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Peng C, Li X, Ao F, Li T, Guo J, Liu J, Zhang X, Gu J, Mao J, Zhou B. Mitochondrial ROS driven by NOX4 upregulation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell survival after incomplete radiofrequency ablation by inducing of mitophagy via Nrf2/PINK1. J Transl Med 2023; 21:218. [PMID: 36964576 PMCID: PMC10039571 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) remains a major clinical problem. Cells that survive the sublethal heat stress that is induced by incomplete RFA are the main source of HCC relapse. Heat stress has long been reported to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although ROS can induce apoptosis, a pro-survival effect of ROS has also been demonstrated. However, the role of ROS in HCC cells exposed to sublethal heat stress remains unclear. METHODS HepG2 and HuH7 cells were used for this experiment. Insufficient RFA was performed in cells and in a xenograft model. ROS and antioxidant levels were measured. Apoptosis was analyed by Annexin-V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Protein expression was measured using western blotting. Colocalization of lysosomes and mitochondria was analyzed to assess mitophagy. Corresponding activators or inhibitors were applied to verify the function of specific objectives. RESULTS Here,we showed that sublethal heat stress induced a ROS burst, which caused acute oxidative stress. This ROS burst was generated by mitochondria, and it was initiated by upregulated NOX4 expression in the mitochondria. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) decreased HCC cell survival under sublethal heat stress conditions in vivo and in vitro. NOX4 triggers the production of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), and NOX4 inhibitors or siNOX4 also decreased HCC cell survival under sublethal heat stress conditions in vitro. Increased mtROS trigger PINK1-dependent mitophagy to eliminate the mitochondria that are damaged by sublethal heat stress and to protect cells from apoptosis. Nrf2 expression was elevated in response to this ROS burst and mediated the ROS burst-induced increase in PINK1 expression after sublethal heat stress. CONCLUSION These data confirmed that the ROS burst that occurs after iRFA exerted a pro-survival effect. NOX4 increased the generation of ROS by mitochondria. This short-term ROS burst induced PINK1-dependent mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria by increasing Nrf2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Ao
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jingpei Guo
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Library Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junjie Mao
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
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Chen Y, Li J, Xu L, Găman MA, Zou Z. The genesis and evolution of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells in the microenvironment: From biology to therapeutic targeting. Cell Death Discov 2022; 8:397. [PMID: 36163119 PMCID: PMC9513079 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by cytogenetic and genomic alterations. Up to now, combination chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for leukemia. However, many individuals diagnosed with AML develop chemotherapeutic resistance and relapse. Recently, it has been pointed out that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are the fundamental cause of drug resistance and AML relapse. LSCs only account for a small subpopulation of all leukemic cells, but possess stem cell properties, including a self-renewal capacity and a multi-directional differentiation potential. LSCs reside in a mostly quiescent state and are insensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. When LSCs reside in a bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) favorable to their survival, they engage into a steady, continuous clonal evolution to better adapt to the action of chemotherapy. Most chemotherapeutic drugs can only eliminate LSC-derived clones, reducing the number of leukemic cells in the BM to a normal range in order to achieve complete remission (CR). LSCs hidden in the BM niche can hardly be targeted or eradicated, leading to drug resistance and AML relapse. Understanding the relationship between LSCs, the BMM, and the generation and evolution laws of LSCs can facilitate the development of effective therapeutic targets and increase the efficiency of LSCs elimination in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Linglong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Centre of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, China.
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Targeting Redox Regulation as a Therapeutic Opportunity against Acute Leukemia: Pro-Oxidant Strategy or Antioxidant Approach? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091696. [PMID: 36139768 PMCID: PMC9495346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox adaptation is essential for human health, as the physiological quantities of non-radical reactive oxygen species operate as the main second messengers to regulate normal redox reactions by controlling several sensors. An abnormal increase reactive oxygen species, called oxidative stress, induces biological injury. For this reason, variations in oxidative stress continue to receive consideration as a possible approach to treat leukemic diseases. However, the intricacy of redox reactions and their effects might be a relevant obstacle; consequently, and alongside approaches aimed at increasing oxidative stress in neoplastic cells, antioxidant strategies have also been suggested for the same purpose. The present review focuses on the molecular processes of anomalous oxidative stress in acute myeloid and acute lymphoblastic leukemias as well as on the oxidative stress-determined pathways implicated in leukemogenic development. Furthermore, we review the effect of chemotherapies on oxidative stress and the possibility that their pharmacological effects might be increased by modifying the intracellular redox equilibrium through a pro-oxidant approach or an antioxidant strategy. Finally, we evaluated the prospect of varying oxidative stress as an efficacious modality to destroy chemoresistant cells using new methodologies. Altering redox conditions may be advantageous for inhibiting genomic variability and the eradication of leukemic clones will promote the treatment of leukemic disease.
