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Yum HW, Park J, Park HJ, Shin JW, Cho YY, Kim SJ, Kang JX, Surh YJ. Endogenous ω-3 Fatty Acid Production by fat-1 Transgene and Topically Applied Docosahexaenoic Acid Protect against UVB-induced Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11658. [PMID: 28912452 PMCID: PMC5599646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was intended to explore the effects of endogenously produced ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis using hairless fat-1 transgenic mice harboring ω-3 desaturase gene capable of converting ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs. Upon exposure to UVB irradiation, fat-1 transgenic mice exhibited a significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia, oxidative skin damage, and photocarcinogenesis as compared to wild type mice. The transcription factor, Nrf2 is a master regulator of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. While the protein expression of Nrf2 was markedly enhanced, the level of its mRNA transcript was barely changed in the fat-1 transgenic mouse skin. Topical application of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a representative ω-3 PUFA, in wild type hairless mice induced expression of the Nrf2 target protein, heme oxygenase-1 in the skin and protected against UVB-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and papillomagenesis. Furthermore, transient overexpression of fat-1 gene in mouse epidermal JB6 cells resulted in the enhanced accumulation of Nrf2 protein. Likewise, DHA treated to JB6 cells inhibited Nrf2 ubiquitination and stabilized it. Taken together, our results indicate that functional fat-1 and topically applied DHA potentiate cellular defense against UVB-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis through elevated activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of cytoprotective gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Yum
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun Wan Shin
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Hurst J, Kuehn S, Jashari A, Tsai T, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Schnichels S, Joachim SC. A novel porcine ex vivo retina culture model for oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 45:11-25. [PMID: 28409994 DOI: 10.1177/026119291704500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key player in many ophthalmic diseases. However, the role of oxidative stress in most degenerative processes is not yet known. Therefore, accurate and practical models are required to efficiently screen for therapeutics. Porcine eyes are closely related to the human eye, and can be obtained from the abattoir as a by-product of the food industry. Therefore, they offer excellent opportunities for the development of culture models with which to pre-screen potential therapies, while reducing the use of laboratory animals. To induce oxidative stress, organotypic cultures of porcine retina were treated with different doses of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 100, 300 and 500μM) for three hours. On days 3 and 8, the retinas were conserved for histological and Western blotting analyses and for evaluation of gene expression, which determined the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the activation state of glial cells, and the expression levels of several oxidative stress markers. H₂O₂ treatment led to a reduction in the number of RGCs and to an increase in apoptotic RGCs. In addition, a dose-dependent increase of microglia and an elevation of CD11b expression was observed. On day 3, a reduction of IL-1β, and an increase of iNOS, as well as of HSP70 mRNA were found. On day 8, an increase in TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression was detected. In conclusion, this ex vivo model offers an opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms underlying certain eye disorders and to test new therapeutic approaches to diminish the effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adelina Jashari
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Centre for Ophthalmology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Over the last decade, several epidemiological studies based on food frequency questionnaires suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could have a protective role in reducing the onset and progression of retinal diseases. The retina has a high concentration of omega-3, particularly DHA, which optimizes fluidity of photoreceptor membranes, retinal integrity, and visual function. Furthermore, many studies demonstrated that DHA has a protective, for example antiapoptotic, role in the retina. From a nutritional point of view, it is known that western populations, particularly aged individuals, have a higher than optimal omega-6/omega-3 ratio and should enrich their diet with more fish consumption or have DHA supplementation. This paper underscores the potential beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on retinal diseases.
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Mariee AD, Abd-Ellah MF. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: a possible mechanism of action. Ren Fail 2011; 33:66-71. [PMID: 21219208 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2010.541584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether, and how then, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could alleviate the cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. Three main groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with CsA (25 mg/kg), DHA (100 mg/kg), and CsA along with DHA. A corresponding control group was also used. DHA administration significantly reduced CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and associated hyperlipidemia and proteinuria as assessed by estimating serum triacylglycerol, serum total cholesterol, serum total protein, serum urea, and creatinine clearance. Furthermore, urinary excretions of protein and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were significantly inhibited following DHA administration. DHA supplementation slightly attenuated the oxidative damage in kidney tissues as evaluated by the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and protein carbonyl content in the kidney homogenate, although there were no significant differences between CsA-intoxicated and DHA-treated animals. Moreover, DHA treatment significantly restored total nitric oxide (NO) levels in both renal tissues and urine. This study demonstrates the ability of DHA to ameliorate CsA-induced renal dysfunction, which might be beneficial to enhance the therapeutic index of CsA. The data suggest that the protective potential of DHA in the prevention of CsA nephrotoxicity in rats was mainly associated with the increase of total NO bioavailability in renal tissues. Nevertheless, the exact independent mechanism in which DHA exerts its beneficial effect is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Darwish Mariee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Tikhonenko M, Lydic TA, Wang Y, Chen W, Opreanu M, Sochacki A, McSorley KM, Renis RL, Kern T, Jump DB, Reid GE, Busik JV. Remodeling of retinal Fatty acids in an animal model of diabetes: a decrease in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decrease in fatty acid elongases Elovl2 and Elovl4. Diabetes 2010; 59:219-27. [PMID: 19875612 PMCID: PMC2797925 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort study revealed a strong association between dyslipidemia and the development of diabetic retinopathy. However, there are no experimental data on retinal fatty acid metabolism in diabetes. This study determined retinal-specific fatty acid metabolism in control and diabetic animals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Tissue gene and protein expression profiles were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 3-6 weeks of diabetes. Fatty acid profiles were assessed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and phospholipid analysis was performed by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found a dramatic difference between retinal and liver elongase and desaturase profiles with high elongase and low desaturase gene expression in the retina compared with liver. Elovl4, an elongase expressed in the retina but not in the liver, showed the greatest expression level among retinal elongases, followed by Elovl2, Elovl1, and Elovl6. Importantly, early-stage diabetes induced a marked decrease in retinal expression levels of Elovl4, Elovl2, and Elovl6. Diabetes-induced downregulation of retinal elongases translated into a significant decrease in total retinal docosahexaenoic acid, as well as decreased incorporation of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly 32:6n3, into retinal phosphatidylcholine. This decrease in n3 PUFAs was coupled with inflammatory status in diabetic retina, reflected by an increase in gene expression of proinflammatory markers interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive study demonstrating diabetes-induced changes in retinal fatty acid metabolism. Normalization of retinal fatty acid levels by dietary means or/and modulating expression of elongases could represent a potential therapeutic target for diabetes-induced retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tikhonenko
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Todd A. Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Madalina Opreanu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Andrew Sochacki
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Kelly M. McSorley
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Rebecca L. Renis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Timothy Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Corresponding author: Julia V. Busik,
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Tanito M, Anderson RE. Dual roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids in retinal physiology and pathophysiology associated with retinal degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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