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Namusoke J, Amone-P’Olak K, Nakanwagi CC, Kibedi H, Mayengo N, Ssenyonga J, Omech B. The mediating role of self-control on the relations between adverse childhood experiences and substance use among adolescents in Uganda. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1297565. [PMID: 38807955 PMCID: PMC11132265 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1297565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are established risk factors for undesirable consequences in adolescence and early adulthood, including substance use and a lack of self-control. Based on the Social Bonds Theory (SBT), this study aims to expand our knowledge of the pathways from ACEs and self-control to substance use in adolescence and early adulthood. Methods The extent to which self-control mediates the association between ACEs and substance use was examined in a cross-sectional survey of 358 adolescents and young adults (N = 234, 65.5% girls, mean age 17.7, SD 0.58, range 15-18). Data were gathered using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE-10) questionnaire, the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10), and the 10-item self-control scale to assess childhood adversity, substance use, and self-control, respectively. Results ACEs were widely reported and significantly associated with substance use and a lack of self-control. Self-control strongly predicted substance use, independent of ACEs. Among those reporting no ACEs, one to two, three to four, and five or more, there were significant variations in the respondents' substance use (F(3, 400) = 12.69, p = 0.001). Self-control explained 51.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41, 61%) of the associations between ACEs and substance use as assessed by linear regression. Conclusion Self-control is key to understanding why adolescents and young adults with a history of childhood adversity indulge in substance use. Therefore, there is a need to advocate for psychological interventions such as cognitive and behavioural therapy that have demonstrated efficacy in promoting self-control in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Namusoke
- Department of Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Henry Kibedi
- Department of Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nathaniel Mayengo
- Department of Foundations of Education and Educational Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ssenyonga
- Department of Foundations of Education and Educational Psychology, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Omech
- Directorate of Graduate Training and Research, Lira University, Lira, Uganda
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Zarchev M, Kamperman AM, El Marroun H, Bloemendaal A, Mulder CL, Hoogendijk WJG, Grootendorst-van Mil NH. Timing and type of adverse life events: Impact on substance use among high-risk adolescents. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37519039 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942300086x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A robust association has been reported between childhood adverse life events (ALEs) and risky substance use in adolescence. It remains unclear, however, what the impact of type and timing of these ALEs is. We investigated the association between ALEs and substance use in adolescents. ALEs were operationalized as broad (e.g., moving, parental divorce, family sickness) or physically threatening (physical and/or sexual abuse). First, we examined lifetime ALEs, followed by an investigation into their timing. The sample consisted of 909 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) from a cohort oversampled on high levels of emotional and behavioral problems. The primary caregiver indicated which ALEs each adolescent experienced across their lifetime. Adolescents self-reported on number and frequency of substances used. Poisson and ordinal regression models were used to model the associations. The associations between lifetime ALEs and a substance used were observed only for physical ALEs (incidence rate ratio 1.18 [1.03, 1.35], p = 0.02). When investigating timing, physical ALEs after the age of 12 predicted number of substances used (IRR 1.36 [1.13, 1.63], p < .001). Recent ALEs (occurring after age 12) seem to have considerable impact on substance use. Alcohol and drugs as a coping mechanism were considered a plausible explanation for the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zarchev
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Kamperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Bloemendaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dual Disorder Treatment Centre, Fivoor, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis L Mulder
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Witte J G Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina H Grootendorst-van Mil
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chung CH, Lin IJ, Huang YC, Sun CA, Chien WC, Tzeng NS. The association between abused adults and substance abuse in Taiwan, 2000-2015. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:123. [PMID: 36823534 PMCID: PMC9951533 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether adults suffering from violence were at risk of substance abuse and provides insight into the relationship between male and female abusers and substance abuse from 2000 to 2015 in Taiwan. METHODS This study used data on outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits for 2 million people enrolled in universal health insurance from 2000 to 2015. ICD-9 diagnosis codes 995.8 (abused adult) and E960-E969 (homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons) were defined in this case study, analyzing first-time violence in adults aged 18-64 (study group). Non-abused patients (control group) were matched in a 1:4 ratio, and the paired variables were gender, age (± 1 year), pre-exposure Charlson Comorbidity Index, and year of medical treatment. SAS 9.4 and Cox regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS A total of 8,726 people suffered violence (control group: 34,904 people) over 15 years. The prevalence of substance abuse among victims of violence was 78.3/104, 61.9/104, and 51.5/104 for tobacco use disorder, alcoholism, and alcohol abuse, respectively. The risk (adults, overall) of drug abuse, drug dependence, and alcoholism after exposure to violence (average 9 years) was 7.47, 7.15, and 6.86 times (p < 0.01), respectively, compared with those without violence. The risk (adults, males) of drug abuse, drug dependence, and alcohol abuse after exposure to violence (average 9 years) was 6.85, 6.27, and 6.07 times, respectively, higher than those without violence (p < 0.01). Risks of drug dependence, alcohol abuse and alcoholism (adults, females) after exposure to violence (average 9 years) were 14.92, 12.26, and 11.55 times, respectively, higher than non-abused ones (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The risks of substance abuse, after adult violence, are higher than in those who have not suffered violent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Chung
