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Siswanto FM, Okukawa K, Tamura A, Oguro A, Imaoka S. Hydrogen peroxide activates APE1/Ref-1 via NF-κB and Parkin: A role in liver cancer resistance to oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37364176 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2229509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit an altered redox balance and aberrant redox signaling due to genetic, metabolic, and microenvironment-associated reprogramming. Persistently elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to many aspects of tumor development and progression. Emerging studies demonstrated the vital role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 or reduction/oxidation (redox) factor 1(APE1/Ref-1) in the oxidative stress response and survival of cancer cells. APE1/Ref-1 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the DNA damage response and functions as a redox regulator of transcription factors. We herein demonstrated that basal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and APE1/Ref-1 expression levels were markedly higher in cancer cell lines than in non-cancerous cells. Elevated APE1/Ref-1 levels were associated with shorter survival in liver cancer patients. Mechanistically, we showed that H2O2 activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). RelA/p65 inhibited the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, possibly by interfering with ATF4 activity. Parkin was responsible for the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of APE1/Ref-1; therefore, the H2O2-induced suppression of Parkin expression increased APE1/Ref-1 levels. The probability of survival was lower in liver cancer patients with low Parkin and high RelA expression levels. Additionally, Parkin and RelA expression levels negatively and positively correlated with APE1/Ref-1 levels, respectively, in the TCGA liver cancer cohort. We concluded that increases in APE1/Ref-1 via the NF-κB and Parkin pathways are critical for cancer cell survival under oxidative stress. The present results show the potential of the NF-κB-Parkin-APE1/Ref-1 axis as a prognostic factor and therapeutic strategy to eradicate liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kenta Okukawa
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tamura
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Ami Oguro
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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Yang X, Yan S, Wang P, Wang G. Identification of hub Genes in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2022; 65:697-709. [PMID: 35577542 PMCID: PMC9452394 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2021.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to identify the function of ischemic stroke (IS) patients’ peripheral blood and its role in IS, explore the pathogenesis, and provide direction for clinical research progress by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis.
Methods Two datasets, including GSE58294 and GSE22255, were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. GEO2R was utilized to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using the database annotation, visualization and integrated discovery database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed by search tool of searching interactive gene and visualized by Cytoscape software, and then the Hub gene was identified by degree analysis. The microRNA (miRNA) and miRNA target genes closely related to the onset of stroke were obtained through the miRNA gene regulatory network.
Results In total, 36 DEGs, containing 27 up-regulated and nine down-regulated DEGs, were identified. GO functional analysis showed that these DEGs were involved in regulation of apoptotic process, cytoplasm, protein binding and other biological processes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs mediated signaling pathways, including HTLV-I infection and microRNAs in cancer. The results of PPI network and cytohubba showed that there was a relationship between DEGs, and five hub genes related to stroke were obtained : SOCS3, KRAS, PTGS2, EGR1, and DUSP1. Combined with the visualization of DEG-miRNAs, hsa-mir-16-5p, hsa-mir-181a-5p and hsa-mir-124-3p were predicted to be the key miRNAs in stroke, and three miRNAs were related to hub gene.
Conclusion Thirty-six DEGs, five Hub genes, and three miRNA were obtained from bioinformatics analysis of IS microarray data, which might provide potential targets for diagnosis and treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Yang
- Genetic Testing Center, The First Affiliated hospital of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Shanquan Yan
- Clinical colllege of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- Clinical colllege of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Genetic Testing Center, The First Affiliated hospital of Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
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3
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Label-free and highly sensitive APE1 detection based on rolling circle amplification combined with G-quadruplex. Talanta 2022; 244:123404. [PMID: 35349840 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The highly sensitive detection of low-abundant apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) activity is of great significance for early diagnosis of disease and pathological research. Many methods for detecting APE1 based on isothermal nucleic acids amplification have been developed for improving its sensitivity. However, some of these methods have certain limitations, such as multiple reaction steps, narrow linear range, and complicated processes for fluorescent labeling. Herein, we develop a highly sensitive and label-free APE1 fluorescence detection method based on rolling circle amplification combined with G-quadruplex (RCA-G4). A hairpin probe (HP) labeled with the AP site can be recognized and cleaved by APE1, leading to the release of the primer sequence, which triggered RCA to produce long chain amplification products with a great amount of repeated sequences. The formed amplicon contains a series G-quadruplex structure, which can be combined with Thioflavin T (ThT) to produce fluorescence and achieve high sensitivity label-free detection of APE1. Benefit from the high amplification efficiency of RCA and the high fluorescence quantum yield of G-quadruplex/ThT, a detection limit as low as 1.52 × 10-6 U/mL and the linear range from 2 × 10-6 to 10 U/mL were obtained. The developed RCA-G4 method can be successfully used to detect APE1 in serum samples with a recovery from 96.3% to 105.7%. We believe that this approach is expected to play an important role in APE1-related disease research and drug development.
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Oliveira TT, Coutinho LG, de Oliveira LOA, Timoteo ARDS, Farias GC, Agnez-Lima LF. APE1/Ref-1 Role in Inflammation and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:793096. [PMID: 35296074 PMCID: PMC8918667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.793096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional enzyme that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. APE1 is the major apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in the base excision repair pathway and acts as a redox-dependent regulator of several transcription factors, including NF-κB, AP-1, HIF-1α, and STAT3. These functions render APE1 vital to regulating cell signaling, senescence, and inflammatory pathways. In addition to regulating cytokine and chemokine expression through activation of redox sensitive transcription factors, APE1 participates in other critical processes in the immune response, including production of reactive oxygen species and class switch recombination. Furthermore, through participation in active chromatin demethylation, the repair function of APE1 also regulates transcription of some genes, including cytokines such as TNFα. The multiple functions of APE1 make it an essential regulator of the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, APE1 inhibitors have therapeutic potential. APE1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and participates in tissue homeostasis, and its roles in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases have been elucidated. This review discusses known roles of APE1 in innate and adaptive immunity, especially in the CNS, recent evidence of a role in the extracellular environment, and the therapeutic potential of APE1 inhibitors in infectious/immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Teixeira Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Leonam Gomes Coutinho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), São Paulo do Potengi, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Cavalcanti Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima,
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Oliveira TT, Fontes-Dantas FL, de Medeiros Oliveira RK, Pinheiro DML, Coutinho LG, da Silva VL, de Souza SJ, Agnez-Lima LF. Chemical Inhibition of Apurinic-Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 Redox and DNA Repair Functions Affects the Inflammatory Response via Different but Overlapping Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731588. [PMID: 34616737 PMCID: PMC8488223 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of oxidized DNA lesions, such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP sites), has been described as epigenetic signals that are involved in gene expression control. In mammals, Apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/Redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is the main AP endonuclease of the base excision repair (BER) pathway and is involved in active demethylation processes. In addition, APE1/Ref-1, through its redox function, regulates several transcriptional factors. However, the transcriptional control targets of each APE1 function are not completely known. In this study, a transcriptomic approach was used to investigate the effects of chemical inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox or DNA repair functions by E3330 or methoxyamine (MX) in an inflammatory cellular model. Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, both E3330 and MX reduced the expression of some cytokines and chemokines. Interestingly, E3330 treatment reduced cell viability after 48 h of the treatment. Genes related to inflammatory response and mitochondrial processes were downregulated in both treatments. In the E3330 treatment, RNA processing and ribosome biogenesis genes were downregulated, while they were upregulated in the MX treatment. Furthermore, in the E3330 treatment, the cellular stress response was the main upregulated process, while the cellular macromolecule metabolic process was observed in MX-upregulated genes. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) was predicted to be a master regulator of the downregulated genes in both treatments, while the ETS transcription factor ELK1 (ELK1) was predicted to be a master regulator only for E3330 treatment. Decreased expression of ELK1 and its target genes and a reduced 28S/18S ratio were observed, suggesting impaired rRNA processing. In addition, both redox and repair functions can affect the expression of NRF1 and GABPA target genes. The master regulators predicted for upregulated genes were YY1 and FLI1 for the E3330 and MX treatments, respectively. In summary, the chemical inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 affects gene expression regulated mainly by transcriptional factors of the ETS family, showing partial overlap of APE1 redox and DNA repair functions, suggesting that these activities are not entirely independent. This work provides a new perspective on the interaction between APE1 redox and DNA repair activity in inflammatory response modulation and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Teixeira Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonam Gomes Coutinho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Rio Grande do Norte, IFRN, São Paulo do Potengi, Brazil
