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Liu Y, Lv S, He G, Wang C, Ou C. Ferroptosis at the crossroads of manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A retrospective study. Toxicology 2024; 502:153727. [PMID: 38216111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element, but overexposure can cause neurotoxicity and subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron overload inside cells, which is closely related to manganese neurotoxicity. Manganese can induce ferroptosis through multiple pathways: causing oxidative stress and increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lipid peroxidation; depleting glutathione (GSH) and weakening the antioxidant capacity of cells; disrupting iron metabolism and increasing iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; damaging mitochondrial function and disrupting the electron transport chain, leading to increased ROS production. Oxidative stress, iron metabolism disorders, lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction, typical features of ferroptosis, have been observed in animal and cell models after manganese exposure. In summary, manganese can participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by inducing events related to ferroptosis. This provides new insights into studying the mechanism of manganese neurotoxicity and developing therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shanyu Lv
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guoguo He
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
| | - Chaoyan Ou
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
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2
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Mogi M. Manganese exposure is a risk for brain atrophy. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1883-1885. [PMID: 37296312 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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3
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Zhang J, Xu C, Guo Y, Jin X, Cheng Z, Tao Q, Liu L, Zhan R, Yu X, Cao H, Tao F, Sheng J, Wang S. Increased hypertension risk for the elderly with high blood levels of strontium and lead. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1877-1888. [PMID: 35727389 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension has long been recognized as the global health burden. Heavy metal pollution may be one of the environmental risk factors of hypertension. However, the association remains unclear. We studied the levels of aluminum (Al), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), lead (Pb) and cobalt (Co) in whole blood, and the relationship between trace element exposure and hypertension in the elderly community-based Chinese population. A total of 1013 participants from the west of Anhui Province in China were consecutively enrolled in this study in 2016. The general sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, disease history and physical examination information were collected by face-to-face survey and physical examination. The levels of ten trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the association of trace element exposure with the risk of hypertension. Results showed that the odds ratio of hypertension in the highest quartile was 1.811 (95% CI 1.175-2.790, P trend = 0.005) and 1.772 (95% CI 1.121-2.800, P trend = 0.022), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders, as compared with the lowest quartile of blood Pb and Sr levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingyi Jin
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zi Cheng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuemin Yu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongjuan Cao
- Lu'an Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Andrews FV, Branscum A, Hystad P, Smit E, Afroz S, Golam M, Sharif O, Rahman M, Quamruzzaman Q, Christiani DC, Kile ML. A prospective study of arsenic and manganese exposures and maternal blood pressure during gestation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113845. [PMID: 35830911 PMCID: PMC9629670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a sensitive time for maternal cardiovascular functioning and exposures to arsenic or manganese may adversely affect blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVES This study examined the associations between arsenic and manganese exposures and maternal BP measured during pregnancy. Effect modification by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was evaluated. METHODS Pregnant women (N = 1522) were recruited for a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh (2008-2011). Exposure to arsenic and manganese was measured in drinking water at <16 weeks gestation and toenails at one-month postpartum. Systolic and diastolic BP were measured monthly. Linear mixed models estimated mean BP and differences in mean BP over gestation for arsenic or manganese exposures and adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Arsenic levels had an increasing dose-response association with maternal BP after 25 weeks gestation. Effect modification was observed for BMI. Participants with lower BMI (<23 kg/m2) exposed to 50 μg/L arsenic had 2.83 mmHg (95% CI:1.74-3.92) greater mean systolic and 1.96 mmHg (95% CI: 1.02-2.91 mmHg) diastolic BP compared to those exposed to ≤ 1 μg/L arsenic at 40 weeks gestation. Participants with higher BMI (≥23 kg/m2) showed a greater mean systolic BP of 5.72 mmHg (95% CI: 3.18-8.27 mmHg) and diastolic BP change of 6.09 mmHg (95% CI: 4.02-8.16 mmHg) at 40 weeks gestation when exposed to 50 μg/L compared to ≤ 1 μg/L arsenic. Participants with lower BMI exposed to drinking water manganese in the 2nd quartile (181-573 μg/L) had 1.04 mmHg higher mean diastolic BP (95% CI: 0.01-2.07 mmHg) at 40 weeks gestation compared to those in the 1st quartile (0.5-180 μg/L). CONCLUSION Arsenic exposures during pregnancy were consistently associated with increased average maternal systolic and diastolic BP. The effect of manganese on BP was less consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye V Andrews
