1
|
Liu X, Yin W, Widjaya AS, Yang Y, Liu Y, Jiang Y. A practical strategy to subcutaneous administered in-situ gelling co-delivery system of arsenic and retinoic acid for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:633-642. [PMID: 34849168 PMCID: PMC8609443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) combined with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the first choice for the treatment of low and medium risk acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Clinical studies reported that the combination of ATO and ATRA could achieve a significant curative effect. However, the retinoic acid syndrome, serious drug resistance and the short half-life in vivo which lead to frequent and large dose administration limit the application of ATRA. In addition, the preparations of arsenic are conventional injections and tablets in clinic, which has poor patients' compliance caused by frequent long-term administration and serious side effects. In order to overcome the above limitations, a phospholipid phase separation gel (PPSG) loaded with ATO and ATRA was developed. ATO+ATRA-PPSG (AAP), as a biodegradable sustained-release delivery system, was the first achievement of co-delivery of hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA with high drug loading which is the main problem in the application of nano preparation. The prepared PPSG displayed high safety and biocompatibility. The drug in PPSG was released slowly and continuously in vivo and in vitro for up to 10 d, which could reduce the side effects caused by the fluctuation of blood drug concentration and solve the problem of the long treatment cycle and frequent administration. In vivo pharmacokinetics depicted that PPSG could improve the bioavailability, decrease the peak concentration, and prolong the t1/2 of ATO and ATRA. Particularly, AAP significantly inhibited the tumor volume, extended the survival period of tumor-bearing mice, and promoted the differentiation of APL cells into normal cells. Therefore, ATO+ATRA-PPSG not only could co-load hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA according to the clinical dosage, but also possessed the sustained-release and long-acting treatment effect which was expected to reduce administration time and ameliorate compliance of patients. Thus, it had great potential for clinical transformation and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| | - Weiwei Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| | - Andy Samuel Widjaya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| | - Yunhu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alfei S, Schito AM, Zuccari G. Nanotechnological Manipulation of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals for Healthy Purposes: Established Advantages vs. Still Undefined Risks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2262. [PMID: 34301020 PMCID: PMC8309409 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous foods, plants, and their bioactive constituents (BACs), named nutraceuticals and phytochemicals by experts, have shown many beneficial effects including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-cholesterol, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Producers, consumers, and the market of food- and plant-related compounds are increasingly attracted by health-promoting foods and plants, thus requiring a wider and more fruitful exploitation of the healthy properties of their BACs. The demand for new BACs and for the development of novel functional foods and BACs-based food additives is pressing from various sectors. Unfortunately, low stability, poor water solubility, opsonization, and fast metabolism in vivo hinder the effective exploitation of the potential of BACs. To overcome these issues, researchers have engineered nanomaterials, obtaining food-grade delivery systems, and edible food- and plant-related nanoparticles (NPs) acting as color, flavor, and preservative additives and natural therapeutics. Here, we have reviewed the nanotechnological transformations of several BACs implemented to increase their bioavailability, to mask any unpleasant taste and flavors, to be included as active ingredients in food or food packaging, to improve food appearance, quality, and resistance to deterioration due to storage. The pending issue regarding the possible toxic effect of NPs, whose knowledge is still limited, has also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, I-16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuccari G, Baldassari S, Alfei S, Marengo B, Valenti GE, Domenicotti C, Ailuno G, Villa C, Marchitto L, Caviglioli G. D-α-Tocopherol-Based Micelles for Successful Encapsulation of Retinoic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030212. [PMID: 33806321 PMCID: PMC7999664 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) represents the first-choice treatment for several skin diseases, including epithelial skin cancer and acne. However, ATRA's cutaneous side effects, like redness and peeling, and its high instability limit its efficacy. To address these drawbacks and to improve ATRA solubilization, we prepared ATRA-loaded micelles (ATRA-TPGSs), by its encapsulation in D-α-tocopheryl-polyethylene-glycol-succinate (TPGS). First, to explore the feasibility of the project, a solubility study based on the equilibrium method was performed; then, six ATRA-TPGS formulations were prepared by the solvent-casting method using different TPGS amounts. ATRA-TPGSs showed small sizes (11-20 nm), low polydispersity, slightly negative zeta potential, and proved good encapsulation efficiency, confirmed by a chemometric-assisted Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigation. ATRA-TPGS stability was also investigated to choose the most stable formulation. Using Carbopol® 980 as gelling agent, ATRA-TPGS-loaded gels were obtained and analyzed for their rheological profiles. Ex vivo release studies from ATRA-TPGSs were performed by Franz cells, demonstrating a permeation after 24 h of 22 ± 4 µ cm-2. ATRA-TPGSs showed enhanced cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells, suggesting that these formulations may represent a valid alternative to improve patient compliance and to achieve more efficacious therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Baldassari
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Giulia Elda Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine—DIMES, University of Genoa, Via Alberti L.B. 2, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.M.); (G.E.V.); (C.D.)