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Alaswad HA, Mahbub AA, Le Maitre CL, Jordan-Mahy N. Molecular Action of Polyphenols in Leukaemia and Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063085. [PMID: 33802972 PMCID: PMC8002821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia is a malignant disease of the blood. Current treatments for leukaemia are associated with serious side-effects. Plant-derived polyphenols have been identified as potent anti-cancer agents and have been shown to work synergistically with standard chemotherapy agents in leukaemia cell lines. Polyphenols have multiple mechanisms of action and have been reported to decrease cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis via the activation of caspase (3, 8 and 9); the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Polyphenols have been shown to suppress activation of transcription factors, including NF-kB and STAT3. Furthermore, polyphenols have pro-oxidant properties, with increasing evidence that polyphenols inhibit the antioxidant activity of glutathione, causing oxidative DNA damage. Polyphenols also induce autophagy-driven cancer cell death and regulate multidrug resistance proteins, and thus may be able to reverse resistance to chemotherapy agents. This review examines the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenols and discusses their potential therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss the pharmacological properties of polyphenols, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumour activities, and suggest that polyphenols are potent natural agents that can be useful therapeutically; and discuss why data on bioavailability, toxicity and metabolism are essential to evaluate their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza A. Alaswad
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
| | - Amani A. Mahbub
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
| | - Nicola Jordan-Mahy
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0114-225-3120
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Kaweme NM, Zhou S, Changwe GJ, Zhou F. The significant role of redox system in myeloid leukemia: from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 33292641 PMCID: PMC7661181 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of a defective antioxidant system can induce cellular damage and disrupt normal physiological functions. Several studies have revealed the unfavorable role of ROS in promoting the growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of leukemia cells. In this review study, we summarize the mechanisms of ROS production and its role in leukemogenesis, counteractive effects of antioxidants, and implicate the current ROS-dependent anticancer therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. BODY: The dysregulation of the redox system is known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Leukemia cells generate high levels of ROS, which further increases the levels through extra pathways, including mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic mutation, leukemic oncogene activation, increased nicotinamide adenine phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), and cytochrome P450 activities. Aforementioned pathways once activated have shown to promote genomic instability, induce drug resistance to leukemia medical therapy, disease relapse and reduce survival period. The current standard of treatment with chemotherapy employs the pro-oxidant approach to induce apoptosis and promote tumor regression. However, this approach retains several deleterious effects on the subject resulting in degradation of the quality of life. Nevertheless, the addition of an antioxidant as an adjuvant drug to chemotherapy alleviates treatment-related toxicity, increases chemotherapeutic efficacy, and improves survival rates of a patient. CONCLUSION Acute myeloid leukemia remains a daunting challenge to clinicians. The desire to achieve the maximum benefit of chemotherapy but also improve patient outcomes is investigated. ROS generated through several pathways promotes leukemogenesis, drug resistance, and disease relapse. Chemotherapy, the mainstay of treatment, further upregulates ROS levels. Therefore, the addition of an antioxidant to leukemia medical therapy alleviates toxicity and improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Mupeta Kaweme
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Geoffrey Joseph Changwe
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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6
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Beyond bacterial killing: NADPH oxidase 2 is an immunomodulator. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO. Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:443-486. [PMID: 29478325 PMCID: PMC6393772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood. Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1-5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1-3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers. CRITICAL ISSUES Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) demonstrates characteristics of self-renewal and the ability to manage expansion of the hematopoietic compartment while maintaining the capacity for differentiation into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) and terminal subpopulations. Deregulation of the HSPC redox environment results in loss of signaling that normally controls HSPC fate, leading to a loss of HSPC function and exhaustion. The characteristics of HSPC exhaustion via redox stress closely mirror phenotypic traits of hematopoietic malignancies and the leukemic stem cell (LSC). These facets elucidate the HSC/LSC redox environment as a druggable target and a growing area of cancer research. Recent Advances: Although myelosuppression and exhaustion of the hematopoietic niche are detrimental side effects of classical chemotherapies, new agents that modify the HSPC/LSC redox environment have demonstrated the potential for protection of normal HSPC function while inducing cytotoxicity within malignant populations. CRITICAL ISSUES New therapies must preserve, or only slightly disturb normal HSPC redox balance and function, while simultaneously altering the malignant cellular redox state. The cascade nature of redox damage makes this a critical and delicate line for the development of a redox-based therapeutic index. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Recent evidence demonstrates the potential for redox-based therapies to impact metabolic and epigenetic factors that could contribute to initial LSC transformation. This is balanced by the development of therapies that protect HSPC function. This pushes toward therapies that may alter the HSC/LSC redox state but lead to initiation cell fate signaling lost in malignant transformation while protecting normal HSPC function. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Carroll
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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9