| | - Vandeclecio Lira da Silva
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), IMD, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sandro José de Souza
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), IMD, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Henao-Restrepo J, Caro-Urrego YA, Barrera-Arenas LM, Arango-Viana JC, Bermudez-Munoz M. Expression of activator proteins of SHH/GLI and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathways in human gliomas is associated with high grade tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 122:104673. [PMID: 34371011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have demonstrated a synergic crosstalk between SHH/GLI and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling in glioblastoma progression cells in vitro and in tumors in mice, but it is not known if this also occurs in human gliomas. We then aimed to investigate the expression of key proteins of these pathways in different human gliomas. The expression of PTEN, phospho-Akt (Ser473), phospho-S6K1 (Thr389), SHH, GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in gliomas and in control brain tissues. The pattern of expression of each protein was established according to glioma type, glioma grade and to cell type; the relative expression of each protein was used to perform statistical analyses. We found that the expression of proteins of both signaling pathways differs between normal brain and glioma tissues. For instance, normal astrocytes had a different protein expression pattern compared with reactive and tumoral astrocytes. Interestingly, we detected a recurrent pattern of expression of GLI3 in oligodendrocytes and of phospho-S6K1 in mitotic neoplastic cells. We also identified differences of cell signaling according to glioma type: oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas are related with the expression of SHH/GLI proteins. Finally, we detected that high grade gliomas statistically correlate with the expression of GLI1 and GLI2, and that GLI1, GLI2, phospho-Akt and phospho-S6K1 are more expressed in patients with less survival, suggesting that activation of these cell signaling influences glioma outcome and patient survival. In summary, our results show that proteins of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and SHH/GLI pathways are differentially expressed in human gliomas according to tumor type and grade, and suggest that the activation of these signaling networks is associated with glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Henao-Restrepo
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Yudys Anggelly Caro-Urrego
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cra. 51d #62-29, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Marcela Barrera-Arenas
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Health Sciences Faculty, University Corporation Remington, Calle 51 #51-27, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Viana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cra. 51d #62-29, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Maria Bermudez-Munoz
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 #53-108, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
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Valtorta S, Salvatore D, Rainone P, Belloli S, Bertoli G, Moresco RM. Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Glioma. Focus on Tumour Microenvironment and the Use of Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers to Overcome Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5631. [PMID: 32781585 PMCID: PMC7460665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the importance and the complexity of tumour biology and microenvironment in the progression and therapy resistance of glioma. Specific gene mutations, the possible functions of several non-coding microRNAs and the intra-tumour and inter-tumour heterogeneity of cell types contribute to limit the efficacy of the actual therapeutic options. In this scenario, identification of molecular biomarkers of response and the use of multimodal in vivo imaging and in particular the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) based molecular approach, can help identifying glioma features and the modifications occurring during therapy at a regional level. Indeed, a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and the development of diagnostic procedures can favor the identification of a cluster of patients for personalized medicine in order to improve the survival and their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valtorta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo Rainone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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8
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Sun Y, Feng Y, Zhang G, Xu Y. The endonuclease APE1 processes miR-92b formation, thereby regulating expression of the tumor suppressor LDLR in cervical cancer cells. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919855859. [PMID: 31320936 PMCID: PMC6624912 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919855859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms underlying cervical cancer require elucidation to identify novel therapeutic targets. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease that influences the transcription of many cancer-related genes via microRNome regulation. Herein, we examine the role of miR-92b-3p (hereinafter miR-92b), whose processing may be regulated by APE1, in cervical cancer progression. Methods APE1's processing of miR-92b from its pri-miR form was measured by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)-based ratio. APE1's endonuclease activity was measured with AP-site incision assays. APE1-DROSHA interaction was studied with immunofluorescence, confocal and proximity ligation analyses. The miR-92b's targeting of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was investigated with luciferase reporter assays. The miR-92b mimics and shRNA-based miR-92b silencing, as well as LDLR overexpression and short interfering RNA (siRNA)-based LDLR silencing, were employed in CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cells. Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity to paclitaxel and cisplatin were assayed. Cell-cycle progression and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Tumor growth was studied in a murine xenograft model. Results APE1's endonuclease activity, via association with the DROSHA-processing complex, is necessary for processing mature miR-92b, thereby regulating expression of miR-92b's direct target LDLR. The miR-92b promotes cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, promotes cell-cycle progression, and reduces apoptosis and chemosensitivity. LDLR silencing recapitulated miR-92b's transformative effects, while LDLR overexpression rescued these effects. Conclusions APE1 enhances miR-92b processing, thereby suppressing LDLR expression and enhancing cervical carcinoma progression. Our identification of the novel APE1-miR-92b-LDLR axis improves our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma and reveals a novel therapeutic strategy for combating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 157, Jinbi Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Reproductive Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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9
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APE1 stimulates EGFR-TKI resistance by activating Akt signaling through a redox-dependent mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1111. [PMID: 30382076 PMCID: PMC6208429 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have become the standard first-line treatment for advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cancer patients with activating EGFR mutations. However, most patients show acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs, thereby resulting in a modest overall survival benefit. Here, we found that expression level of APE1 was closely associated with TKI resistance in LUAD. Our clinical data show that level of APE1 was inversely correlated with progression-free survival rate and median time to progression in EGFR-mutated LUAD patients. Additionally, we observed increased expression of APE1 in TKI-resistant LUAD cell lines compared to their parental cell lines. Overexpression of APE1-protected TKI-sensitive LUAD cells from TKI-induced cell growth inhibition and cell death. In contrast, inhibition of APE1-enhanced TKI-induced apoptosis, cell growth inhibition and tumor growth inhibition in TKI-resistant LUAD. In addition, we identified that APE1 positively regulates Akt activation and APE1 overexpression-induced TKI resistance was attenuated by inhibition of Akt activity. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of the redox function of APE1 enhances the sensitivity of TKI-resistant LUAD cells to TKI treatment and inhibits Akt phosphorylation in TKI-resistant LUAD cells, but not by inhibition of the APE1 DNA repair function. Taken together, our data show that increased expression of APE1 significantly contributes to TKI resistance development in LUAD, and targeting APE1 may reverse acquired resistance of LUAD cells to TKI treatment. Additionally, our data show that APE1 regulates TKI resistance in LUAD cells by activating Akt signaling through a redox-dependent mechanism.
