility of A. hydrophila SHAe 115. Biofilm forming inhibition was also observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that genes positively related to QS and biofilm formation were downregulated to varying degrees, while gene (litR) negatively related to biofilm formation was significantly upregulated. The phenotypic results were in good agreement with gene expression levels. These results indicated that esculetin would be a potential QS inhibitor for A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huaizhi Luo
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhennan Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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12
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Mussel Mass Mortality and the Microbiome: Evidence for Shifts in the Bacterial Microbiome of a Declining Freshwater Bivalve. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091976. [PMID: 34576872 PMCID: PMC8471132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are suffering mass mortality events worldwide, but the causes remain enigmatic. Here, we describe an analysis of bacterial loads, community structure, and inferred metabolic pathways in the hemolymph of pheasantshells (Actinonaias pectorosa) from the Clinch River, USA, during a multi-year mass mortality event. Bacterial loads were approximately 2 logs higher in moribund mussels (cases) than in apparently healthy mussels (controls). Bacterial communities also differed between cases and controls, with fewer sequence variants (SVs) and higher relative abundances of the proteobacteria Yokenella regensburgei and Aeromonas salmonicida in cases than in controls. Inferred bacterial metabolic pathways demonstrated a predominance of degradation, utilization, and assimilation pathways in cases and a predominance of biosynthesis pathways in controls. Only two SVs correlated with Clinch densovirus 1, a virus previously shown to be strongly associated with mortality in this system: Deinococcota and Actinobacteriota, which were associated with densovirus-positive and densovirus-negative mussels, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that bacterial invasion and shifts in the bacterial microbiome during unionid mass mortality events may result from primary insults such as viral infection or environmental stressors. If so, bacterial communities in mussel hemolymph may be sensitive, if generalized, indicators of declining mussel health.
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13
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Brian JI, Ollard IS, Aldridge DC. Don't move a mussel? Parasite and disease risk in conservation action. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Brian
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Isobel S. Ollard
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - David C. Aldridge
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- BioRISC St Catharine's College Cambridge UK
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14
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Brian JI, Aldridge DC. Abundance data applied to a novel model invertebrate host shed new light on parasite community assembly in nature. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1096-1108. [PMID: 33522596 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental drivers influence the assembly of parasite communities, in addition to how parasites may interact at an infracommunity level, are fundamental requirements for the study of parasite ecology. Knowledge of how parasite communities are assembled will help to predict the risk of parasitism for hosts, and model how parasite communities may change under variable conditions. However, studies frequently rely on presence-absence data and examine multiple host species or sites, metrics which may be too coarse to characterise nuanced within-host patterns. We utilised a novel host system, the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina, to investigate the drivers of community structure and explore parasite interactions. In addition, we aimed to highlight consistencies and inconsistencies between PA and abundance data. Our analysis incorporated 14 parasite taxa and 720 replicate infracommunities. Using Redundancy Analysis, a joint species distribution model and a Markov random field approach, we modelled the impact of both host-level and environment-level characteristics on parasite structure, as well as parasite-parasite correlations after accounting for all other factors. This approach was repeated for both the presence and abundance of all parasites. We demonstrated that the regional species pool, individual host characteristics (mussel length and gravidity) and predicted parasite-parasite interactions are all important but to varying degrees across parasite species, suggesting that applying generalities to parasite community construction is too simplistic. Furthermore, we showed that PA data fail to capture important density-dependent effects of parasite load for parasites with high abundance, and in general performs poorly for high-intensity parasites. Host and parasite traits, as well as broader environmental factors, all contribute to parasite community structure, emphasising that an integrated approach is required to study community assembly. However, care must be taken with the data used to infer patterns, as presence-absence data may lead to incorrect ecological inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Brian
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Aldridge