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Kitamoto K, Miura Y, Karnan S, Ota A, Konishi H, Hosokawa Y, Sato K. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma: The role of reactive oxygen species in cell proliferation. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7955-7962. [PMID: 29731909 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas (OS) are aggressive tumors that are characterized by dysregulated growth and resistance to apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to be important signal transduction molecules in the regulation of cell growth. ROS-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) family enzymes have previously been suggested to be involved in neoplastic proliferation. To examine whether NOX-mediated generation of intracellular ROS confers anti-apoptotic activity, and thus a growth advantage, the current study first analyzed the mRNA expression of NOX family members by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in five human OS cell lines. RT-PCR analysis revealed that NOX2 and NOX4 mRNAs were expressed in all the OS cell lines examined, whereas little or no NOX1 and NOX3 mRNAs were detected. By RT-qPCR, NOX2 mRNA expression levels were demonstrated to be higher than NOX4 mRNA expression levels. The viability of OS cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner with treatment of diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of flavoprotein-dependent oxidase. DPI treatment was observed to reduce intracellular ROS levels by ~50%, and increase the frequency of apoptosis by 30%. Notably, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting NOX2 significantly suppressed ROS generation; ROS depletion by DPI or NOX2 siRNAs induced apoptosis in OS cells. Together, the results of the present study indicate that NOX2-mediated ROS generation promotes cell survival and ROS depletion leads to apoptosis, thus highlighting the NOX2-ROS signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Kitamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yuji Miura
- Department of Pathophysiology, Aichi Medical University School of Nursing, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sivasundaram Karnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akinobu Ota
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hosokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Keiji Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Lu J, Risbood P, Kane CT, Hossain MT, Anderson L, Hill K, Monks A, Wu Y, Antony S, Juhasz A, Liu H, Jiang G, Harris E, Roy K, Meitzler JL, Konaté M, Doroshow JH. Characterization of potent and selective iodonium-class inhibitors of NADPH oxidases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 143:25-38. [PMID: 28709950 PMCID: PMC5610936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidases (NOXs) play a recognized role in the development and progression of inflammation-associated disorders, as well as cancer. To date, several NOX inhibitors have been developed, through either high throughput screening or targeted disruption of NOX interaction partners, although only a few have reached clinical trials. To improve the efficacy and bioavailability of the iodonium class NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI), we synthesized 36 analogs of DPI, focusing on improved solubility and functionalization. The inhibitory activity of the analogs was interrogated through cell viability and clonogenic studies with a colon cancer cell line (HT-29) that depends on NOX for its proliferative potential. Lack of altered cellular respiration at relevant iodonium analog concentrations was also demonstrated. Additionally, inhibition of ROS generation was evaluated with a luminescence assay for superoxide, or by Amplex Red® assay for H2O2 production, in cell models expressing specific NOX isoforms. DPI and four analogs (NSCs 740104, 751140, 734428, 737392) strongly inhibited HT-29 cell growth and ROS production with nanomolar potency in a concentration-dependent manner. NSC 737392 and 734428, which both feature nitro functional groups at the meta position, had >10-fold higher activity against ROS production by cells that overexpress dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) than the other compounds examined (IC50≈200-400nM). Based on these results, we synthesized and tested NSC 780521 with optimized potency against DUOX2. Iodonium analogs with anticancer activity, including the first generation of targeted agents with improved specificity against DUOX2, may provide a novel therapeutic approach to NOX-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamo Lu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prabhakar Risbood
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Larry Anderson
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly Hill
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anne Monks
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erik Harris
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Meitzler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariam Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rubio V, García-Pérez AI, Herráez A, Tejedor MC, Diez JC. Esculetin modulates cytotoxicity induced by oxidants in NB4 human leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:700-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chakraborti S, Chakraborty S, Saha S, Manna A, Banerjee S, Adhikary A, Sarwar S, Hazra TK, Das T, Chakrabarti P. PEG-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species-dependent impairment of DNA damage repair enzyme NEIL2. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:35-47. [PMID: 27940348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We find that PEG functionalized ZnO nanoparticles (NP) have anticancer properties primarily because of ROS generation. Detailed investigation revealed two consequences depending on the level of ROS - either DNA damage repair or apoptosis - in a time-dependent manner. At early hours of treatment, NP promote NEIL2-mediated DNA repair process to counteract low ROS-induced DNA damage. However, at late hours these NP produce high level of ROS that inhibits DNA repair process, thereby directing the cell towards apoptosis. Mechanistically at low ROS conditions, transcription factor Sp1 binds to the NEIL2 promoter and facilitates its transcription for triggering a 'fight-back mechanism' thereby resisting cancer cell apoptosis. In contrast, as ROS increase during later hours, Sp1 undergoes oxidative degradation that decreases its availability for binding to the promoter thereby down-regulating NEIL2 and impairing the repair mechanism. Under such conditions, the cells strategically switch to the p53-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyananda Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Samik Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Shilpi Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Argha Manna
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Shruti Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Arghya Adhikary
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Shamila Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Sealy Center for Molecular Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1079, United States