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Adam Branscum
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ellen Smit
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sakila Afroz
- Dhaka Community Hospital Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Omar Sharif
- Dhaka Community Hospital Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - David C Christiani
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly L Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Wang G, Tang WY, Wills-Karp M, Ji H, Bartell TR, Ji Y, Hong X, Pearson C, Cheng TL, Wang X. A Nonlinear Relation Between Maternal Red Blood Cell Manganese Concentrations and Child Blood Pressure at Age 6-12 y: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:570-578. [PMID: 33438012 PMCID: PMC7948198 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element and a common component of most multivitamins on the market, an adverse effect on blood pressure (BP) has been reported in adults. In addition, the longitudinal relation between prenatal Mn status and childhood BP is still unknown. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between prenatal Mn concentrations and risk of elevated BP at ages 3-12 y. METHOD The analyses included 1268 mother-child dyads who were enrolled at birth and followed prospectively at the Boston Medical Center. Maternal RBC Mn concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using RBCs collected within 1-3 d after delivery (reflecting late-pregnancy Mn exposure). Child elevated BP was defined as systolic or diastolic BP ≥90th percentile for a given age, sex and height. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Path analysis was applied to mediation estimation. RESULTS The median (IQR) maternal RBC Mn concentration was 37.5 (29.2-48.5) μg/L. The rate of child elevated BP at ages 3-12 y was 25%. Both the lowest and highest quartiles of maternal RBC Mn concentrations were associated with higher risk of elevated BP among children aged 6-12 y (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.21 and OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.40, respectively) compared with those in the second and third quartiles. Gestational age and fetal growth mediated the association between low maternal RBC Mn (first quartile) and child elevated BP, explaining 25% of the association, but not for high (fourth quartile) maternal RBC Mn concentrations. No association was found between maternal RBC Mn concentrations and BP among children aged 3-5 y. CONCLUSION We found a nonlinear association between maternal RBC Mn concentrations and elevated BP among children aged 6-12 y from a high-risk, predominantly minority population. Our findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wan-Yee Tang
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tami R Bartell
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuelong Ji
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colleen Pearson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tina L Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhang ZY, Carmeli C, Ponte B, Pruijm M, Ackermann D, Ehret G, Guessous I, Petrović D, Pechère-Bertschi A, Vogt B, Martin PY, Burnier M, Lenglet S, Augsburger M, Thomas A, Bochud M. Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Relation to Plasma and Urinary Manganese. Hypertension 2020; 75:1133-1139. [PMID: 32114854 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The association of blood pressure (BP) with manganese-an essential trace element required for human health-remains poorly studied. In 734 randomly recruited Swiss participants (mean age, 47.5 years; 51.4% women), we related ambulatory BP to 2 biomarkers, plasma manganese (pMn) and the urinary manganese (uMn) excretion. To allow for diurnal variation, we assessed BP and uMn over 24 hours and during wakefulness and sleep, using split urine samples. Twenty-four-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic/diastolic BPs averaged 119.8/78.1, 123.8/81.2, and 107.0/68.3 mm Hg; the corresponding median uMn were 199.5, 83.0, and 51.5 μmol and median pMn, 0.52 μg/L. In analyses dichotomized by the median of the biomarkers, greater pMn was associated with higher 24-hour systolic/diastolic BP (+4.1/+2.3 mm Hg; P≤0.0003), greater daytime uMn with lower daytime BP (-3.5/-1.9 mm Hg; P≤0.0067), and greater nighttime uMn with higher nighttime BP (+2.9/+1.2 mm Hg; P≤0.046). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, significance (P≤0.030) was retained for the positive association of 24-hour and daytime diastolic BP with pMn and for systolic BP in relation to uMn at night. The association sizes for a 2-fold increment in the biomarkers amounting to 0.77 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.08-1.47 mm Hg), 0.97 (CI, 0.20-1.76) and 1.33 (CI, 0.20-2.50 mm Hg), respectively. In conclusion, there were positive associations between diastolic BP and pMn over 24 hours and during daytime and between systolic BP and uMn at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Zhang
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health-Unisanté (Z.-Y.Z., C.C., B.P., D.P., M. Bochud), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium (Z.-Y.Z.)
