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Ozcan M, Ayar A. Endocrine Aspects of Pain Pathophysiology: Focus on Adipose Tissue. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:894-906. [PMID: 38801814 DOI: 10.1159/000539531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors, including neurobiological, hormonal, psychological, and social/cultural norms, influence the manner in which individuals experience pain. Adipose tissue, once considered solely an energy storage site, has been recognized as a significant endocrine organ that produces and releases a range of hormones and cytokines. In recent years, research has highlighted the role of adipose tissue and its endocrine factors in the pathophysiology of pain. SUMMARY This narrative review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the endocrine aspects of pain pathophysiology, with a specific focus on adipose tissue. We examine the role of adipokines released by adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, asprosin in pain perception and response. We also explore the clinical implications of these findings, including the potential for personalized pain management based on endocrine factors and adipose tissue. KEY MESSAGES Overall, given this background, this review intended to highlight the importance of understanding the endocrine aspects of pain pathophysiology, particularly focusing on the role of adipose tissue, in the development of chronic pain and adipokines. Better understanding the role of adipokines in pain modulation might have therapeutic implications by providing novel targets for addressing underlying mechanism rather than directly focusing on symptoms for chronic pain, particularly in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Firat University Medical Faculty, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
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Lian S, Zhang X, Shen Y, He S, Chen Z, Zhou L, Jiang W. Protective effect of apelin-13 on ventilator-induced acute lung injury. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:74. [PMID: 38175266 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical Ventilation (MV) is an essential mechanism of life support in the clinic. It may also lead to ventilator-induced acute lung injury (VILI) due to local alveolar overstretching and/or repeated alveolar collapse. However, the pathogenesis of VILI is not completely understood, and its occurrence and development may be related to physiological processes such as the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Some studies have found that the the apelin/APJ axis is an endogenous antagonistic mechanism activated during acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), that can counteract the injury response and prevent uncontrolled lung injury. To indicate that apelin-13 plays a protective role in VILI, an animal model of VILI was established in this study to explore whether apelin-13 can alleviate VILI in rats by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. METHODS SD rats were divided into four groups: control, high tidal volume, high tidal volume + normal saline and high tidal volume + apelin-13. After tracheotomy, the rats in control maintained spontaneous breathing, and the other rats were connected to the small animal ventilator for 4 h to establish the rat VILI model. The mRNA expression of apelin was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence and Western blotting(WB) were used to detect the expression level of APJ, and WB was used to detect the expression of the apoptotic proteins Bax and bcl-2. The degree of lung injury was evaluated by pathological staining of lung tissue,W/D ratio, and BALF total protein concentration. The expression of inflammatory factors(IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in alveolar lavage fluid was measured using ELISA. The activities of MPO and cat and the content of MDA, an oxidative product, in lung tissue were measured to evaluate the degree of oxidative stress in the lung. RESULTS After treatment with apelin-13, the apelin/APJ axis in the lung tissue of VILI model rats was activated, and the effect was further enhanced. The pathological damage of lung tissue was alleviated, the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bax was reversed, and the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α levels were all decreased. MPO activity and MDA content decreased, while CAT activity increased. CONCLUSION The apelin/apj axis is activated in VILI. Overexpression of apelin-13 further plays a protective role in VILI, mainly by including reducing pathological damage, the inflammatory response, apoptosis and antioxidant stress in lung tissue, thus delaying the occurrence and development of VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Lian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Zongyu Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
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Javier Cano-Martínez L, De Los Santos S, Mauricio Coral-Vázquez R, Pablo Méndez J, Trejo S, Roque-Ramírez B, Carlos Pérez-Razo J, Canto P. Variations in protein levels of the apelinergic system in adipose tissue of hypertensive individuals with class 3 obesity. Gene X 2023; 854:147107. [PMID: 36513190 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apelin (APLN) and its receptor (APLNR) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and its effect on the downstream expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in individuals with class 3 obesity, with or without hypertension. Seventy-five unrelated individuals presenting obesity class 3 with or without hypertension were included. Gene expression of APLN, and APLNR were analyzed in VAT, by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The APLN, APLNR and eNOS (total and phosphorylated) levels in VAT were evaluated by Western blot. Analysis of differences between groups of APLN, APLNR and eNOS were performed by a logistic regression adjusting by confounding factors. Forty-five individuals with hypertension formed the case group, and 30 individuals constituted the control group. The APLN mRNA and protein levels were higher in the group of individuals with hypertension versus individuals without hypertension (p = 0.027 and p = 0.036, respectively). Meanwhile, APLNR mRNA and protein levels in subjects with hypertension were lower versus the group of subjects without hypertension (p = 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). Further, the group with hypertension presented a lower level of phosphorylation of eNOS Ser1177, compared to the control group (p = 0.002). In conclusion, individuals with class 3 obesity and hypertension present a modified APLN/APLNR expression in visceral adipose tissue, which could be secondary to reduced eNOS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Javier Cano-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio De Los Santos
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pablo Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia Trejo
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas. Hospital General "Dr. Rubén Leñero", CDMX, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bladimir Roque-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica CDMX, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Razo
- División de Medicina Genómica, Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México.