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Pinak Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme, VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Fernández A, Pupo A, Mena-Ulecia K, Gonzalez C. Pharmacological Modulation of Proton Channel Hv1 in Cancer Therapy: Future Perspectives. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:385-402. [PMID: 27260771 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has emerged as a relevant component for cancer therapy. Several approaches aiming to deplete innate and adaptive suppressive populations, to circumvent the impairment in antigen presentation, and to ultimately increase the frequency of activated tumor-specific T cells are currently being explored. In this review, we address the potentiality of targeting the voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, as a novel strategy to modulate the tumor microenvironment. The function of Hv1 in immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T cells has been associated with the maintenance of NADPH oxidase activity and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are required for the host defense against pathogens. We discuss evidence suggesting that the Hv1 proton channel could also be important for the function of these cells within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, as summarized here, tumor cells express Hv1 as a primary mechanism to extrude the increased amount of protons generated metabolically, thus maintaining physiologic values for the intracellular pH. Therefore, because this channel might be relevant for both tumor cells and immune cells supporting tumor growth, the pharmacological inhibition of Hv1 could be an innovative approach for cancer therapy. With that focus, we analyzed the available compounds that inhibit Hv1, highlighted the need to develop better drugs suitable for patients, and commented on the future perspectives of targeting Hv1 in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audry Fernández
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amaury Pupo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karel Mena-Ulecia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
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14
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Capala ME, Pruis M, Vellenga E, Schuringa JJ. Depletion of SAM50 Specifically Targets BCR-ABL-Expressing Leukemic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Interfering with Mitochondrial Functions. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:427-37. [PMID: 26855047 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proliferation rate of malignant cells requires an increased energy production, both by anaerobic glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, increased levels of mitochondria-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote survival of transformed cells and contribute to the disease progression both in solid tumors and leukemia. Consequently, interfering with mitochondrial metabolism has been used as a strategy to specifically target leukemic cells. SAM50 is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein involved in the formation of mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex. Although the importance of SAM50 in maintaining MIB integrity and in the assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes has been described, its specific role in the normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells remains unknown. We observed that human leukemic cells display a specific dependency on SAM50 expression, as downregulation of SAM50 in BCR-ABL-expressing, but not normal CD34(+) human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) caused a significant decrease in growth, colony formation, and replating capacity. Mitochondrial functions of BCR-ABL-expressing HSPCs were compromised, as seen by a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration. This effect of SAM50 downregulation was recapitulated in normal HSPCs exposed to cytokine-rich culture conditions that stimulate proliferation. Both oncogene-transduced and cytokine-stimulated HSPCs showed increased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS levels compared to their normal counterparts. Therefore, we postulate that human leukemic HSPCs are highly dependent on the proper functioning of mitochondria and that disruption of mitochondrial integrity may aid in targeting leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Capala
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurien Pruis
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Chen YL, Kan WM. Down-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 by PMA is involved in cell fate determination and mediated via protein kinase D2 in myeloid leukemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2662-75. [PMID: 26241492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia cells maintain a high intracellular ROS level and use redox signals for survival. The metabolism of ROS also affects cell fate, including cell death and differentiation. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are major antioxidant enzymes that have high levels of expression in myeloid leukemia cells. However, the role of SODs in the regulation of myeloid leukemia cells' biological function is still unclear. To investigate the function of SODs in myeloid leukemia cell death and differentiation, we used myeloid leukemia cell lines K562, MEG-01, TF-1, and HEL cells for this study. We found that PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells is accompanied by cell death and SOD1 down-regulation, while SOD2 expression is not affected. The role of SOD1 is verified when ATN-224, a SOD1 specific inhibitor, inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell death in myeloid leukemia cells without PMA treatment. Moreover, inhibition or silencing of SODs further increases cell death and decreases polyploidization induced by PMA while they were partially reversed by SOD1 overexpression. Thus, SOD1 expression is required for myeloid leukemia cell fate determination. In addition, the knockdown of PKD2 reduces cell death and promotes polyploidization induced by PMA. PMA/PKD2-mediated necrosis via PARP cleavage involves both SOD1-dependent and -independent pathways. Finally, ATN-224 enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation by Ara-C. Taken together, the results demonstrate that SOD1 regulates cell death and differentiation in myeloid leukemia cells. ATN-224 may be beneficial for myeloid leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Ming Kan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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16