- Aquatic Ecology Group, The David Attenborough Building, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Roznere I, Sinn BT, Daly M, Watters GT. Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) brought into captivity exhibit up-regulation of genes involved in stress and energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2241. [PMID: 33500457 PMCID: PMC7838317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately two thirds of freshwater mussel species in the United States and Canada are imperiled, and populations are declining rapidly. Translocation and captive management are commonly used to mitigate losses of freshwater mussel biodiversity, but these conservation tools may result in decreased growth and increased mortality. This study uses RNA-Seq to determine how translocation into captivity affects gene expression in Amblema plicata. Mussels were collected from the Muskingum River in Ohio, USA and brought into a captive holding facility. RNA was extracted from gill tissue 11 months post translocation from mussels in captivity and the Muskingum River on the same day. RNA was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500, and differential expression analysis was performed on de novo assembled transcripts. More than 1200 transcripts were up-regulated in captive mussels, and 246 were assigned functional annotations. Many up-regulated transcripts were involved in energy metabolism and the stress response, such as heat shock proteins and antioxidants. More than 500 transcripts were down-regulated in captive mussels, and 41 were assigned functional annotations. We observed an over-representation of down-regulated transcripts associated with immune response. Our work suggests that A. plicata experienced moderate levels of stress and altered energy metabolism and immune response for at least 11 months post translocation into captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Roznere
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Brandon T. Sinn
- grid.261485.c0000 0001 2235 8896Department of Biology and Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH 43081 USA
| | - Marymegan Daly
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - G. Thomas Watters
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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16
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Chapurina YE, Bolotov IN, Vidrine MF, Vikhrev IV, Lunn Z, Chan N, Win T, Bespalaya YV, Aksenova OV, Gofarov MY, Kondakov AV, Konopleva ES. Taxonomic richness and host range of tropical Asian mussel‐associated mite assemblages (Acari: Unionicolidae) with a description of a new subgenus and species of parasitic mite from freshwater pearl mussels (Unionida: Margaritiferidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia E. Chapurina
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Ivan N. Bolotov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | | | - Ilya V. Vikhrev
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Zau Lunn
- Fauna & Flora International –Myanmar Programme Yangon Myanmar
- Biology Department University of New Brunswick Saint John NB Canada
| | - Nyein Chan
- Fauna & Flora International –Myanmar Programme Yangon Myanmar
| | - Than Win
- Department of Zoology Dawei University Dawei Myanmar
| | - Yulia V. Bespalaya
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Olga V. Aksenova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Gofarov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kondakov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Konopleva
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkhangelsk Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University Arkhangelsk Russia
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17
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Richard JC, Leis E, Dunn CD, Agbalog R, Waller D, Knowles S, Putnam J, Goldberg TL. Mass mortality in freshwater mussels (Actinonaias pectorosa) in the Clinch River, USA, linked to a novel densovirus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14498. [PMID: 32879395 PMCID: PMC7468154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) are among the world's most biodiverse but imperiled taxa. Recent unionid mass mortality events around the world threaten ecosystem services such as water filtration, nutrient cycling, habitat stabilization, and food web enhancement, but causes have remained elusive. To examine potential infectious causes of these declines, we studied mussels in Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, USA, where the endemic and once-predominant pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) has suffered precipitous declines since approximately 2016. Using metagenomics, we identified 17 novel viruses in Clinch River pheasantshells. However, only one virus, a novel densovirus (Parvoviridae; Densovirinae), was epidemiologically linked to morbidity. Clinch densovirus 1 was 11.2 times more likely to be found in cases (moribund mussels) than controls (apparently healthy mussels from the same or matched sites), and cases had 2.7 (log10) times higher viral loads than controls. Densoviruses cause lethal epidemic disease in invertebrates, including shrimp, cockroaches, crickets, moths, crayfish, and sea stars. Viral infection warrants consideration as a factor in unionid mass mortality events either as a direct cause, an indirect consequence of physiological compromise, or a factor interacting with other biological and ecological stressors to precipitate mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Richard
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Virginia Field Office, 330 Cummings Street, Abingdon, VA, 24210, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater and Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center, Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 555 Lester Ave, Onalaska, WI, 54650, USA
| | - Christopher D Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater and Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rose Agbalog
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Virginia Field Office, 330 Cummings Street, Abingdon, VA, 24210, USA
| | - Diane Waller
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | - Susan Knowles
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Joel Putnam
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater and Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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18
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Mioduchowska M, Zając K, Bartoszek K, Madanecki P, Kur J, Zając T. 16S rRNA
gene‐based metagenomic analysis of the gut microbial community associated with the DUI species
Unio crassus
(Bivalvia: Unionidae). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mioduchowska
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics Faculty of Biology University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bartoszek