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Li A, Zhao Q, Chen L, Li Z. Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1639-1653. [PMID: 36378421 PMCID: PMC9665010 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, is extensively expressed in various systems, especially the nervous system. This article reviews the role of apelin/APJ system in neurological diseases. In detail, apelin/APJ system can relieve acute brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and ischemic stroke. Also, apelin/APJ system has therapeutic effects on chronic neurodegenerative disease models, involving the regulation of neurotrophic factors, neuroendocrine, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, through different routes of administration, apelin/APJ system has a biphasic effect on depression, epilepsy, and pain. However, apelin/APJ system exacerbates the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma. Thus, apelin/APJ system is expected to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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The Complex Roles of Adipokines in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102503. [PMID: 36289764 PMCID: PMC9598769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are frequent diseases of the female reproductive tract causing high morbidity as they can significantly affect fertility and quality of life. Adipokines are pleiotropic signaling molecules secreted by white or brown adipose tissues with a central role in energy metabolism. More recently, their involvement in PCOS and endometriosis has been demonstrated. In this review article, we provide an update on the role of adipokines in both diseases and summarize previous findings. We also address the results of multi-omics approaches in adipokine research to examine the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for adipokines and their receptors, the secretome of adipocytes and to identify epigenetic alterations of adipokine genes that might be conferred from mother to child. Finally, we address novel data on the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which seems to have notable effects on PCOS. For this review, original research articles on adipokine actions in PCOS and endometriosis are considered, which are listed in the PubMed database.
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Yang Y, Chen M, Qiu Y, Li X, Huang Y, Zhang W. The Apelin/APLNR system modulates tumor immune response by reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Gene X 2022; 834:146564. [PMID: 35598689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of the Apelin receptor (APLNR), a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which is widely distributed in human tissue. The Apelin/APLNR system is involved in regulating several physiological and pathological processes. The Apelin expression is increased in a variety of cancer and the Apelin/APLNR system could regulate the development of tumors through mediating autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and other biological processes to regulate tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The Apelin/APLNR system also participates in immune response and immune regulation through PI3K-Akt, ERK-MAPK, and other signal pathways. The latest research points out that there is a negative regulatory relationship between APLNR and immune checkpoint PD-L1. In this review, we outline the significance of the Apelin/APLNR signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and its immune regulation. These endeavors provide new insights into the translational application of Apelin/APLNR in cancer and may contribute to the promotion of more effective treatments for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Yanbing Qiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China.
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Luo J, Zhao Q, Li Z, Chen L. Multiple roles of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases. Peptides 2022; 152:170767. [PMID: 35181348 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), and they compose apelin/APJ system. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in tissues and plays pleiotropic roles. Attractively, more emphasis has recently been placed on the effects of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). In this review, we elaborated the roles of apelin/APJ system in the pathophysiological processes of eye. Concretely, apelin/APJ system induces retinal gliosis and angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in apelin/APJ system-triggered ROP progress. Apelin/APJ system mediates DR-induced retinopathy. Apelin/APJ system maintains retinal functions and health by protecting Müller cells from apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system suppresses the NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss to protect optic nerve damage. Overall, apelin/APJ system is a potential therapeutic target for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Xu T, Jia J, Xu N, Ye C, Zheng F, Yuan Y, Zhu GQ, Zhan YY. Apelin receptor upregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rat contributes to the enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by activating autophagy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:627. [PMID: 33987325 PMCID: PMC8106044 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a vital role in the progression of vascular remodeling and hypertension. Apelin-13 promotes VSMC proliferation of normal rats. This study was designed to investigate the roles of apelin receptor (APJ) and apelin-13 in VSMC proliferation of hypertension rats and underlying mechanisms. Methods Primary VSMCs were obtained from aorta of Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The expressions of apelin and APJ were detected by Western bolt and PCR, as well as immunohistochemistry. VSMC proliferation was evaluated with CCK-8 kit, PCNA protein expression and percentage of EdU-positive cells. Autophagy was determined by the ratio of LC3BII to LC3BI, ATG5 and p62 protein expressions, as well as LC3B immunofluorescence. Results APJ expression was increased while apelin expression was reduced in aorta and VSMCs of SHR compared with those of WKY. Exogenous apelin-13 promoted VSMC proliferation and autophagy of both WKY and SHR, which were prevented by APJ antagonist F13A. Blockade of APJ had no significant effects on VSMC proliferation and autophagy of WKY, but attenuated VSMC proliferation and autophagy of SHR. Administration of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) not only attenuated VSMC proliferation of SHR, but prevented apelin-13-induced VSMC proliferation of both WKY and SHR. Conclusions Apelin-13 stimulates VSMC proliferation via APJ-mediated enhancement in autophagy. APJ upregulation in SHR contributes to the enhanced VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Jia
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, and Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Yang Zhan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yan J, Wang A, Cao J, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for respiratory diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2919-2930. [PMID: 32128601 PMCID: PMC11105096 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. It is extensively expressed in many tissues such as heart, liver, and kidney, especially in lung tissue. A growing body of evidence suggests that apelin/APJ system is closely related to the development of respiratory diseases. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of apelin/APJ system in respiratory diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pulmonary edema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In detail, apelin/APJ system attenuates PAH by activating AMPK-KLF2-eNOS-NO signaling and miR424/503-FGF axis. Also, apelin protects against ALI/ARDS by reducing mitochondrial ROS-triggered oxidative damage, mitochondria apoptosis, and inflammatory responses induced by the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Apelin/APJ system also prevents the occurrence of pulmonary edema via activating AKT-NOS3-NO pathway. Moreover, apelin/APJ system accelerates NSCLC cells' proliferation and migration via triggering ERK1/2-cyclin D1 and PAK1-cofilin signaling, respectively. Additionally, apelin/APJ system may act as a predictor in the development of OSAS and PE. Considering the pleiotropic actions of apelin/APJ system, targeting apelin/APJ system may be a potent therapeutic avenue for respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Cao
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Fischer C. A patent review of apelin receptor (APJR) modulators (2014-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:251-261. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1731473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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