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Ligtenberg MA, Çınar Ö, Holmdahl R, Mougiakakos D, Kiessling R. Methylcholanthrene-Induced Sarcomas Develop Independently from NOX2-Derived ROS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129786. [PMID: 26076008 PMCID: PMC4468117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the inducible NADPH oxidase type 2 (NOX2) complex are essential for clearing certain infectious organisms but may also have a role in regulating inflammation and immune response. For example, ROS is involved in myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC)- and regulatory T cell (T(reg)) mediated T- and NK-cell suppression. However, abundant ROS produced within the tumor microenvironment, or by the tumor itself may also yield oxidative stress, which can blunt anti-tumor immune responses as well as eventually leading to tumor toxicity. In this study we aimed to decipher the role of NOX2-derived ROS in a chemically (by methylcholanthrene (MCA)) induced sarcoma model. Superoxide production by NOX2 requires the p47(phox) (NCF1) subunit to organize the formation of the NOX2 complex on the cell membrane. Homozygous mutant mice (NCF1*/*) have a functional loss of their super oxide burst while heterozygous mice (NCF1*/+) retain this key function. Mice harboring either a homo- or a heterozygous mutation were injected intramuscularly with MCA to induce sarcoma formation. We found that NOX2 functionality does not determine tumor incidence in the tested MCA model. Comprehensive immune monitoring in tumor bearing mice showed that infiltrating immune cells experienced an increase in their oxidative state regardless of the NOX2 functionality. While MCA-induced sarcomas where characterized by a T(reg) and MDSC accumulation, no significant differences could be found between NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice. Furthermore, infiltrating T cells showed an increase in effector-memory cell phenotype markers in both NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice. Tumors established from both NCF1*/* and NCF1*/+ mice were tested for their in vitro proliferative capacity as well as their resistance to cisplatin and radiation therapy, with no differences being recorded. Overall our findings indicate that NOX2 activity does not play a key role in tumor development or immune cell infiltration in the chemically induced MCA sarcoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A. Ligtenberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Özcan Çınar
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Eltrombopag modulates reactive oxygen species and decreases acute myeloid leukemia cell survival. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126691. [PMID: 25915523 PMCID: PMC4411049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the small molecule thrombopoietin (TPO) mimetic, eltrombopag (E), induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we sought to define the mechanism of the anti-leukemic effect of eltrombopag. Our studies demonstrate that, at a concentration of 5 μM E in 2% serum, E induces apoptosis in leukemia cells by triggering PARP cleavage and activation of caspase cascades within 2–6 hours. The induction of apoptotic enzymes is critically dependent on drug concentration and the concentration of serum. This effect is not associated with an alteration in mitochondrial potential but is associated with a rapid decrease in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) in particular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, E also decreases mitochondrial maximal and spare respiratory capacities suggesting an induced mitochondrial dysfunction that may not be readily apparent under basal conditions but becomes manifest only under stress. Co-treatment of MOLM14 AML cells with E plus Tempol or H2O2 provides a partial rescue of cell toxicity. Ferric ammonioum citrate (FAC) also antagonized the E induced toxicity, by inducing notable increase in ROS level. Overall, we propose that E dramatically decreases ROS levels leading to a disruption of AML intracellular metabolism and rapid cell death.
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18
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Maraldi T, Beretti F, Guida M, Zavatti M, De Pol A. Role of hepatocyte growth factor in the immunomodulation potential of amniotic fluid stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:539-47. [PMID: 25873747 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) may be useful for regenerative medicine because of their potential to differentiate into all three germ layers and to modulate immune response with different types of secretion molecules. This last issue has not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the secretome profile of the hAFSC, focusing on the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in immunoregulation through short and long cocultures with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We found that HGF produced by hAFSCs exerts a cytoprotective role, inducing an increase in caspase-dependent apoptosis in human immune cells. This study provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that amniotic fluid is an ideal source of stem cells for expansion and banking properties for therapeutic use. hAFSCs not only are less immunogenic but also can secrete immunoregulatory factors that may be useful in autoimmune diseases or allogenic implants. SIGNIFICANCE New information about the secretome pattern is reported in this paper. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties involving hepatocyte growth factor production. hAFSCs could be used in immunotherapies and might be able to avoid allogenic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anto De Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) Research, Bolzano, Italy
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19
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Abstract
The mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by tumour cells remained incompletely understood until the discovery over the last 15 years of the family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs 1–5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) which are structural homologues of gp91phox, the major membrane-bound component of the respiratory burst oxidase of leucocytes. Knowledge of the roles of the NOX isoforms in cancer is rapidly expanding. Recent evidence suggests that both NOX1 and DUOX2 species produce ROS in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of chronic inflammatory stress; cytokine induction (by interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor α, and interleukins IL-4 and IL-13) of NOX1 and DUOX2 may contribute to the development of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. NOX4 expression is increased in pre-malignant fibrotic states which may lead to carcinomas of the lung and liver. NOX5 is highly expressed in malignant melanomas, prostate cancer and Barrett's oesophagus-associated adenocarcinomas, and in the last it is related to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux and inflammation. Over-expression of functional NOX proteins in many tissues helps to explain tissue injury and DNA damage from ROS that accompany pre-malignant conditions, as well as elucidating the potential mechanisms of NOX-related damage that contribute to both the initiation and the progression of a wide range of solid and haematopoietic malignancies.