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Sengupta S, Yang C, Hegde ML, Hegde PM, Mitra J, Pandey A, Dutta A, Datarwala AT, Bhakat KK, Mitra S. Acetylation of oxidized base repair-initiating NEIL1 DNA glycosylase required for chromatin-bound repair complex formation in the human genome increases cellular resistance to oxidative stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 66-67:1-10. [PMID: 29698889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of DNA repair proteins have been linked to their function. However, it is not clear if posttranslational acetylation affects subcellular localization of these enzymes. Here, we show that the human DNA glycosylase NEIL1, which is involved in repair of both endo- and exogenously generated oxidized bases via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, is acetylated by histone acetyltransferase p300. Acetylation occurs predominantly at Lys residues 296, 297 and 298 located in NEIL1's disordered C-terminal domain. NEIL1 mutant having the substitution of Lys 296-298 with neutral Ala loses nuclear localization, whereas Lys > Arg substitution (in 3KR mutant) at the same sites does not affect NEIL1's nuclear localization or chromatin binding, presumably due to retention of the positive charge. Although non-acetylated NEIL1 can bind to chromatin, acetylated NEIL1 is exclusively chromatin-bound. NEIL1 acetylation while dispensable for its glycosylase activity enhances it due to increased product release. The acetylation-defective 3KR mutant forms less stable complexes with various chromatin proteins, including histone chaperones and BER/single-strand break repair partners, than the wild-type (WT) NEIL1. We also showed that the repair complex with WT NEIL1 has significantly higher BER activity than the 3KR mutant complex. This is consistent with reduced resistance of non-acetylable mutant NEIL1 expressing cells to oxidative stress relative to cells expressing the acetylable WT enzyme. We thus conclude that the major role of acetylable Lys residues in NEIL1 is to stabilize the formation of chromatin-bound repair complexes which protect cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arvind Pandey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arijit Dutta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Abdul Tayyeb Datarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Kishor K Bhakat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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11
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Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Ponce I, Galanti N, Cabrera G. The overexpression of TcAP1 endonuclease confers resistance to infective Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes against oxidative DNA damage. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5985-5995. [PMID: 29575156 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease survives to DNA damage generated by ROS/RNS inside to their different hosts. In recent eukaryotes, oxidative DNA damage is repaired mainly by the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, being essential the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity. Using a pTREX-gfp vector, the nucleotide sequence that encodes T. cruzi AP endonuclease TcAP1 (orthologue of human APE1) and a putative TcAP1 dominant negative (TcAP1DN), were transfectedand expressed in T. cruzi epimastigotes. TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP were expressed in those modified epimastigotes and found in the parasite nucleus. The endonucleases were purified under native conditions and the AP endonuclease activity was evaluated. While TcAP1 presents the expected AP endonuclease activity TcAP1DN does not. Moreover, TcAP1DN partially inhibits in vitro TcAP1 enzymatic activity. Transfected epimastigotes expressing TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP were differentiated to infective trypomastigotes. The infective parasites maintained both proteins (TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP) in the nucleus. The overexpression of TcAP1-GFP in epimastigotes and trypomastigotes increases the viability of both parasite forms when exposed to oxidative stress while the expression of TcAP1DN-GFP did not show any in vivo inhibitory effect, suggesting that endogenous TcAP1 constitutive expression overcomes the TcAP1DN inhibitory activity. Our results show that TcAP1 is important for trypomastigote survival under oxidative conditions similar to those found in infected mammalian cells, then increasing its permanence in the infected cells and the possibility of development of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soía Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Sengupta S, Mantha AK, Song H, Roychoudhury S, Nath S, Ray S, Bhakat KK. Elevated level of acetylation of APE1 in tumor cells modulates DNA damage repair. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75197-75209. [PMID: 27655688 PMCID: PMC5342734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are frequently generated in the genome by spontaneous depurination/depyrimidination or after removal of oxidized/modified bases by DNA glycosylases during the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Unrepaired AP sites are mutagenic and block DNA replication and transcription. The primary enzyme to repair AP sites in mammalian cells is AP endonuclease (APE1), which plays a key role in this repair pathway. Although overexpression of APE1 in diverse cancer types and its association with chemotherapeutic resistance are well documented, alteration of posttranslational modification of APE1 and modulation of its functions during tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, we show that both classical histone deacetylase HDAC1 and NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 regulate acetylation level of APE1 and acetylation of APE1 enhances its AP-endonuclease activity both in vitro and in cells. Modulation of APE1 acetylation level in cells alters AP site repair capacity of the cell extracts in vitro. Primary tumor tissues of diverse cancer types have higher level of acetylated APE1 (AcAPE1) compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue and exhibit enhanced AP site repair capacity. Importantly, in the absence of APE1 acetylation, cells accumulate AP sites in the genome and show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Together, our study demonstrates that elevation of acetylation level of APE1 in tumor could be a novel mechanism by which cells handle the elevated levels of DNA damages in response to genotoxic stress and maintain sustained proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Anil K Mantha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Center for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Heyu Song
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shrabasti Roychoudhury
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Somsubhra Nath
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Molecular Biology Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre & Research Institute, Kolkata 700063, India
| | - Sutapa Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kishor K Bhakat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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13
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Ryu JW, Choe SS, Ryu SH, Park EY, Lee BW, Kim TK, Ha CH, Lee SW. Paradoxical induction of growth arrest and apoptosis by EGF via the up-regulation of PTEN by activating Redox factor-1/Egr-1 in human lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4181-4195. [PMID: 27935858 PMCID: PMC5354822 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling promotes cell proliferation and survival in several types of cancer. Here, however, we showed that EGF inhibits proliferation and promotes programmed cell death in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. In A549 cells, EGF increased redox factor-1 (Ref-1) expression and the association of Ref-1 with zinc finger-containing transcriptional regulator (EGR1) via activation of p22phox, RAC1, and an NADPH oxidase subunit. EGF increased p22phox and RAC1 expression through activation of purinergic receptors (P2Y). Elevated Ref-1/EGR1 levels increased phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) levels, leading to inhibition of the Akt pathway. EGF-induced PTEN upregulation increased apoptosis and autophagy-induced damage in A549 cells, whereas Ref-1 knockdown blocked EGF-induced PTEN upregulation in an NADPH oxidase p22phox subunit-independent manner. In addition, p22phox knockdown restored EGF-induced effects, implying that changes in P2Y activity caused by EGF, which activates NADPH oxidase via RAC1, influenced Ref-1-mediated redox regulation. Finally, EGF similarly attenuated cell proliferation and promoted autophagy and apoptosis in vivo in a xenograft model using A549 cells. These findings reveal that EGF-induced redox signaling is linked to Ref-1-induced death in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Won Ryu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Creative Research Institutive Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Ryu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Wook Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Keun Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Kyeongki Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Regulation of limited N-terminal proteolysis of APE1 in tumor via acetylation and its role in cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22590-604. [PMID: 26981776 PMCID: PMC5008384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1), a ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, plays an essential role in the repair of both endogenous and drug-induced DNA damages in the genome. Unlike its E.coli counterpart Xth, mammalian APE1 has a unique N-terminal domain and possesses both DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulatory functions. Although the overexpression of APE1 in diverse cancer types and the association of APE1 expression with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis are well documented, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that alter APE1 functions during tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, we show the presence of full-length APE1 and N-terminal truncated isoforms of APE1 in tumor tissue samples of various cancer types. However, primary tumor tissue has higher levels of acetylated APE1 (AcAPE1) as well as full-length APE1 compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. We found that APE1 is proteolytically cleaved by an unknown serine protease at its N-terminus following residue lysine (Lys) Lys6 and/or Lys7 and after Lys27 and Lys31 or Lys32. Acetylation of these Lys residues in APE1 prevents this proteolysis. The N-terminal domain of APE1 and its acetylation are required for modulation of the expression of hundreds of genes. Importantly, we found that AcAPE1 is essential for sustained cell proliferation. Together, our study demonstrates that increased acetylation levels of APE1 in tumor cells inhibit the limited N-terminal proteolysis of APE1 and thereby maintain the functions of APE1 to promote tumor cells' sustained proliferation and survival.
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15
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Antoniali G, Serra F, Lirussi L, Tanaka M, D'Ambrosio C, Zhang S, Radovic S, Dalla E, Ciani Y, Scaloni A, Li M, Piazza S, Tell G. Mammalian APE1 controls miRNA processing and its interactome is linked to cancer RNA metabolism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:797. [PMID: 28986522 PMCID: PMC5630600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 is a DNA repair enzyme involved in genome stability and expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, tumor progression and chemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 in these processes are still unclear. Recent findings point to a novel role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 in RNA metabolism. Through the characterization of the interactomes of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 with RNA and other proteins, we demonstrate here a role for apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 in pri-miRNA processing and stability via association with the DROSHA-processing complex during genotoxic stress. We also show that endonuclease activity of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 is required for the processing of miR-221/222 in regulating expression of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Analysis of a cohort of different cancers supports the relevance of our findings for tumor biology. We also show that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 participates in RNA-interactomes and protein-interactomes involved in cancer development, thus indicating an unsuspected post-transcriptional effect on cancer genes. APE1 plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress, and mutations are linked to tumor progression and chemoresistance. Here, the authors characterize the interactions of APE1 with RNA and demonstrate a role in microRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Antoniali
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Serra
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| | - Lisa Lirussi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy.,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 27, Nordbyhagen, 1474, Norway
| | - Mikiei Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, MSC-8012, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8012, USA
| | - Chiara D'Ambrosio
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, via Argine 1085, Naples, 80147, Italy
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | | | - Emiliano Dalla
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, via Argine 1085, Naples, 80147, Italy
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center of Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, 34149, Italy. .,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 18, Povo, Trento, TN, 38123, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, University of Udine, p.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy.