- grid.260565.20000 0004 0634 0356School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 11490 Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.278244.f0000 0004 0638 9360Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, 11490 Taipei, Taiwan ,Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association (TIPSPA), 11490 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Iau-Jin Lin
- grid.278244.f0000 0004 0638 9360Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, 11490 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Huang
- grid.260565.20000 0004 0634 0356School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 11490 Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.278244.f0000 0004 0638 9360Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, 11490 Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.412087.80000 0001 0001 3889Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), 10608 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Sun
- grid.256105.50000 0004 1937 1063Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 242062 New Taipei City, Taiwan ,grid.256105.50000 0004 1937 1063Big Data Center, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 242062 New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, 11490, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, 11490, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association (TIPSPA), 11490, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 11490, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, 11490, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, 11490, Taipei, Taiwan.
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TAŞÖREN AB, GÜL İŞ. The Role of Childhood Abuse and Psychological Symptoms in Discriminating Frequency of Drug Use and Self-Harm in Incarcerated Men Convicted of Robbery. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1083683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of prior childhood abuse and current psychological symptoms on the frequency of drug use and self-harming behavior among a group of male prisoners convicted of robbery. The sample consists of 127 men convicted of armed, aggravated, unarmed/forced robbery, who were held in Metris T-type closed penitentiary state correctional institution. History of childhood abuse was assessed with The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and psychological symptoms were assessed with The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Frequency of drug use was assessed with three questions and self-harm was assessed through four questions both on the self-completed demographic information form. Among 127 men recruited, history of childhood abuse and psychological symptoms provided discrimination concerning frequency of drug use and self-harm. The rate of self-harming individuals in the present study was relatively high compared to the literature. There was a significant correlation between CTQ total and subscale scores and BSI total and subscale scores, except for the emotional neglect subscale.
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Adult abuse and poor prognosis in Taiwan, 2000-2015: a cohort study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2280. [PMID: 36474217 PMCID: PMC9724336 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, self-inflicted injury, and mortality after adult violence from 2000 to 2015 in Taiwan. METHODS This study used data from National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) on outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits for two million people enrolled in the National Health Insurance (NHI) from 2000 to 2015. The case study defined ICD-9 diagnosis code N code 995.8 (abused adult) or E code E960-E969 (homicide and intentional injury of another). It analyzed first-time violence in adults aged 18-64 years (study group). 1:4 ratio was matched with injury and non-violent patients (control group). The paired variables were sex, age (± 1 year), pre-exposure to the Charlson comorbidity index, and year of medical treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 and Cox regression for data analysis. RESULTS In total, 8,726 individuals experienced violence (case group) while34,904 did not experienced violence (control group) over 15 years. The prevalence of poor prognosis among victims of violence was 25.4/104, 31.3/104, 10.5/10,4 and 104.6/104 for schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide or self-inflicted injury and mortality, respectively. Among adults, the risks of suicide or self-inflicted injury, schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, and mortality after exposure to violence (average 9 years) were 6.87-, 5.63-, 4.10-, and 2.50-times (p < 0.01), respectively, compared with those without violence. Among males, the risks were 5.66-, 3.85-, 3.59- and 2.51-times higher, respectively, than those without violence (p < 0.01), and they were 21.93-, 5.57-, 4.60- and 2.46-times higher than those without violence (p < 0.01) among females. CONCLUSION The risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, or self-inflicted injury and mortality after adult violence was higher than in those who have not experienced a violent injury. Adults at the highest risk for violent suicide or self-inflicted injuries due to exposure to violent injuries -males were at risk for schizophrenia and females were at risk for suicide or self-inflicted injuries. Therefore, it is necessary for social workers and medical personnel to pay attention to the psychological status of victims of violence.