| | - Cristian Carmeli
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health-Unisanté (Z.-Y.Z., C.C., B.P., D.P., M. Bochud), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health-Unisanté (Z.-Y.Z., C.C., B.P., D.P., M. Bochud), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology (B.P., P.-Y.M.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (M.P., M. Burnier), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (D.A., B.V.)
| | - Georg Ehret
- Division of Cardiology (G.E.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine (I.G.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Dušan Petrović
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health-Unisanté (Z.-Y.Z., C.C., B.P., D.P., M. Bochud), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (D.A., B.V.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Martin
- Division of Nephrology (B.P., P.-Y.M.), Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (M.P., M. Burnier), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lenglet
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine (S.L., M.A., A.T.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Augsburger
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine (S.L., M.A., A.T.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Thomas
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine (S.L., M.A., A.T.), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health-Unisanté (Z.-Y.Z., C.C., B.P., D.P., M. Bochud), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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KUBOTA AYANO, MATSUKAWA TAKEHISA, YANAGIE HIRONOBU, YANAGAWA MASASHI, HIRATA TAKAFUMI, SHINOHARA ATSUKO, YOKOYAMA KAZUHITO. Quantitative Bio-imaging of Gadolinium-157 in Tissues Through Laser-ablation ICP-MS for Neutron Capture Therapy. JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI 2019. [DOI: 10.14789/jmj.2019.65.jmj19-oa12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AYANO KUBOTA
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - TAKEHISA MATSUKAWA
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
| | - HIRONOBU YANAGIE
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, The University of Tokyo
| | - MASASHI YANAGAWA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | | | - ATSUKO SHINOHARA
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
- Research Institute for Cultural Studies, Seisen University
| | - KAZUHITO YOKOYAMA
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School of Public Health
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Matsukawa T, Chiba M, Shinohara A, Matsumoto-Omori Y, Yokoyama K. Changes in thallium distribution in the scalp hair after an intoxication incident. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:230-233. [PMID: 30227370 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In cases of criminal thallium poisoning, forensic investigation is required to identify the amount and time of thallium exposure. Usually, blood and urine thallium levels are respectively used as biomarkers. Additionally, hair has the unique potential to reveal retrospective information. Although several studies have attempted to clarify how thallium is distributed in hair after thallium poisoning, none have evaluated the time course of changing thallium distribution. We investigated changes in the distribution of thallium in hair at different time points after exposure in five criminal thallotoxicosis patients. Scalp hair samples were collected twice, at 2.6 and 4.2-4.5months after an exposure incident by police. Results of our segmented analysis, a considerable amount of thallium was detected in almost all hair sample segments. The thallium exposure date estimated from both hair sample collections matched the actual exposure date. We found that determination of thallium amounts in hair samples divided into consecutive segments provides valuable information about exposure period even if a considerable time passes after exposure. Moreover, when estimating the amount of thallium exposure from a scalp hair sample, it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to individual differences in its decrease from hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Matsukawa
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Momoko Chiba
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Shinohara
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Seisen University, Research Institute for Cultural Studies, 3-16-21 Higashi Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8642, Japan.
| | - Yuki Matsumoto-Omori
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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