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16
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Antoniali G, Malfatti MC, Tell G. Unveiling the non-repair face of the Base Excision Repair pathway in RNA processing: A missing link between DNA repair and gene expression? DNA Repair (Amst) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Inhibition of Ape1 Redox Activity Promotes Odonto/osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Papilla Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17483. [PMID: 26639148 PMCID: PMC4671010 DOI: 10.1038/srep17483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, a substance that forms the majority of teeth, and this process is performed by odontoblasts. Dental papilla cells (DPCs), as the progenitor cells of odontoblasts, undergo the odontogenic differentiation regulated by multiple cytokines and paracrine signal molecules. Ape1 is a perfect paradigm of the function complexity of a biological macromolecule with two major functional regions for DNA repair and redox regulation, respectively. To date, it remains unclear whether Ape1 can regulate the dentinogenesis in DPCs. In the present study, we firstly examed the spatio-temporal expression of Ape1 during tooth germ developmental process, and found the Ape1 expression was initially high and then gradually reduced along with the tooth development. Secondly, the osteo/odontogenic differentiation capacity of DPCs was up-regulated when treated with either Ape1-shRNA or E3330 (a specific inhibitor of the Ape1 redox function), respectively. Moreover, we found that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway was activated in this process, and E3330 reinforced-osteo/odontogenic differentiation capacity was suppressed by Dickkopf1 (DKK1), a potent antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Taken together, we for the first time showed that inhibition of Ape1 redox regulation could promote the osteo/odontogenic differentiation capacity of DPCs via canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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18
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Perry C, Agarwal D, Abdel-Fatah TMA, Lourdusamy A, Grundy R, Auer DT, Walker D, Lakhani R, Scott IS, Chan S, Ball G, Madhusudan S. Dissecting DNA repair in adult high grade gliomas for patient stratification in the post-genomic era. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5764-81. [PMID: 25026297 PMCID: PMC4170616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of multiple DNA repair pathways may contribute to aggressive biology and therapy resistance in gliomas. We evaluated transcript levels of 157 genes involved in DNA repair in an adult glioblastoma Test set (n=191) and validated in ‘The Cancer Genome Atlas’ (TCGA) cohort (n=508). A DNA repair prognostic index model was generated. Artificial neural network analysis (ANN) was conducted to investigate global gene interactions. Protein expression by immunohistochemistry was conducted in 61 tumours. A fourteen DNA repair gene expression panel was associated with poor survival in Test and TCGA cohorts. A Cox multivariate model revealed APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN as independently associated with poor prognosis. A DNA repair prognostic index incorporating APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN stratified patients in to three prognostic sub-groups with worsening survival. APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN also have predictive significance in patients who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. ANN analysis of APE1, NBN, PMS2, MGMT and PTEN revealed interactions with genes involved in transcription, hypoxia and metabolic regulation. At the protein level, low APE1 and low PTEN remain associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, multiple DNA repair pathways operate to influence biology and clinical outcomes in adult high grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Perry
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tarek M A Abdel-Fatah
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dorothee T Auer
- Department of Academic Radiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Walker
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ravi Lakhani
- University of Leicester Medical School, Maurice Shock Building, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian S Scott
- Department of Neuropathology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen Chan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK; Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Thakur S, Dhiman M, Tell G, Mantha AK. A review on protein-protein interaction network of APE1/Ref-1 and its associated biological functions. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:101-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Thakur
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
| | - M. Dhiman
- Center for Genetic Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Emerging Life Science Technologies; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
| | - G. Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - A. K. Mantha
- Center for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda Punjab India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston TX USA
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20
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CpG hypermethylation contributes to decreased expression of PTEN during acquired resistance to gefitinib in human lung cancer cell lines. Lung Cancer 2015; 87:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Dutta A, Yang C, Sengupta S, Mitra S, Hegde ML. New paradigms in the repair of oxidative damage in human genome: mechanisms ensuring repair of mutagenic base lesions during replication and involvement of accessory proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1679-98. [PMID: 25575562 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized bases in the mammalian genome, which are invariably mutagenic due to their mispairing property, are continuously induced by endogenous reactive oxygen species and more abundantly after oxidative stress. Unlike bulky base adducts induced by UV and other environmental mutagens in the genome that block replicative DNA polymerases, oxidatively damaged bases such as 5-hydroxyuracil, produced by oxidative deamination of cytosine in the template strand, do not block replicative polymerases and thus need to be repaired prior to replication to prevent mutation. Following up our earlier studies, which showed that the Nei endonuclease VIII like 1 (NEIL1) DNA glycosylase, one of the five base excision repair (BER)-initiating enzymes in mammalian cells, has enhanced expression during the S-phase and higher affinity for replication fork-mimicking single-stranded (ss) DNA substrates, we recently provided direct experimental evidence for NEIL1's role in replicating template strand repair. The key requirement for this event, which we named as the 'cow-catcher' mechanism of pre-replicative BER, is NEIL1's non-productive binding (substrate binding without product formation) to the lesion base in ss DNA template to stall DNA synthesis, causing fork regression. Repair of the lesion in reannealed duplex is then carried out by NEIL1 in association with the DNA replication proteins. NEIL1 (and other BER-initiating enzymes) also interact with several accessory and non-canonical proteins including the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U and Y-box-binding protein 1 as well as high mobility group box 1 protein, whose precise roles in BER are still obscure. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances in our understanding of oxidative genome damage repair pathways with particular focus on the pre-replicative template strand repair and the role of scaffold factors like X-ray repairs cross-complementing protein 1 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and other accessory proteins guiding distinct BER sub-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Dutta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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22
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Fontes FL, Pinheiro DML, Oliveira AHSD, Oliveira RKDM, Lajus TBP, Agnez-Lima LF. Role of DNA repair in host immune response and inflammation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:246-57. [PMID: 25795123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding of how DNA repair contributes to the development of innate and acquired immunity has emerged. The DNA damage incurred during the inflammatory response triggers the activation of DNA repair pathways, which are required for host-cell survival. Here, we reviewed current understanding of the mechanism by which DNA repair contributes to protection against the oxidized DNA damage generated during infectious and inflammatory diseases and its involvement in innate and adaptive immunity. We discussed the functional role of DNA repair enzymes in the immune activation and the relevance of these processes to: transcriptional regulation of cytokines and other genes involved in the inflammatory response; V(D)J recombination; class-switch recombination (CSR); and somatic hypermutation (SHM). These three last processes of DNA damage repair are required for effective humoral adaptive immunity, creating genetic diversity in developing T and B cells. Furthermore, viral replication is also dependent on host DNA repair mechanisms. Therefore, the elucidation of the pathways of DNA damage and its repair that activate innate and adaptive immunity will be important for a better understanding of the immune and inflammatory disorders and developing new therapeutic interventions for treatment of these diseases and for improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Lima Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Maria Lopes Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ana Helena Sales de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Tirzah Braz Petta Lajus
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil; Liga Contra o Cancer, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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23