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Grindey A, Bradshaw T. Do different adverse childhood experiences lead to specific symptoms of psychosis in adulthood? A systematic review of the current literature. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2022; 31:868-887. [PMID: 35306711 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated significant associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and risks of psychosis. Further research has examined underlying mechanisms to understand the relationship between these variables. This review aimed to explore the associations between various ACEs and the development of different psychotic symptoms in adulthood. The Cochrane Library, Cinahl, PsychINFO, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from January 1980 to November 2021 to ensure a systematic review of relevant literature. Poverty, fostering, adoption, childhood emotional and physical neglect, and childhood physical (CPA), sexual (CSA), and emotional abuse (CEA) significantly correlated with delusions. Significant relationships were found between hallucinations and CSA and CPA. Paranoia correlated with violent adversities including CPA, assault, and witnessing killing. Limited associations were identified for thought disorder and negative symptoms. The findings of this review indicate that there may be a degree of specificity between various ACEs and psychotic symptoms, but these findings are subject to some limitations. The findings also demonstrate the importance of inquiring about and addressing ACE in clinical practice to develop formulations and treatment plans for individuals with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Grindey
- Home Based Treatment Team, Salford, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim Bradshaw
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Goldenberg SM, Perry C, Watt S, Bingham B, Braschel M, Shannon K. Violence, policing, and systemic racism as structural barriers to substance use treatment amongst women sex workers who use drugs: Findings of a community-based cohort in Vancouver, Canada (2010-2019). Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 237:109506. [PMID: 35753282 PMCID: PMC9381028 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a high prevalence of substance use among women sex workers (SWs), rigorous social epidemiologic data on substance use treatment experiences among SWs remains limited. Given these gaps and the disproportionate burden of criminalization borne by Indigenous SWs, we evaluated (1) structural correlates of unsuccessful attempts to access substance use treatment; and (2) the interaction between policing and Indigenous ancestry on unsuccessful attempts to access treatment among SWs who use drugs. METHODS Prospective data were from an open community-based cohort of women SWs (2010-2019) in Vancouver, Canada. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations(GEE) assessed correlates of unsuccessful attempts to access treatment. A multivariable GEE confounder model examined the interaction between Indigenous ancestry and policing on unsuccessful attempts to access treatment. RESULTS Amongst 645 SWs who used drugs, 32.1 % reported unsuccessful attempts to access substance use treatment during the 9.5-year study. In multivariable GEE analysis, unsuccessful substance use treatment access was associated with identifying as a sexual/gender minority (AOR: 1.90, 95 %CI:1.37-2.63), opioid use (AOR: 1.43, 95 %CI: 1.07-1.91), and exposure to homelessness (AOR: 1.72; 95 %CI:1.33-2.21), police harassment (AOR: 1.48, 95 %CI:1.03-2.13), workplace violence (AOR: 1.80, 95 %CI: 1.31-2.49) and intimate partner violence (AOR: 2.11, 95 %CI:1.50-2.97). In interaction analysis, Indigenous SWs who experienced police harassment faced the highest odds of unsuccessful attempts to access substance use treatment (AOR: 2.59, 95 %CI:1.65-4.05). CONCLUSION Findings suggest a need to scale-up culturally-safe, trauma-informed addictions, gender-based violence, and sex worker services, alongside dismantling of systemic racism across and beyond health and addictions services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira M. Goldenberg
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4162, USA,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Chelsey Perry
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sarah Watt
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Brittany Bingham
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Melissa Braschel
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada,Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Weber S, Lynch S. Understanding the relations among adverse childhood experiences (ACE), substance use, and reoffending among detained youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105211. [PMID: 34271338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND System-involved youth experience elevated rates of exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE), which is related to reentry in the criminal legal system and increased risk of using substances, but there is little research on the indirect role of substance use in the relation between adversity and offending in youth offenders. Notably, the majority of youth report exposure to multiple adverse events and these experiences vary by gender. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to expand upon current literature by evaluating gender differences in the relations among cumulative ACEs, substance use severity, and reoffending in a sample of rural detained youth (N = 417). METHODS AND RESULTS Using Poisson (count) regression analyses, cumulative adversity significantly predicted reoffending among girls and boys. Additionally, there was a significant indirect effect of ACEs on reoffending via substance use. Girls reported higher exposure to adversity and substance use, and gender significantly interacted with ACEs to predict substance use and reoffending. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of cumulative experiences of adversity in childhood and substance use as predictors of youth reentry into the criminal legal system. Understanding the role of substance use in the relation between ACEs and reoffending has the potential to contribute to our knowledge of detained youth's treatment needs and reoffending risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Weber
- Idaho State University, United States of America.