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20
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Udensi UK, Tchounwou PB. Dual effect of oxidative stress on leukemia cancer induction and treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:106. [PMID: 25519934 PMCID: PMC4320640 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to repair oxidative damage or to neutralize the reactive intermediates including peroxides and free radicals. High ROS production has been associated with significant decrease in antioxidant defense mechanisms leading to protein, lipid and DNA damage and subsequent disruption of cellular functions. In humans, OS has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, as well as atherosclerosis, autism, cancer, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Although OS has been linked to the etiology and development of chronic diseases, many chemotherapeutic drugs have been shown to exert their biologic activity through induction of OS in affected cells. This review highlights the controversial role of OS in the development and progression of leukemia cancer and the therapeutic application of increased OS and antioxidant approaches to the treatment of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udensi K Udensi
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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21
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Pratheeshkumar P, Son YO, Divya SP, Roy RV, Hitron JA, Wang L, Kim D, Dai J, Asha P, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Shi X. Luteolin inhibits Cr(VI)-induced malignant cell transformation of human lung epithelial cells by targeting ROS mediated multiple cell signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:230-41. [PMID: 25448439 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-known human carcinogen associated with the incidence of lung cancer. Inhibition of metal induced carcinogenesis by a dietary antioxidant is a novel approach. Luteolin, a natural dietary flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We found that short term exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to Cr(VI) (5μM) showed a drastic increase in ROS generation, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione depletion, which were significantly inhibited by the treatment with luteolin in a dose dependent manner. Treatment with luteolin decreased AP-1, HIF-1α, COX-2, and iNOS promoter activity induced by Cr(VI) in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, luteolin protected BEAS-2B cells from malignant transformation induced by chronic Cr(VI) exposure. Moreover, luteolin also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and VEGF in chronic Cr(VI) exposed BEAS-2B cells. Western blot analysis showed that luteolin inhibited multiple gene products linked to survival (Akt, Fak, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), inflammation (MAPK, NF-κB, COX-2, STAT-3, iNOS, TNF-α) and angiogenesis (HIF-1α, VEGF, MMP-9) in chronic Cr(VI) exposed BEAS-2B cells. Nude mice injected with BEAS-2B cells chronically exposed to Cr(VI) in the presence of luteolin showed reduced tumor incidence compared to Cr(VI) alone treated group. Overexpression of catalase (CAT) or SOD2, eliminated Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation. Overall, our results indicate that luteolin protects BEAS-2B cells from Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis by scavenging ROS and modulating multiple cell signaling mechanisms that are linked to ROS. Luteolin, therefore, serves as a potential chemopreventive agent against Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ram Vinod Roy
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John Andrew Hitron
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Donghern Kim
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Padmaja Asha
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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22
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Liu L, Rezvani HR, Back JH, Hosseini M, Tang X, Zhu Y, Mahfouf W, Raad H, Raji G, Athar M, Kim AL, Bickers DR. Inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling augments skin tumorigenesis via NOX2 driven ROS generation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97245. [PMID: 24824222 PMCID: PMC4019556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) respond to a wide range of extracellular stimuli. While the inhibition of p38 signaling is implicated in the impaired capacity to repair ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage—a primary risk factor for human skin cancers—its mechanism of action in skin carcinogenesis remains unclear, as both anti-proliferative and survival functions have been previously described. In this study, we utilized cultured keratinocytes, murine tumorigenesis models, and human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens to assess the effect of p38 in this regard. UV irradiation of normal human keratinocytes increased the expression of all four p38 isoforms (α/β/γ/δ); whereas irradiation of p53-deficient A431 keratinocytes derived from a human SCC selectively decreased p38α, without affecting other isoforms. p38α levels are decreased in the majority of human cutaneous SCCs assessed by tissue microarray, suggesting a tumor-suppressive effect of p38α in SCC pathogenesis. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of p38α and in A431 cells increased cell proliferation, which was in turn associated with increases in NAPDH oxidase (NOX2) activity as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These changes led to enhanced invasiveness of A431 cells as assessed by the matrigel invasion assay. Chronic treatment of p53-/-/SKH-1 mice with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 accelerated UV-induced SCC carcinogenesis and increased the expression of NOX2. NOX2 knockdown suppressed the augmented growth of A431 xenografts treated with SB203580. These findings indicate that in the absence of p53, p38α deficiency drives SCC growth and progression that is associated with enhanced NOX2 expression and ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hamid Reza Rezvani
- Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jung Ho Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xiuwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Walid Mahfouf
- Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Bordeaux, France
| | - Houssam Raad
- Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grace Raji
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Arianna L. Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (DB)
| | - David R. Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (DB)