- Department of Computer and Information Science Division of Statistics and Machine Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Piotr Madanecki
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany Faculty of Pharmacy Medical University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland
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19
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Sousa H, Hinzmann M. Review: Antibacterial components of the Bivalve's immune system and the potential of freshwater bivalves as a source of new antibacterial compounds. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:971-980. [PMID: 31676427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial research is reaching new heights due to the increasing demand for the discovery of new substances capable of inhibiting bacteria, especially to respond to the appearance of more and more multi-resistant strains. Bivalves show enormous potential for the finding of new antibacterial compounds, although for that to be further explored, more research needs to be made regarding the immune system of these organisms. Beyond their primary cellular component responsible for bacterial recognition and destruction, the haemocytes, bivalves have various other antibacterial units dissolved in the haemolymph that intervene in the defense against bacterial infections, from the recognition factors that detect different bacteria to the effector molecules carrying destructive properties. Moreover, to better comprehend the immune system, it is important to understand the different survival strategies that bacteria possess in order to stay alive from the host's defenses. This work reviews the current literature regarding the components that intervene in a bacterial infection, as well as discussing the enormous potential that freshwater bivalves have in the discovery of new antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Sousa
- ICBAS - Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Hinzmann
- ICBAS - Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell R. Haag
- U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, 3761 Georgetown Road, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Waller
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA
| | - W. Gregory Cope
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7617 USA
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22
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Bolotov IN, Klass AL, Kondakov AV, Vikhrev IV, Bespalaya YV, Gofarov MY, Filippov BY, Bogan AE, Lopes-Lima M, Lunn Z, Chan N, Aksenova OV, Dvoryankin GA, Chapurina YE, Kim SK, Kolosova YS, Konopleva ES, Lee JH, Makhrov AA, Palatov DM, Sayenko EM, Spitsyn VM, Sokolova SE, Tomilova AA, Win T, Zubrii NA, Vinarski MV. Freshwater mussels house a diverse mussel-associated leech assemblage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16449. [PMID: 31712612 PMCID: PMC6848535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are one of the most imperiled animal groups worldwide, revealing the fastest rates of extinction. Habitat degradation, river pollution and climate change are the primary causes of global decline. However, biological threats for freshwater mussels are still poorly known. Here, we describe a diverse ecological group of leeches (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) inhabiting the mantle cavity of freshwater mussels. So far, examples of mussel-associated leech species are recorded from East Asia, Southeast Asia, India and Nepal, Africa, and North America. This group comprises a dozen glossiphoniid species with a hidden life style inside the mantle cavity of their hosts largely overlooked by researchers. We show that the association with freshwater mussels evolved independently in three leech clades, i.e. Batracobdelloides, Hemiclepsis, and Placobdella, at least since the Miocene. Seven mussel-associated leech species and two additional free-living taxa are described here as new to science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Bolotov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna L Klass
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kondakov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya V Vikhrev
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia V Bespalaya
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Gofarov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Boris Yu Filippov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Arthur E Bogan
- Research Laboratory, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Manuel Lopes-Lima
- CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- SSC/IUCN - Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zau Lunn
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Chan
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Olga V Aksenova
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gennady A Dvoryankin
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Yulia E Chapurina
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Sang Ki Kim
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yulia S Kolosova
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Konopleva
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander A Makhrov
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry M Palatov
- A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena M Sayenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vitaly M Spitsyn
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana E Sokolova
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alena A Tomilova
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Than Win
- Department of Zoology, Hpa-An University, Hpa-An, Kayin State, Myanmar
| | - Natalia A Zubrii
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Maxim V Vinarski
- Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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23