| | - Giorgia Ailuno
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Carla Villa
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Leonardo Marchitto
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Caviglioli
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.B.); (S.A.); (G.A.); (C.V.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kamel NM, Helmy MW, Samaha MW, Ragab D, Elzoghby AO. Multicompartmental lipid–protein nanohybrids for combined tretinoin/herbal lung cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2461-2479. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Multicompartmental lipid–protein nanohybrids (MLPNs) were developed for combined delivery of the anticancer drugs tretinoin (TRE) and genistein (GEN) as synergistic therapy of lung cancer. Materials & methods: The GEN-loaded lipid core was first prepared and then coated with TRE-loaded zein shell via nanoprecipitation. Results: TRE/GEN-MLPNs demonstrated a size of 154.5 nm. In situ ion pair formation between anionic TRE and the cationic stearyl amine improved the drug encapsulation with enhanced stability of MLPNs. TRE/GEN-coloaded MLPNs were more cytotoxic against A549 cancer cells compared with combined free GEN/TRE. In vivo, lung cancer bearing mice treated with TRE/GEN-MLPNs displayed higher apoptotic caspase activation compared with mice-treated free combined GEN/TRE. Conclusion: TRE/GEN-MLPNs might serve as a promising parenteral nanovehicles for lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayra M Kamel
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, 22516, Egypt
| | - Magda W Samaha
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ragab
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamel NM, Helmy MW, Abdelfattah EZ, Khattab SN, Ragab D, Samaha MW, Fang JY, Elzoghby AO. Inhalable Dual-Targeted Hybrid Lipid Nanocore–Protein Shell Composites for Combined Delivery of Genistein and All-Trans Retinoic Acid to Lung Cancer Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:71-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayra M. Kamel
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Maged W. Helmy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | | | - Sherine N. Khattab
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ragab
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Magda W. Samaha
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed O. Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Peng L, Chu J, Zhang M, Sun L, Zhong B, Wu Q. pH and redox dual-responsive copolymer micelles with surface charge reversal for co-delivery of all- trans-retinoic acid and paclitaxel for cancer combination chemotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6499-6515. [PMID: 30410335 PMCID: PMC6199233 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s179046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-delivery all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective strategy for cancer therapy. However, in many previous reported ATRA conjugated co-delivery systems, the ATRA was released slower than PTX, and the total drug release of ATRA far lower than that of PTX. PURPOSE We designed and prepared a pH and redox dual responsive drug delivery system (DA-ss-NPs) co-delivery ATRA and PTX for cancer therapy. The surface charge of DA-ss-NPs could change from negative to positive under tumor slightly acidic microenvironment, and both drugs could be quickly released from DA-ss-NPs under intracellular high concentration of glutathione (GSH). METHODS The DA-ss-NPs were constructed by encapsulating PTX into the hydrophobic core of the polymer micelles, in which the polymer was synthesized by conjugating ATRA and 2,3-Dimethylmalefic anhydride (DMA) on side chains of Cystamine dihydrochloride (Cys) modified PEG-b-PAsp (named DA-ss-NPs). The surface charge of DA-ss-NPs under different pH conditions were detected. And the drug release was also measured under different concentration of GSH. The therapeutic effect of DA-ss-NPs were investigated in Human lung cancer A549 cells and A549 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The zeta potential of DA-ss-NPs was -16.3 mV at pH 7.4, and which changed to 16 mV at pH 6.5. Cell uptake experiment showed that more DA-ss-NPs were internalized by A549 cells at pH 6.5 than that at pH 7.4. In addition, in presence of 10 mM GSH at pH 7.4, about 75%-85% ATRA was released from DA-ss-NPs within 48 h; but less than 20% ATRA was released without GSH. In vivo antitumor efficiency showed that the DA-ss-NPs could affectively inhibite the tumor in compared with control groups. CONCLUSION The charge-reversal and GSH-responsive DA-ss-NPs provide an excellent platform for potential tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223600, China