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Sengupta S, Mitra S, Bhakat KK. Dual regulatory roles of human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) in CDKN1A/p21 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68467. [PMID: 23874636 PMCID: PMC3713036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), an essential multifunctional protein involved in repair of oxidative DNA damage as well as in transcriptional regulation, is often overexpressed in tumor cells. APE1 was earlier shown to stimulate p53's DNA binding and its transactivation function in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) gene. Here, we show APE1's stable binding to p53 cis elements which are required for p53-mediated activation of p21 in p53-expressing wild type HCT116 cells. However, surprisingly, we observed APE1-dependent repression of p21 in isogenic p53-null HCT116 cells. Ectopic expression of p53 in the p53-null cells abrogated this repression suggesting that APE1's negative regulatory role in p21 expression is dependent on the p53 status. We then identified APE1's another binding site in p21's proximal promoter region containing cis elements for AP4, a repressor of p21. Interestingly, APE1 and AP4 showed mutual dependence for p21 repression. Moreover, ectopic p53 in p53-null cells inhibited AP4's association with APE1, their binding to the promoter and p21 repression. These results together establish APE1's role as a co-activator or co-repressor of p21 gene, dependent on p53 status. It is thus likely that APE1 overexpression and inactivation of p53, often observed in tumor cells, promote tumor cell proliferation by constitutively downregulating p21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kishor K. Bhakat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim MH, Kim HB, Yoon SP, Lim SC, Cha MJ, Jeon YJ, Park SG, Chang IY, You HJ. Colon cancer progression is driven by APEX1-mediated upregulation of Jagged. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:65521. [PMID: 23863623 PMCID: PMC3726152 DOI: 10.1172/jci65521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APEX1) has been reported in numerous human solid tumors and is positively correlated with cancer progression; however, the role of APEX1 in tumor progression is poorly defined. Here, we show that APEX1 contributes to aggressive colon cancer behavior and functions as an upstream activator in the Jagged1/Notch signaling pathway. APEX1 overexpression or knockdown in human colon cancer cell lines induced profound changes in malignant properties such as cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in vitro and in tumor formation and metastasis in mouse xenograft models. These oncogenic effects of APEX1 were mediated by the upregulation of Jagged1, a major Notch ligand. Furthermore, APEX1 expression was associated with Jagged1 in various colon cancer cell lines and in tissues from colon cancer patients. This finding identifies APEX1 as a positive regulator of Jagged1/Notch activity and suggests that it is a potential therapeutic target in colon cancers that exhibit high levels of Jagged1/Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hwa Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Beum Kim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Pil Yoon
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jin Cha
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gon Park
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Youb Chang
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin You
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju-Do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Hemato-oncology, Chosun University Hospital Internal Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Han MH, Park C, Jin CY, Kim GY, Chang YC, Moon SK, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Apoptosis induction of human bladder cancer cells by sanguinarine through reactive oxygen species-mediated up-regulation of early growth response gene-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63425. [PMID: 23717422 PMCID: PMC3661671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on the inhibition of some kinds of cancer cell growth have been established, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This study investigated possible mechanisms by which sanguinarine exerts its anticancer action in cultured human bladder cancer cell lines (T24, EJ, and 5637). Sanguinarine treatment resulted in concentration-response growth inhibition of the bladder cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis was correlated with the up-regulation of Bax, the down-regulation of Bid and XIAP, the activation of caspases (-3, -8, and -9), and the generation of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) completely reversed the sanguinarine-triggered apoptotic events. In addition, sanguinarine effectively increased the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the expression of the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1), which was recovered by pretreatment with NAC. Furthermore, knockdown of Egr-1 expression by small interfering RNA attenuated sanguinarine-induced apoptosis, but not the JNK inhibitor, indicating that the interception of ROS generation blocked the sanguinarine-induced apoptotic effects via deregulation of the expression of Egr-1 proteins. Taken together, the data provide evidence that sanguinarine is a potent anticancer agent, which inhibits the growth of bladder cancer cells and induces their apoptosis through the generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Han MH, Kim GY, Yoo YH, Choi YH. Sanguinarine induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells through ROS-mediated Egr-1 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:157-66. [PMID: 23660334 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the association of these effects with apoptotic cell death in a human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cell line. Sanguinarine generated ROS, which was followed by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the activation of caspase-9 and -3, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl2, XIAP and cIAP-1. Sanguinarine also promoted the activation of caspase-8 and truncation of Bid (tBid). However, the quenching of ROS generation by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, reversed the sanguinarine-induced apoptosis effects via inhibition of the MMP collapse, tBid expression, and activation of caspases. Sanguinarine also markedly induced the expression of the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) during the early period, after which expression level was decreased. In addition, HCT-116 cells transfected with Egr-1 siRNA displayed significant blockage of sanguinarine-induced apoptotic activity in a ROS-dependent manner. These observations clearly indicate that ROS, which are key mediators of Egr-1 activation and MMP collapse, are involved in the early molecular events in the sanguinarine-induced apoptotic pathway acting in HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Department of Biomaterial Control (BK21 Program), Graduate School, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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27
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Lirussi L, Antoniali G, Vascotto C, D'Ambrosio C, Poletto M, Romanello M, Marasco D, Leone M, Quadrifoglio F, Bhakat KK, Scaloni A, Tell G. Nucleolar accumulation of APE1 depends on charged lysine residues that undergo acetylation upon genotoxic stress and modulate its BER activity in cells. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4079-96. [PMID: 22918947 PMCID: PMC3469522 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional importance of APE1 nucleolar accumulation is described. It is shown that acetylation of Lys27–35, affecting local conformation, regulates APE1 function by 1) controlling its interaction with NPM1 and rRNA and its nucleolar accumulation, 2) modulating K6/K7 acetylation status, and 3) promoting APE1 BER activity in cells. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is the main abasic endonuclease in the base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions caused by oxidation/alkylation in mammalian cells; within nucleoli it interacts with nucleophosmin and rRNA through N-terminal Lys residues, some of which (K27/K31/K32/K35) may undergo acetylation in vivo. Here we study the functional role of these modifications during genotoxic damage and their in vivo relevance. We demonstrate that cells expressing a specific K-to-A multiple mutant are APE1 nucleolar deficient and are more resistant to genotoxic treatment than those expressing the wild type, although they show impaired proliferation. Of interest, we find that genotoxic treatment induces acetylation at these K residues. We also find that the charged status of K27/K31/K32/K35 modulates acetylation at K6/K7 residues that are known to be involved in the coordination of BER activity through a mechanism regulated by the sirtuin 1 deacetylase. Of note, structural studies show that acetylation at K27/K31/K32/K35 may account for local conformational changes on APE1 protein structure. These results highlight the emerging role of acetylation of critical Lys residues in regulating APE1 functions. They also suggest the existence of cross-talk between different Lys residues of APE1 occurring upon genotoxic damage, which may modulate APE1 subnuclear distribution and enzymatic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lirussi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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28
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Mittelstadt ML, Patel RC. AP-1 mediated transcriptional repression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 in response to interferon β. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42152. [PMID: 22879913 PMCID: PMC3412826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a 92 kDa zinc-dependant endopeptidase that degrades components of the extracellular matrix. Increased expression of MMP-9 is implicated in many pathological conditions including metastatic cancer, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Although it has been widely noted that interferon-β (IFNβ) downregulates both the basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced MMP-9 expression at the transcriptional level, the molecular mechanism of this repression is poorly understood. In the present study we identify a novel mechanism for repression of MMP-9 transcription by IFNβ in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Using reporter assays with promoter deletion constructs we show that IFNβ’s inhibitory effects require a region of the promoter between −154 and −72, which contains an AP-1 binding site. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies indicate that IFNβ increases histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 recruitment to the MMP-9 promoter and reduces histone H3 acetylation, in addition to reduced NF-κB recruitment. ChIP analysis shows that IFNβ induced HDAC1 recruitment to the MMP-9 promoter and IFNβ mediated transcriptional repression is lost when the AP-1 binding site is inactivated by a point mutation. Altogether, our results establish that the repression of MMP-9 transcription in response to IFNβ occurs by the recruitment of HDAC1 via the proximal AP-1 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Mittelstadt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rekha C. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Processing of abasic DNA clusters in hApeI-silenced primary fibroblasts exposed to low doses of X-irradiation. J Biosci 2011; 36:105-16. [PMID: 21451252 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clustered damage in DNA includes two or more closely spaced oxidized bases, strand breaks or abasic sites that are induced by high- or low-linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation, and these have been found to be repair-resistant and potentially mutagenic. In the present study we found that abasic clustered damages are also induced in primary human fibroblast cells by low-LET X-rays even at very low doses. In response to the induction of the abasic sites, primary fibroblasts irradiated by low doses of X-rays in the range 10-100 cGy showed dose-dependent up-regulation of the DNA repair enzyme, ApeI. We found that the abasic clusters in primary fibroblasts were more lethal to cells when hApeI enzyme expression was down-regulated by transfecting primary fibroblasts with hApeI siRNA as determined by clonogenic survival assay. Endonuclease activity of hApeI was found to be directly proportional to hApeI gene-silencing efficiency. The DNA repair profile showed that processing of abasic clusters was delayed in hApeI-siRNA-silenced fibroblasts, which challenges the survival of the cells even at very low doses of X-rays. Thus, the present study is the first to attempt to understand the induction of cluster DNA damage at very low doses of low- LET radiation in primary human fibroblasts and their processing by DNA repair enzyme ApeI and their relation with the survival of the cells.