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McElwain A, Warren MB, Pereira FB, Ksepka SP, Bullard SA. Pathobiology and first report of larval nematodes (Ascaridomorpha sp.) infecting freshwater mussels ( Villosa nebulosa, Unionidae), including an inventory of nematode infections in freshwater and marine bivalves. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:41-58. [PMID: 31372335 PMCID: PMC6658933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available on host-parasite relationships between bivalves and larval nematodes. Herein, we describe nematode larvae (likely stage 2) in the infraorder Ascaridomorpha infecting the foot, intestine, and mantle of a freshwater mussel (Alabama rainbow, Villosa nebulosa [Conrad, 1834]) and detail histopathological changes to infected tissues. A total of 43 live mussels from the South Fork of Terrapin Creek, Alabama, were collected between 2010 and 2014, with 14 sectioned for histopathology and 29 dissected. Of the 14 sectioned mussels, 5 appeared to be uninfected, and 7, 1, and 1 had histozoic infections observed in the foot and intestine, intestine only, and mantle edge and foot, respectively. Twenty-three of 29 (79%) of the mussels dissected were infected by live nematodes, and mean nematode abundance was 8.3 (CL = 5.23–13), with 2 mussels infected with >100 nematodes each. Thus, with a total of 32 of the 43 collected mussels observed with nematodes, overall infection prevalence was 74.4% (CL = 0.594–0.855). The 18S rDNA of this nematode was 99% similar to that of several ascaridids (species of Kathlaniidae Lane, 1914 and Quimperiidae Baylis, 1930) that mature in aquatic/semi-aquatic vertebrates; the recovered 18S phylogenetic tree indicated this nematode from V. nebulosa shares a recent common ancestor with Ichthyobronema hamulatum (Ascaridomorpha: Quimperiidae; GenBank Accession Number KY476351). Pathological changes to tissue associated with these infections comprised focal tissue damage, but a cellular response was not evident. The Alabama rainbow possibly represents an intermediate or paratenic host. Given these results, the nematode is likely not pathogenic under normal stream conditions; however, high intensity infections in the foot could inhibit pedal extension and retraction; which would have demonstrable health consequences to a freshwater mussel. Based on our review of the bivalve mollusc parasite literature, a collective biodiversity of 61 nematodes reportedly exhibit some degree of symbiosis (from commensal to parasitic) with 21 bivalves (28 nematode spp. from 17 marine bivalve spp.; 33 nematode spp. from 4 freshwater bivalve spp.); only four records exist of putatively parasitic nematodes from Unionida. The present study represents the first description of a nematode species that invades the tissues of a Unionidae species. Pathological changes comprised focal tissue damage but a cellular response to the parasites was not evident. Nematodes from infected tissues appear to be second stage larvae of Ascaridomorpha. The small subunit rDNA sequence of this nematode was 99% similar to species of Kathlaniidae and Quimperiidae. The nematode is likely not pathogenic under normal stream conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McElwain
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) at Oswego, 30 Centennial Drive, Oswego, NY 13126, USA
| | - Micah B Warren
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Felipe B Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossodo Sul, Av. Costa e Silva s/n°, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Steven P Ksepka
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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24
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Marszewska A, Cichy A. Infestation of unionids native to Poland by Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) in littoral zone of two lowland lakes. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.026.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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The facultatively parasitic ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena glochidiophila (Lynn, 2018), causes a reduction in viability of freshwater mussel glochidia. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carella F, Villari G, Maio N, De Vico G. Disease and Disorders of Freshwater Unionid Mussels: A Brief Overview of Recent Studies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:489. [PMID: 27847480 PMCID: PMC5088359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of aquatic invertebrates in biomedical research and as environmental sentinels has dramatically grown in recent decades, with an increased need in understanding of comparative pathology. The Unionids freshwater mussels are a group of worldwide distributed bivalves residing small ditches and ponds, lakes, canals and rivers, often used as animal test in eco-toxicological studies. Once one of the most abundant bivalve molluscs in ancient rivers around the world, now many of them are declining in many countries and consequently are nearly extinct in many areas. The causes of this decline are not fully understood but alteration and degradation of the freshwater habitat seemed to play a central role. To date, link causality to the observed losses during episode of mussel die-offs has been more difficult to establish, and disease and pathogen presence have been scarcely considered. In this article we provide a brief overview of unionids freshwater mussel conservation status, also describing reported diseases and pathogens and illustrating a few relatively well-documented studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
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McElwain A, Fleming R, Lajoie M, Maney C, Springall B, Bullard SA. Pathological Changes Associated with Eggs and Larvae of Unionicola sp. (Acari: Unionicolidae) Infecting Strophitus connasaugaensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Alabama Creeks. J Parasitol 2015; 102:75-86. [PMID: 26535859 DOI: 10.1645/15-824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We detail gross and histopathological changes associated with infection by the eggs, larvae, and cuticular remnants of Unionicola sp. in the mantle, gill, and visceral mass of 25 Alabama creekmussels, Strophitus connasaugaensis, collected during May 2010 through July 2012 from 2 Alabama streams. A multitude (estimated mean intensity >100) of mite eggs and larvae typically infected mantle, gill, and visceral mass integument. Pathology associated with eggs (prevalence = 0.57) and larvae (prevalence = 0.39) typically consisted of localized distension of the infection site; a host response to these infections was indeterminate. However, larval mites embedded in suprabranchial connective tissues were typically encapsulated (prevalence = 0.89). Mite remnants (prevalence = 0.5) occurred in mantle, gill, visceral mass integument, foot, heart, pericardial gland, intestinal lamina propria, and were typically encapsulated. We speculate that S. connasaugaensis clears some infections but is recolonized by autoinfection or horizontal dispersal of mites in the stream. Noteworthy is that high-intensity infections seemingly do not markedly impact the histological picture of mussel tissues, indicating that mites are relatively benign symbionts that are of little concern to mussels under normal environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McElwain