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shuyang People's Hospital, Suqian 223600, China
| | - Lianjun Peng
- Department of Respiratory, Central Hospital of Kaiping City, Kaiping 529300, China
| | - Jiahui Chu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China, , ,
| | - Lizhu Sun
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223600, China
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shuyang People's Hospital, Suqian 223600, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China, , ,
| | - Qiyong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China, , ,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Castleberry SA, Quadir MA, Sharkh MA, Shopsowitz KE, Hammond PT. Polymer conjugated retinoids for controlled transdermal delivery. J Control Release 2017; 262:1-9. [PMID: 28690160 PMCID: PMC5641977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a derivative of vitamin A, is a common component in cosmetics and commercial acne creams as well as being a first-line chemotherapeutic agent. Today, formulations for the topical application of ATRA rely on creams and emulsions to incorporate the highly hydrophobic ATRA drug. These strategies, when applied to the skin, deliver ATRA as a single bolus, which is immediately taken up into the skin and contributes to many of the known adverse side effects of ATRA treatment, including skin irritation and hair loss. Herein we present a new concept in topical delivery of retinoids by covalently bonding the drug through a hydrolytically degradable ester linkage to a common hydrophilic polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), creating an amphiphilic nanomaterial that is water-soluble. This PVA bound ATRA can then act as a pro-drug and accumulate within the skin to allow for the sustained controlled delivery of active ATRA. This approach was demonstrated to release active ATRA out to 10days in vitro while significantly enhancing dermal accumulation of the ATRA in explant pig skin. In vivo we demonstrate that the pro-drug formulation reduces application site inflammation compared to free ATRA and retains the drug at the application site at measurable quantities for up to six days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Castleberry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Mohiuddin A Quadir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Malak Abu Sharkh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Kevin E Shopsowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Orienti I, Falconi M, Teti G, Currier MA, Wang J, Phelps M, Cripe TP. Preparation and Evaluation of a Novel Class of Amphiphilic Amines as Antitumor Agents and Nanocarriers for Bioactive Molecules. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2722-35. [PMID: 27457066 PMCID: PMC5040747 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We describe a novel class of antitumor amphiphilic amines (RCn) based on a tricyclic amine hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic linear alkyl tail of variable length. Methods We tested the lead compound, RC16, for cytotoxicity and mechanism of cell death in several cancer cell lines, anti tumor efficacy in mouse tumor models, and ability to encapsulate chemotherapy drugs. Results These compounds displayed strong cytotoxic activity against cell lines derived from both pediatric and adult cancers. The IC50 of the lead compound, RC16, for normal cells including human keratinocytes, human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was tenfold higher than for tumor cells. RC16 exhibited significant antitumor effects in vivo using several human xenografts and a metastatic model of murine neuroblastoma by both intravenous and oral administration routes. The amphiphilic character of RC16 triggered a spontaneous molecular self-assembling in water with formation of micelles allowing complexation of Doxorubicin, Etoposide and Paclitaxel. These micelles significantly improved the in vitro antitumor activity of these drugs as the enhancement of their aqueous solubility also improved their biologic availability. Conclusions RC16 and related amphiphilic amines may be useful as a novel cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Mitch Phelps
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|