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Busso CS, Wedgeworth CM, Izumi T. Ubiquitination of human AP-endonuclease 1 (APE1) enhanced by T233E substitution and by CDK5. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:8017-28. [PMID: 21727086 PMCID: PMC3185409 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) is a multifunctional DNA repair/gene regulatory protein in mammalian cells, and was recently reported to be phosphorylated at Thr233 by CDK5. We here report that ubiquitination of T233E APE1, a mimicry of phospho-T233 APE1, was markedly increased in multiple cell lines. Expression of CDK5 enhanced monoubiquitination of endogenous APE1. Polyubiquitinated APE1 was decreased when K48R ubiquitin was expressed, suggesting that polyubiquitination was mediated mainly through Lys48 of ubiquitin. The ubiquitination activity of MDM2, consistent in its role for APE1 ubiquitination, was increased for T233E APE1 compared to the wild-type APE1. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the MDM2 gene, ubiquitination of T233E APE1 was still observed probably because of the decreased degradation activity for monoubiquitinated APE1 and because of backup E3 ligases in the cells. Monoubiquitinated APE1 was present in the nucleus, and analyzing global gene expression profiles with or without induction of a ubiquitin-APE1 fusion gene suggested that monoubiquitination enhanced the gene suppression activity of APE1. These data reveal a delicate balance of ubiquitination and phosphorylation activities that alter the gene regulatory function of APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Busso
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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31
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Pei DS, Yang XJ, Liu W, Guikema JEJ, Schrader CE, Strauss PR. A novel regulatory circuit in base excision repair involving AP endonuclease 1, Creb1 and DNA polymerase beta. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:3156-65. [PMID: 21172930 PMCID: PMC3082881 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is required to maintain genome stability in stem cells and early embryos. At critical junctures, oxidative damage to DNA requires the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Since early zebrafish embryos lack the major polymerase in BER, DNA polymerase ß, repair proceeds via replicative polymerases, even though there is ample polb mRNA. Here, we report that Polb protein fails to appear at the appropriate time in development when AP endonuclease 1 (Apex), the upstream protein in BER, is knocked down. Because polb contains a Creb1 binding site, we examined whether knockdown of Apex affects creb1. Apex knockdown results in loss of Creb1 and Creb complex members but not Creb1 phosphorylation. This effect is independent of p53. Although both apex and creb1 mRNA rescue Creb1 and Polb after Apex knockdown, Apex is not a co-activator of creb1 transcription. This observation has broad significance, as similar results occur when Apex is inhibited in B cells from apex+/− mice. These results describe a novel regulatory circuit involving Apex, Creb1 and Polb and provide a mechanism for lethality of Apex loss in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Pei
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Yamamoto C, Basaki Y, Kawahara A, Nakashima K, Kage M, Izumi H, Kohno K, Uramoto H, Yasumoto K, Kuwano M, Ono M. Loss of PTEN expression by blocking nuclear translocation of EGR1 in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor-activating mutations. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8715-25. [PMID: 20959484 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva), which target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are approved for treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients whose tumors harbor mutations in the EGFR gene, including delE746-A750 in exon 19 and L858R in exon 21, may benefit in particular from gefitinib treatment. However, acquired resistance to gefitinib has been a serious clinical problem, and further optimization is needed for application of EGFR-targeted drugs in lung cancer patients. In this study, we established gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells from PC-9 cell line, which harbors the delE746-A750 mutation, by exposing the cell line to gefitinib for over 7 months. Gefitinib-resistant PC-9/GEFs cell lines showed a marked downregulation of PTEN expression and increased Akt phosphorylation. In revertant, gefitinib-sensitive clones (PC-9/Rev) derived from PC-9/GEF1-1 and PC-9/GEF2-1, PTEN expression, as well as sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib, was restored. Knockdown of PTEN expression using small interfering RNA specific for PTEN in PC-9 cells resulted in drug resistance to gefitinib and erlotinib. Nuclear translocation of the EGR1 transcription factor, which regulates PTEN expression, was shown to be suppressed in resistant clones and restored in their revertant clones. Reduced PTEN expression was also seen in tumor samples from a patient with gefitinib-refractory NSCLC. This study thus strongly suggests that loss of PTEN expression contributes to gefitinib and erlotinib resistance in NSCLC. Our findings reinforce the therapeutic importance of PTEN expression in the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology and Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tell G, Fantini D, Quadrifoglio F. Understanding different functions of mammalian AP endonuclease (APE1) as a promising tool for cancer treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3589-608. [PMID: 20706766 PMCID: PMC11115856 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The apurinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1) has a crucial function in DNA repair and in redox signaling in mammals, and recent studies identify it as an excellent target for sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy. APE1 is an essential enzyme in the base excision repair pathway of DNA lesions caused by oxidation and alkylation. As importantly, APE1 also functions as a redox agent maintaining transcription factors involved in cancer promotion and progression in an active reduced state. Very recently, a new unsuspected function of APE1 in RNA metabolism was discovered, opening new perspectives for this multifunctional protein. These observations underline the necessity to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for fine-tuning its different biological functions. This survey intends to give an overview of the multifunctional roles of APE1 and their regulation in the context of considering this protein a promising tool for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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34
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Hou R, Zhang J, Yin T, Cao H, Zhang N, Li X, Wang L, Xing Y, Li D, Ji Q. Upregulation of PTEN by peroxynitrite contributes to cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells. Apoptosis 2010; 15:877-86. [PMID: 20464496 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, by negatively regulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, participates in multiple biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. Recent studies show that selective deletion of PTEN in pancreatic beta-cells leads to resistance to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, but the mechanism is unclear. One major mechanism underlying STZ toxicity is cytokine-mediated beta-cell destruction in which oxidative stress plays a key role. The present study investigated the role of PTEN in cytokine-induced beta-cell apoptosis, and further explored whether oxidative stress, particularly peroxynitrite formation, could regulate PTEN-Akt pathway. Incubation of betaTC-6 cells with cytokine mixture (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma) or exogenous peroxynitrite significantly increased apoptotic cell percentage, elevated PTEN and p-PTEN levels, and inhibited Akt activation. Transfection with PTEN-specific siRNA protected betaTC-6 cells from cytokine or peroxynitrite-mediated cell apoptosis and partially reversed Akt inhibition. Furthermore, nitrotyrosine formation, an indicator of peroxynitrite production, was significantly elevated after cytokine treatment. Preventing peroxynitrite formation by administrating NAC/L: -NMMA, or scavenging peroxynitrite directly by UA, attenuated cytokine-induced PTEN upregulation, Akt inhibition, and beta-cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that peroxynitrite-mediated PTEN upregulation plays an important role in cytokine-induced pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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35
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Human AP endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) and its acetylation regulate YB-1-p300 recruitment and RNA polymerase II loading in the drug-induced activation of multidrug resistance gene MDR1. Oncogene 2010; 30:482-93. [PMID: 20856196 PMCID: PMC3010319 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), a key enzyme in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway, is often associated with tumor cell resistance to various anticancer drugs. In this study, we examined the molecular basis of transcriptional regulatory (non repair) function of APE1 in promoting resistance to certain types of drugs. We have recently shown that APE1 stably interacts with Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1), and acts as its coactivator for the expression of multidrug resistance gene MDR1, thereby causing drug-resistance. Here we show for the first time that APE1 is stably associated with the basic transcription factor RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) and the coactivator p300 on the endogenous MDR1 promoter. APE1’s depletion significantly reduces YB-1/p300 recruitment to the promoter, resulting in reduced RNA pol II loading. Drug-induced APE1 acetylation which is mediated by p300 enhances formation of acetylated APE1 (AcAPE1)/YB-1/p300 complex on the MDR1 promoter. Enhanced recruitment of this complex increases MDR1 promoter dependent luciferase activity and its endogenous expression. Using APE1 downregulated cells and cells overexpressing wild type APE1 or its nonacetylable mutant we have demonstrated that the loss of APE1’s acetylation impaired MDR1 activation and sensitizes the cells to cisplatin or etoposide. We have thus established the basis for APE1’s acetylation-dependent regulatory function in inducing MDR1-mediated drug resistance.