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
| | - Ryan Fleming
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
| | - Megan Lajoie
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
| | - Colleen Maney
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
| | - Brian Springall
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, 392 Shineman Center, Oswego, New York 13126
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The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host-parasite interactions of marine molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:177-211. [PMID: 26341124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs are economically and ecologically important components of aquatic ecosystems. In addition to supporting valuable aquaculture and wild-harvest industries, their populations determine the structure of benthic communities, cycling of nutrients, serve as prey resources for higher trophic levels and, in some instances, stabilize shorelines and maintain water quality. This paper reviews existing knowledge of the ecology of host-parasite interactions involving marine molluscs, with a focus on gastropods and bivalves. It considers the ecological and evolutionary impacts of molluscan parasites on their hosts and vice versa, and on the communities and ecosystems in which they are a part, as well as disease management and its ecological impacts. An increasing number of case studies show that disease can have important effects on marine molluscs, their ecological interactions and ecosystem services, at spatial scales from centimeters to thousands of kilometers and timescales ranging from hours to years. In some instances the cascading indirect effects arising from parasitic infection of molluscs extend well beyond the temporal and spatial scales at which molluscs are affected by disease. In addition to the direct effects of molluscan disease, there can be large indirect impacts on marine environments resulting from strategies, such as introduction of non-native species and selective breeding for disease resistance, put in place to manage disease. Much of our understanding of impacts of molluscan diseases on the marine environment has been derived from just a handful of intensively studied marine parasite-host systems, namely gastropod-trematode, cockle-trematode, and oyster-protistan interactions. Understanding molluscan host-parasite dynamics is of growing importance because: (1) expanding aquaculture; (2) current and future climate change; (3) movement of non-native species; and (4) coastal development are modifying molluscan disease dynamics, ultimately leading to complex relationships between diseases and cultivated and natural molluscan populations. Further, in some instances the enhancement or restoration of valued ecosystem services may be contingent on management of molluscan disease. The application of newly emerging molecular tools and remote sensing techniques to the study of molluscan disease will be important in identifying how changes at varying spatial and temporal scales with global change are modifying host-parasite systems.
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Marszewska A, Cichy A. Unionid clams and the zebra mussels on their shells (Bivalvia: Unionidae, Dreissenidae) as hosts for trematodes in lakes of the Polish lowland. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McElwain A, Bullard SA. Histological Atlas of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae):Villosa nebulosa(Ambleminae: Lampsilini),Fusconaia cerina(Ambleminae: Pleurobemini) andStrophitus connasaugaensis(Unioninae: Anodontini). MALACOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.4002/040.057.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zieritz A, Aldridge DC. Sexual, habitat-constrained and parasite-induced dimorphism in the shell of a freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina, Unionidae). J Morphol 2011; 272:1365-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Antunes F, Hinzmann M, Lopes-Lima M, Machado J, Martins da Costa P. Association between environmental microbiota and indigenous bacteria found in hemolymph, extrapallial fluid and mucus of Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:304-309. [PMID: 20349058 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves filter and accumulate large numbers of microorganisms present in the harvesting water. A complete understanding of the balance between Anodonta cygnea and the microbiota present in their surrounding environment remains incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and identify the indigenous bacteria in the biological fluids of A. cygnea collected from Mira Lagoon in northern Portugal. The results showed Vibrio metschnikovii and Aeromonas sobria as the dominant groups. The median for total bacteria from mucus was 3.1 × 10(3) CFU g(-1), whereas the range in means from fluids was 1.5 × 10(2) to 6.5 × 10(2) CFU ml(-1). During the experimental work, Escherichia coli and enterococci were not detected in healthy A. cygnea. However, the periodic detection of E. coli and enterococci in Mira lagoon revealed its presence in the water. Our observations suggest that A. cygnea has the ability to filter and eliminate E. coli, present in the surrounding environment, through an active phagocytic process conducted by hemolymph circulating cells, the hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Antunes
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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