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Oei A, Chu CM, Li D, Ng N, Yeo C, Ruby K. Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105072. [PMID: 33892413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences are associated with worse outcomes in delinquency and substance use. OBJECTIVE Current research is overwhelmingly from Western perspectives, leaving a gap in non-Western, low crime-rate jurisdictions. Moreover, there exists a gap in characterizing the effect of ACE frequency on delinquency. We extend existing research by examining relationships between ACE and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study included 790 youth offenders (669 males, Mage = 17.59 years) from a longitudinal study on youth offending. METHODS Multiple regression was performed to examine relationships between self-reported ACEs and substance use. Latent Class Analysis was conducted to identify classes of substance use onset. The relationship between these classes and cumulative ACEs and ACE frequency were then tested using multiple regression. RESULTS Youth offenders who consume alcohol (B = 0.66, p = .002) and illicit drugs (B = 0.38, p = .02) had more cumulative and more frequent ACEs than those who do not. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between ACEs and substance use frequency. Those who started taking substances in childhood had significantly more ACEs and had worse drug dependency problems than those who started later (t = 5.93, p < .0001). Additionally, there was a positive relationship between ACEs and drug use dependency (B = 0.11, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of ACEs as risk factors for substance use. This underscores the need for comprehensive screening and treatment of ACEs and substance use in the rehabilitative context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oei
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Policy Research Office, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, MSF Building, #07-00, 298136, Singapore.
| | - Dongdong Li
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Nyx Ng
- Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Carl Yeo
- Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Kala Ruby
- Probation and Community Rehabilitation Services, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 1 Kay Siang Rd, #01-10, 248922, Singapore.
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Logan-Greene P, Bascug EW, DiClemente RJ, Voisin DR. Heterogeneity of Sexual Risk Profiles Among Juvenile Justice-Involved African American Girls. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Smith MA. Social Learning and Addiction. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112954. [PMID: 33053384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Social learning theory, as originally proposed by Albert Bandura, followed 2000 years of intellectual inquiry into the determinants of human behavior. Reciprocal determinism is a central component of this theory and proposes that human behavior is determined by functional relationships between (1) personal factors, (2) the external environment, and (3) the behavior itself. Using this model, drug addiction can be viewed as resulting from the functional relationships between an individual's personal characteristics, social environment, and drug-centric behaviors. In other words, addiction can be viewed as a chronically evolving biopsychosocial disorder, encompassing dimensions that are both internal and external to the individual. Effective treatment interventions should thus target all nodes of the model and the functional relationships between them, and they must constantly evolve with the progression of the disorder. An argument is thus constructed that emphasizes the need for an organized structure of metacontingencies, operating within an individual's social environment, that targets the functional relationships between the factors that drive drug use. Optimally, these metacontingencies would operate within socially connected individuals who have the power to control the functional relationships that influence drug use, the vested interest to monitor individual and collective outcomes, the skills to determine what moment-to-moment decisions are needed to influence behavioral change, and the relative permanence necessary to carry through with the implementation of new strategies to produce outcomes that are cumulatively significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, 28035, United States.