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Garrido-Urbani S, Jaquet V, Imhof BA. [ROS and NADPH oxidase: key regulators of tumor vascularisation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:415-21. [PMID: 24801037 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143004016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant mechanisms. It is characterized by damage of all cellular components, DNA, proteins, lipids. ROS are nevertheless important for the physiology of an organism, as they are involved in the innate immune defense and several intracellular signaling pathways. They play an important role in tumorigenesis by promoting tumor vasculature, which is essential to their growth and metastatic processes. There are many sources of ROS in the cells, but the NOX enzymes (NADPH oxidase-dependent) are now recognized to have a major role in the oxidative stress process. Indeed, they are present in many tissues where their only function is to produce ROS. This article discusses the NOX in endothelial cells and their role in the tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garrido-Urbani
- Centre médical universitaire, département pathologie et immunologie, faculté de médecine, université de Genève, 1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Centre médical universitaire, département pathologie et immunologie, faculté de médecine, université de Genève, 1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Centre médical universitaire, département pathologie et immunologie, faculté de médecine, université de Genève, 1, rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
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24
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Nuclear Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species in myelodysplastic syndromes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:456937. [PMID: 24719867 PMCID: PMC3955662 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A role for intracellular ROS production has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of a wide variety of neoplasias. ROS sources, such as NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) complexes, are frequently activated in AML (acute myeloid leukemia) blasts and strongly contribute to their proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, with an increased propensity to develop AML. The molecular basis for MDS progression is unknown, but a key element in MDS disease progression is the genomic instability. NADPH oxidases are now recognized to have specific subcellular localizations, this targeting to specific compartments for localized ROS production. Local Nox-dependent ROS production in the nucleus may contribute to the regulation of redox-dependent cell growth, differentiation, senescence, DNA damage, and apoptosis. We observed that Nox1, 2, and 4 isoforms and p22phox and Rac1 subunits are expressed in MDS/AML cell lines and MDS samples, also in the nuclear fractions. Interestingly, Nox4 interacts with ERK and Akt1 within nuclear speckle domain, suggesting that Nox4 could be involved in regulating gene expression and splicing factor activity. These data contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms used by nuclear ROS to drive MDS evolution to AML.
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Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Zambonin L, Fiorentini D, Rizzo B, Caliceti C, Landi L, Hrelia S, Prata C. Specific aquaporins facilitate Nox-produced hydrogen peroxide transport through plasma membrane in leukaemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:806-14. [PMID: 24440277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the generation and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide, in cell signalling transduction pathways have been intensively studied, and it is now clear that an increase of ROS level affects cellular growth and proliferation pathways related to cancer development. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been long thought to permeate biological membranes by simple diffusion since recent evidence challenged this notion disclosing the role of aquaporin water channels (AQP) in mediating H2O2 transport across plasma membranes. We previously demonstrated that NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox)-generated ROS sustain glucose uptake and cellular proliferation in leukaemia cells. The aim of this study was to assess whether specific AQP isoforms can channel Nox-produced H2O2 across the plasma membrane of leukaemia cells affecting downstream pathways linked to cell proliferation. In this work, we demonstrate that AQP inhibition caused a decrease in intracellular ROS accumulation in leukaemia cells both when H2O2 was produced by Nox enzymes and when it was exogenously added. Furthermore, AQP8 overexpression or silencing resulted to modulate VEGF capacity of triggering an H2O2 intracellular level increase or decrease, respectively. Finally, we report that AQP8 is capable of increasing H2O2-induced phosphorylation of both PI3K and p38 MAPK and that AQP8 expression affected positively cell proliferation. Taken together, the results here reported indicate that AQP8 is able to modulate H2O2 transport through the plasma membrane affecting redox signalling linked to leukaemia cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Zambonin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Fiorentini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Rizzo
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA Center), University Hospital of Ferrara and Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care&Research, E.S: Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Mice lacking NCF1 exhibit reduced growth of implanted melanoma and carcinoma tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84148. [PMID: 24358335 PMCID: PMC3865299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex is a professional producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is mainly expressed in phagocytes. While the activity of the NOX2 complex is essential for immunity against pathogens and protection against autoimmunity, its role in the development of malignant tumors remains unclear. We compared wild type and Ncf1m1J mutated mice, which lack functional NOX2 complex, in four different tumor models. Ncf1m1J mutated mice developed significantly smaller tumors in two melanoma models in which B16 melanoma cells expressing a hematopoietic growth factor FLT3L or luciferase reporter were used. Ncf1m1J mutated mice developed significantly fewer Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors, but the tumors that did develop, grew at a pace that was similar to the wild type mice. In the spontaneously arising prostate carcinoma model (TRAMP), tumor growth was not affected. The lack of ROS-mediated protection against tumor growth was associated with increased production of immunity-associated cytokines. A significant increase in Th2 associated cytokines was observed in the LLC model. Our present data show that ROS regulate rejection of the antigenic B16-luc and LLC tumors, whereas the data do not support a role for ROS in growth of intrinsically generated tumors.