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Fantini D, Vascotto C, Marasco D, D'Ambrosio C, Romanello M, Vitagliano L, Pedone C, Poletto M, Cesaratto L, Quadrifoglio F, Scaloni A, Radicella JP, Tell G. Critical lysine residues within the overlooked N-terminal domain of human APE1 regulate its biological functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:8239-56. [PMID: 20699270 PMCID: PMC3001066 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), an essential protein in mammals, is involved in base excision DNA repair (BER) and in regulation of gene expression, acting as a redox co-activator of several transcription factors. Recent findings highlight a novel role for APE1 in RNA metabolism, which is modulated by nucleophosmin (NPM1). The results reported in this article show that five lysine residues (K24, K25, K27, K31 and K32), located in the APE1 N-terminal unstructured domain, are involved in the interaction of APE1 with both RNA and NPM1, thus supporting a competitive binding mechanism. Data from kinetic experiments demonstrate that the APE1 N-terminal domain also serves as a device for fine regulation of protein catalytic activity on abasic DNA. Interestingly, some of these critical lysine residues undergo acetylation in vivo. These results suggest that protein–protein interactions and/or post-translational modifications involving APE1 N-terminal domain may play important in vivo roles, in better coordinating and fine-tuning protein BER activity and function on RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Fantini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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37
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Luo M, He H, Kelley MR, Georgiadis MM. Redox regulation of DNA repair: implications for human health and cancer therapeutic development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1247-69. [PMID: 19764832 PMCID: PMC2864659 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Redox reactions are known to regulate many important cellular processes. In this review, we focus on the role of redox regulation in DNA repair both in direct regulation of specific DNA repair proteins as well as indirect transcriptional regulation. A key player in the redox regulation of DNA repair is the base excision repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in its role as a redox factor. APE1 is reduced by the general redox factor thioredoxin, and in turn reduces several important transcription factors that regulate expression of DNA repair proteins. Finally, we consider the potential for chemotherapeutic development through the modulation of APE1's redox activity and its impact on DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Hematology/Oncology), Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indiana
| | - Hongzhen He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Hematology/Oncology), Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
| | - Millie M. Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Subcellular localization of apurinic endonuclease 1 promotes lung tumor aggressiveness via NF-kappaB activation. Oncogene 2010; 29:4330-40. [PMID: 20498636 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1) is not only involved in base excision repair, but also activates some transcriptional factors through its redox activity. However, which subcellular localization of Ape1 is involved in the activation of transcriptional factor remains unclear. We first observed that Cox-2 expression was associated with cytoplasmic Ape1 expression in lung tumors and cancer cell lines. We thus hypothesize that nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is activated by cytoplasmic Ape1 to cause Cox-2 expression. Herein, we generated cytoplasmic and nuclear Ape1 in Ape1-knockdown lung cancer cells by exogenous expression of Ape1 containing various deletions and/or mutations of the nuclear localization sequence. It was observed that cytoplasmic Ape1, but not nuclear Ape1, induced Cox-2 expression through NF-kappaB activation. NF-kappaB activation by cytoplasmic Ape1 was diminished by the Ape1 redox activity inhibitor resveratrol. Cells expressing cytoplasmic Ape1 exhibited tumor progression and metastasis in vitro and in vivo as xenografts, but cells expressing nuclear Ape1 did not. Patients with tumors containing elevated cytoplasmic Ape1 had a poor prognosis and a 3.722-fold risk of tumor recurrence and/or metastasis. Cytoplasmic Ape1 could therefore enhance lung tumor malignancy through NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that combination of cisplatin and specific redox inhibitor could improve chemotherapeutic response in patients with tumors containing elevated cytoplasmic Ape1.
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Yamamori T, DeRicco J, Naqvi A, Hoffman TA, Mattagajasingh I, Kasuno K, Jung SB, Kim CS, Irani K. SIRT1 deacetylates APE1 and regulates cellular base excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:832-45. [PMID: 19934257 PMCID: PMC2817463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) is an essential enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Here, we show that APE1 is a target of the SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1) protein deacetylase. SIRT1 associates with APE1, and this association is increased with genotoxic stress. SIRT1 deacetylates APE1 in vitro and in vivo targeting lysines 6 and 7. Genotoxic insults stimulate lysine acetylation of APE1 which is antagonized by transcriptional upregulation of SIRT1. Knockdown of SIRT1 increases cellular abasic DNA content, sensitizing cells to death induced by genotoxic stress, and this vulnerability is rescued by overexpression of APE1. Activation of SIRT1 with resveratrol promotes binding of APE1 to the BER protein X-ray cross-complementing-1 (XRCC1), while inhibition of SIRT1 with nicotinamide (NAM) decreases this interaction. Genotoxic insult also increases binding of APE1 to XRCC1, and this increase is suppressed by NAM or knockdown of SIRT1. Finally, resveratrol increases APE activity in XRCC1-associated protein complexes, while NAM or knockdown of SIRT1 suppresses this DNA repair activity. These findings identify APE1 as a novel protein target of SIRT1, and suggest that SIRT1 plays a vital role in maintaining genomic integrity through regulation of the BER pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamamori
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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40
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Kang MY, Kim KY, Yoon Y, Kang Y, Kim HB, Youn CK, Kim DH, Kim MH. Ape1/Ref-1 Stimulates GDNF/GFRalpha1-mediated Downstream Signaling and Neuroblastoma Proliferation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:349-56. [PMID: 19915696 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.5.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1) is a direct target of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1/Ref-1). In the present study, we further analyzed the physiological roles of Ape1/Ref-1-induced GFRalpha1 expression in Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. Ape1/Ref-1 expression caused the clustering of GFRalpha1 immunoreactivity in lipid rafts in response to GDNF. We also found that Ret, a downstream target of GFRalpha1, was functionally activated by GDNF in Ape1/Ref-1-expressing cells. Moreover, GDNF promoted the proliferation of Ape1/Ref-1-expressing Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, GFRalpha1-specific RNA experiments demonstrated that the downregulation of GFRalpha1 by siRNA in Ape1/Ref-1-expressing cells impaired the ability of GDNF to phosphorylate Akt and PLCgamma-1 and to stimulate cellular proliferation. These results show an association between Ape1/Ref-1 and GDNF/GFRalpha signaling, and suggest a potential molecular mechanism for the involvement of Ape1/Ref-1 in neuronal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, DNA Repair Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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41
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Silva JP, Gomes AC, Proença F, Coutinho OP. Novel nitrogen compounds enhance protection and repair of oxidative DNA damage in a neuronal cell model: Comparison with quercetin. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:328-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Vascotto C, Cesaratto L, Zeef LAH, Deganuto M, D'Ambrosio C, Scaloni A, Romanello M, Damante G, Taglialatela G, Delneri D, Kelley MR, Mitra S, Quadrifoglio F, Tell G. Genome-wide analysis and proteomic studies reveal APE1/Ref-1 multifunctional role in mammalian cells. Proteomics 2009; 9:1058-74. [PMID: 19180539 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) protects cells from oxidative stress by acting as a central enzyme in base excision repair pathways of DNA lesions and through its independent activity as a redox transcriptional co-activator. Dysregulation of this protein has been associated with cancer development. At present, contrasting data have been published regarding the biological relevance of the two functions as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we combined both mRNA expression profiling and proteomic analysis to determine the molecular changes associated with APE1 loss-of-expression induced by siRNA technology. This approach identified a role of APE1 in cell growth, apoptosis, intracellular redox state, mitochondrial function, and cytoskeletal structure. Overall, our data show that APE1 acts as a hub in coordinating different and vital functions in mammalian cells, highlighting the molecular determinants of the multifunctional nature of APE1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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43
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Vascotto C, Fantini D, Romanello M, Cesaratto L, Deganuto M, Leonardi A, Radicella JP, Kelley MR, D'Ambrosio C, Scaloni A, Quadrifoglio F, Tell G. APE1/Ref-1 interacts with NPM1 within nucleoli and plays a role in the rRNA quality control process. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:1834-54. [PMID: 19188445 PMCID: PMC2655621 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01337-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