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Narvaez JCDM, Remy L, Bermudez MB, Scherer JN, Ornell F, Surratt H, Kurtz SP, Pechansky F. Re-traumatization Cycle: Sexual Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Club Drug Users. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1499-1508. [PMID: 31020892 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1589521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Club drug users are high risk and vulnerable population for adverse drug-related consequences and sexual risk behaviors. Few investigations have addressed the possible interrelationship between early trauma and PTSD among young club drug using populations. Objective: Exposure to traumatic experiences - especially in childhood, has been linked to risk behaviors exposure and substance use disorder. This study aimed to assess and compare drug use patterns and the presence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences among ecstasy and LSD users with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Method: This cross-sectional study employed targeted sampling and ethnographic mapping approaches via face-to-face interviews conducted at bars and electronic music festivals. The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs questionnaire was used as the primary assessment instrument. Participants were from 18 to 39 years of age, had used ecstasy and/or LSD in the 90 days prior to the interview, and were not in treatment for alcohol and other drug problems. Results: Out of the 240 participants, 123 (51.2%) presented PTSD symptoms. Those presenting PTSD were younger, less educated, with lower income, and presented higher drug use severity than those without PTSD symptoms. Moreover, a higher prevalence of sexual risk behavior was verified among those with PTSD. There was an association between PTSD symptoms and CSA history, where 64.2% of individuals with PTSD also presented CSA, compared to 47% among those without PTSD (p = .028). Individuals with co-occurring history of CSA and PTSD symptoms reported earlier use of ecstasy, LSD, and cocaine compared to individuals with a history of CSA but without PTSD. Conclusions: In the present study, participants with a history of PTSD demonstrate a history of CSA, as well as pronounced severity in several areas - precocity of use, severity of addiction, and greater exposure to situations of sexual risk. Thus, a cycle of traumatization may be established through early potential trauma, which can remain unprocessed and contribute to earlier and more severe substance use and sexual risk behaviors. Identification of PTSD symptoms and risk for HIV and other STIs among young club drug users is critical to address focused treatment approaches for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Corrêa de Magalhães Narvaez
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Lysa Remy
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Mariane Bagatin Bermudez
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Hilary Surratt
- b Center for Health Services Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Steven P Kurtz
- c Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities (ARSH) , Nova Southeastern University , Miami , Florida , USA
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- a Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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Kelly M, Barnert E, Bath E. Think, Ask, Act: The Intersectionality of Mental and Reproductive Health for Judicially Involved Girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:715-718. [PMID: 30274642 PMCID: PMC6714969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Danielle Smith, a 16-year-old African-American girl newly detained at juvenile hall, presents for psychiatric evaluation. She describes a history of sexual abuse by her foster father and 2 years of commercial sexual exploitation after running away at 14 years of age. Scarcely more than 100 pounds, she endorses drug use, primarily marijuana, and notes prior use of cocaine and methamphetamine, provided by her trafficker (described as her "boyfriend"). She has a timid smile and uses music and journaling as her refuge. Danielle is unclear about past psychiatric diagnoses but does recall receiving medication from a psychiatrist while in foster care and expresses interest in resuming treatment. Girls in the juvenile justice system are a vulnerable population with overlapping substance use, reproductive, and mental health care needs. The conceptual framework of "intersectionality" is useful to better understand the multiplicity of biopsychosocial needs of girls involved in the justice system. Intersectionality is defined as "a theoretical framework for understanding how multiple social identities (ie, race, gender, and sexual orientation) intersect at the micro level of individual experience to reflect systems of oppression (ie, racism, sexism, classism) at the macro level."1 In this article, we propose the pragmatic application of the concept of intersectionality to better conceptualize the high unmet health needs of these youth. We conclude by providing recommendations for meeting their needs using the proposed "think, ask, act" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Welch-Brewer C. Risk-Need Profiles of Serious and Chronic Female Juvenile Offenders: Implications for Female Juvenile Correctional Programming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:2742-2758. [PMID: 29084460 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17735055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding differences and similarities between male and female juvenile offenders is critically important for determining the treatment needs of each group. Less is known, however, about the similarities and differences among female juvenile offenders and the variation in their needs, risks, and psychosocial profiles. Understanding the variation among female juvenile offenders could lead to improvements in gender-responsive interventions and treatment. Latent profile analysis was conducted to construct risk-need profiles in a state-based sample of incarcerated girls ( N = 203) based on a range of psychosocial subscales covering family, peer, school and cognitive and emotional processes, psychopathology, and antisocial outcomes. Findings revealed four distinct groups/profiles with varying levels of risk-needs- Aggression Only (51%), Alcohol and Drug Use (19%), Socioemotional and Family Relationship Problems (24%), and Severe Alcohol and Drug Use (6%)-warranting the need for varying levels of treatment intensity and different treatment components across subgroups, ranging from less to more extensive.
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15
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Portnova AA, Sivolap YP. Substance abuse: a relationship with childhood traumas. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:92-95. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171174192-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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