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Natural compounds as modulators of NADPH oxidases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:271602. [PMID: 24381714 PMCID: PMC3863456 DOI: 10.1155/2013/271602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals generated ubiquitously by all mammalian cells, but their relative unbalance triggers also diseases through intracellular damage to DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. The NOX physiological functions concern host defence, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. On the other hand, increased NOX activity contributes to a wide range of pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, organ failure, and cancer. Therefore targeting these enzymatic ROS sources by natural compounds, without affecting the physiological redox state, may be an important tool. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the role of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology and provides an overview of the currently available NADPH oxidase inhibitors derived from natural extracts such as polyphenols.
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Overproduction of NOX-derived ROS in AML promotes proliferation and is associated with defective oxidative stress signaling. Blood 2013; 122:3322-30. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-491944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
More than 60% of primary AML blasts constitutively produce high levels of NOX-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), which drives AML proliferation. High ROS AMLs show depleted antioxidant defenses but evade the oxidative stress response through suppression of p38MAPK signaling.
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Irwin ME, Rivera-Del Valle N, Chandra J. Redox control of leukemia: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1349-83. [PMID: 22900756 PMCID: PMC3584825 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play both positive and negative roles in the proliferation and survival of a cell. This dual nature has been exploited by leukemia cells to promote growth, survival, and genomic instability-some of the hallmarks of the cancer phenotype. In addition to altered ROS levels, many antioxidants are dysregulated in leukemia cells. Together, the production of ROS and the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes make up the primary redox control of leukemia cells. By manipulating this system, leukemia cells gain proliferative and survival advantages, even in the face of therapeutic insults. Standard treatment options have improved leukemia patient survival rates in recent years, although relapse and the development of resistance are persistent challenges. Therapies targeting the redox environment show promise for these cases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms that control the redox milieu of leukemia cells. In particular, ROS production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, and cytochrome P450 will be addressed. Expression and activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme oxygenase, glutathione, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin are perturbed in leukemia cells, and the functional consequences of these molecular alterations will be described. Lastly, we delve into how these pathways can be potentially exploited therapeutically to improve treatment regimens and promote better outcomes for leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Irwin
- Department of Pediatrics Research, Children's Cancer Hospital, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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quốc Lu’o’ng KV, Nguyễn LTH. The roles of beta-adrenergic receptors in tumorigenesis and the possible use of beta-adrenergic blockers for cancer treatment: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms. Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:431-45. [PMID: 23293538 PMCID: PMC3534394 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s39153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the USA, and the incidence of cancer increases dramatically with age. Beta-adrenergic blockers appear to have a beneficial clinical effect in cancer patients. In this paper, we review the evidence of an association between β-adrenergic blockade and cancer. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link β-adrenergic blockade to cancer pathology. In particular, this link involves the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, the renin-angiotensin system, transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Beta-adrenergic blockers also exert anticancer effects through non-genomic factors, including matrix metalloproteinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, β-adrenergic blockade may play a beneficial role in cancer treatment. Additional investigations that examine β-adrenergic blockers as cancer therapeutics are required to further elucidate this role.
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Dietary phenolic acids act as effective antioxidants in membrane models and in cultured cells, exhibiting proapoptotic effects in leukaemia cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:839298. [PMID: 22792417 PMCID: PMC3390142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/839298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic, syringic, and protocatechuic acids are phenolic acids derived directly from food intake or come from the gut metabolism of polyphenols. In this study, the antioxidant activity of these compounds was at first evaluated in membrane models, where caffeic acid behaved as a very effective chain-breaking antioxidant, whereas syringic and protocatechuic acids were only retardants of lipid peroxidation. However, all three compounds acted as good scavengers of reactive species in cultured cells subjected to exogenous oxidative stress produced by low level of H(2)O(2). Many tumour cells are characterised by increased ROS levels compared with their noncancerous counterparts. Therefore, we investigated whether phenolic acids, at low concentrations, comparable to those present in human plasma, were able to decrease basal reactive species. Results show that phenolic acids reduced ROS in a leukaemia cell line (HEL), whereas no effect was observed in normal cells, such as HUVEC. The compounds exhibited no toxicity to normal cells while they decreased proliferation in leukaemia cells, inducing apoptosis. In the debate on optimal ROS-manipulating strategies in cancer therapy, our work in leukaemia cells supports the antioxidant ROS-depleting approach.
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Abstract
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a heterogeneous group of molecules that are generated by mature myeloid cells during innate immune responses, and are also implicated in normal intracellular signaling. Excessive production of ROS (and/or a deficiency in antioxidant pathways) can lead to oxidative stress, a state that has been observed in several hematopoietic malignancies including acute and chronic myeloid leukemias (AML and CML). Currently it is unclear what the cause of oxidative stress might be and whether oxidative stress contributes to the development, progression, or maintenance of these diseases. This article reviews the current evidence suggesting a role for ROS both in normal hematopoiesis and in myeloid leukemogenesis, and discusses the usefulness of therapeutically targeting oxidative stress in myeloid malignancy.
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