APE1/Ref-1 (hereafter, APE1), a DNA repair enzyme and a transcriptional coactivator, is a vital protein in mammals. Its role in controlling cell growth and the molecular mechanisms that fine-tune its different cellular functions are still not known. By an unbiased proteomic approach, we have identified and characterized several novel APE1 partners which, unexpectedly, include a number of proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis and RNA processing. In particular, a novel interaction between nucleophosmin (NPM1) and APE1 was characterized. We observed that the 33 N-terminal residues of APE1 are required for stable interaction with the NPM1 oligomerization domain. As a consequence of the interaction with NPM1 and RNA, APE1 is localized within the nucleolus and this localization depends on cell cycle and active rRNA transcription. NPM1 stimulates APE1 endonuclease activity on abasic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but decreases APE1 endonuclease activity on abasic single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) by masking the N-terminal region of APE1 required for stable RNA binding. In APE1-knocked-down cells, pre-rRNA synthesis and rRNA processing were not affected but inability to remove 8-hydroxyguanine-containing rRNA upon oxidative stress, impaired translation, lower intracellular protein content, and decreased cell growth rate were found. Our data demonstrate that APE1 affects cell growth by directly acting on RNA quality control mechanisms, thus affecting gene expression through posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Nucleolus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/chemistry
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Nuclear Proteins/chemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleophosmin
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Peptide Mapping
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Tell G, Quadrifoglio F, Tiribelli C, Kelley MR. The many functions of APE1/Ref-1: not only a DNA repair enzyme. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:601-20. [PMID: 18976116 PMCID: PMC2811080 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
APE1/Ref-1 (APE1), the mammalian ortholog of Escherichia coli Xth, and a multifunctional protein possessing both DNA repair and transcriptional regulatory activities, has a pleiotropic role in controlling cellular response to oxidative stress. APE1 is the main apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in eukaryotic cells, playing a central role in the DNA base excision repair pathway of all DNA lesions (uracil, alkylated and oxidized, and abasic sites), including single-strand breaks, and has also cotranscriptional activity by modulating genes expression directly regulated by either ubiquitous (i.e., AP-1, Egr-1, NFkappa-B, p53, and HIF) and tissue specific (i.e., PEBP-2, Pax-5 and -8, and TTF-1) transcription factors. In addition, it controls the intracellular redox state by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. At present, information is still inadequate regarding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the coordinated control of its several activities. Both expression and/or subcellular localization are altered in several metabolic and proliferative disorders such as in tumors and aging. Here, we have attempted to coalesce the most relevant information concerning APE1's different functions in order to shed new light and to focus current and future studies to fully understand this unique molecule that is acquiring more and more interest and translational relevance in the field of molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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45
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Bhakat KK, Mantha AK, Mitra S. Transcriptional regulatory functions of mammalian AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), an essential multifunctional protein. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:621-38. [PMID: 18715144 PMCID: PMC2933571 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) plays a central role in the repair of oxidized and alkylated bases in mammalian genomes via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, APE1, unlike its E. coli prototype Xth, has two unique and apparently distinct transcriptional regulatory activities. APE1 functions as a redox effector factor (Ref-1) for several transcription factors including AP-1, HIF1-alpha, and p53. APE1 was also identified as a direct trans-acting factor for repressing human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and renin genes by binding to the negative calcium-response element (nCaRE) in their promoters. We have characterized APE1's post-translational modification, namely, acetylation which modulates its transcriptional regulatory function. Furthermore, stable interaction of APE1 with several other trans-acting factors including HIF-1alpha, STAT3, YB-1, HDAC1, and CBP/p300 and formation of distinct trans-acting complexes support APE1's direct regulatory function for diverse genes. Multiple functions of mammalian APE1, both in DNA repair and gene regulation, warrant extensive analysis of its own regulation and dissection of the mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed APE1's own regulation and its role as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor by both redox-dependent and redox-independent (acetylation-mediated) mechanisms, and explore the potential utility of targeting these functions for enhancing drug sensitivity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor K Bhakat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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46
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Abstract
APE1/Ref-1 is an essential DNA repair/gene regulatory protein in mammals of which intracellular level significantly affects cellular sensitivity to genotoxicants. The APE1 functions are altered by phosphorylation and acetylation. We here report that APE1 is also modified by ubiquitination. APE1 ubiquitination occurred specifically at Lys residues near the N-terminus, and was markedly enhanced by MDM2, the major intracellular p53 inhibitor. Moreover, DNA damaging reagents and nutlin-3, an inhibitor of MDM2/p53 interaction, increased APE1 ubiquitination in the presence of p53. Downmodulation of MDM2 increased APE1 level, suggesting that MDM2-mediated ubiquitination can be a signal for APE1 degradation. In addition, unlike the wild-type APE1, ubiquitin-APE1 fusion proteins were predominantly present in the cytoplasm. Therefore, monoubiquitination not only is a prerequisite for degradation, but may also alter the APE1 activities in cells. These results reveal a novel regulation of APE1 through ubiquitination.
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47
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Luo M, Delaplane S, Jiang A, Reed A, He Y, Fishel M, Nyland RL, Borch RF, Qiao X, Georgiadis MM, Kelley MR. Role of the multifunctional DNA repair and redox signaling protein Ape1/Ref-1 in cancer and endothelial cells: small-molecule inhibition of the redox function of Ape1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1853-67. [PMID: 18627350 PMCID: PMC2587278 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The DNA base excision-repair pathway is responsible for the repair of DNA damage caused by oxidation/alkylation and protects cells against the effects of endogenous and exogenous agents. Removal of the damaged base creates a baseless (AP) site. AP endonuclease1 (Ape1) acts on this site to continue the BER-pathway repair. Failure to repair baseless sites leads to DNA strand breaks and cytotoxicity. In addition to the repair role of Ape1, it also functions as a major redox-signaling factor to reduce and activate transcription factors such as AP1, p53, HIF-1alpha, and others that control the expression of genes important for cell survival and cancer promotion and progression. Thus, the Ape1 protein interacts with proteins involved in DNA repair, growth-signaling pathways, and pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression. Although knockdown studies with siRNA have been informative in studying the role of Ape1 in both normal and cancer cells, knocking down Ape1 does not reveal the individual role of the redox or repair functions of Ape1. The identification of small-molecule inhibitors of specific Ape1 functions is critical for mechanistic studies and translational applications. Here we discuss small-molecule inhibition of Ape1 redox and its effect on both cancer and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Hematology/Oncology), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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48
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Regulatory role of human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) in YB-1-mediated activation of the multidrug resistance gene MDR1. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7066-80. [PMID: 18809583 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00244-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), a central enzyme involved in the repair of oxidative base damage and DNA strand breaks, has a second activity as a transcriptional regulator that binds to several trans-acting factors. APE1 overexpression is often observed in tumor cells and confers resistance to various anticancer drugs; its downregulation sensitizes tumor cells to such agents. Because the involvement of APE1 in repairing the DNA damage induced by many of these drugs is unlikely, drug resistance may be linked to APE1's transcriptional regulatory function. Here, we show that APE1, preferably in the acetylated form, stably interacts with Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) and enhances its binding to the Y-box element, leading to the activation of the multidrug resistance gene MDR1. The enhanced MDR1 level due to the ectopic expression of wild-type APE1 but not of its nonacetylable mutant underscores the importance of APE1's acetylation in its coactivator function. APE1 downregulation sensitizes MDR1-overexpressing tumor cells to cisplatin or doxorubicin, showing APE1's critical role in YB-1-mediated gene expression and, thus, drug resistance in tumor cells. A systematic increase in both APE1 and MDR1 expression was observed in non-small-cell lung cancer tissue samples. Thus, our study has established the novel role of the acetylation-mediated transcriptional regulatory function of APE1, making it a potential target for the drug sensitization of tumor cells.
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