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Evaluation of the effect of nano-encapsulated lactoferrin on the expression of Bak and Bax genes in gastric cancer cell line AGS and study of the molecular docking of lactoferrin with these proteins. Gene 2023; 866:147355. [PMID: 36907277 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein with various biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-cancer, etc. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of nano-encapsulated lactoferrin (NE-Lf) on the expression of Bax and Bak genes was evaluated in stomach cancer cell line AGS using real-time PCR technique and cytotoxicity of NE-Lf on the growth cells as well as the molecular mechanism of these two genes and their proteins in the apoptosis pathway and the relationship between lactoferrin and these proteins were investigated by bioinformatics studies. In the viability test, the results showed that the growth inhibition effect of nano-lactoferrin was greater than lactoferrin in both concentrations, and chitosan had no inhibitory effect on the cells. In concentrations of 250 and 500 µg of NE-Lf Bax gene expression increased by 2.3 and 5 times, respectively, and Bak gene expression increased by 1.94 and 1.74 times, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the relative amount of gene expression between the treatments in both genes (P < 0.05). The binding mode of lactoferrin with Bax and Bak proteins was obtained using docking. According to docking results, the N-lobe region of lactoferrin interacts with the Bax protein, as well as the Bak protein. The results show that lactoferrin, in addition to acting on the gene, interacts with Bax and Bak proteins. Since two proteins are components of apoptosis, lactoferrin can induce apoptosis in this way.
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Akhtar N, Wani AK, Jan M, Sinha S, Devkota HP, Li Z, Amin-ul Mannan M, Prakash A. Lactoferrin and Activated Protein C: Potential Role in Prevention of Cancer Progression and Recurrence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2023; 12:86-99. [PMID: 37942258 PMCID: PMC10629726 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.12.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Existing therapeutic interventions for controlling cancer are limited and associated with side effects. Furthermore, the recurrence of cancer poses a significant challenge to the cure of cancer. Therefore, avenues are wanted to find novel therapies for cancer treatment and cancer recurrence. In this review, we have highlighted that lactoferrin (LF) and activated protein C (APC) carry enormous potential in cancer treatment. Studies have shown that the decreased level of APC and impaired function of APC are associated with cancer progression and cancer-related mortality. Moreover, APC plays an important role in preventing prothrombotic state-mediated cancer progression and deaths. LF can also inhibit the progression of cancer by controlling the generation of reactive oxygen species, triggering the apoptosis of cancer cells, arresting the cell cycle and hindering the angiogenesis process. Additionally, APC and LF could have the potential to inhibit neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formations which are involved in cancer progression and the reawakening of dormant cancer cells. Hence, in this review, the anticancer potential and mechanism of APC and LF along with their potential to mitigate inflammation and NETs-mediated cancer progression and recurrence has been discussed. Additionally, possible future strategies to develop effective and safe anticancer treatment using LF and APC have also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
| | - Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
| | - Musamey Jan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States of America.
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
- Headquarters for Admissions and Education, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, 2-39-1, Chuo-ku, Ku-mamoto 860-8555, Japan.
- Pharmacy Program, Gandaki University, Pokhara 33700, Nepal.
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States of America.
| | - Mohammad Amin-ul Mannan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute, UCLA Harbor Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA.
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States of America.
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Bovine Lactoferrin Induces Cell Death in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2187696. [PMID: 36092155 PMCID: PMC9463017 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2187696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a multifunctional protein widely associated with anticancer activity. Prostate cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer worldwide. This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of bLf on cell viability, cell cycle progression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and rate of apoptosis in the human prostate cancer cell line (DU-145). MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion were used to analyze cell viability. Morphological changes were analyzed through optical microscopy after 24 h and 48 h of bLf treatment. FITC-bLf internalization and cellular damage were observed within 24 h by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Cell cycle analyses were performed by flow cytometry and propidium iodide. For caspases 3/7 activation and reactive oxygen species production evaluation, cells were live-imaged using the high-throughput system Operetta. The cell viability assays demonstrated that bLf induces cell death and morphological changes after 24 h and 48 h of treatment compared to control on DU-145 cells. The bLf internalization was detected in DU-145 cells, G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle, caspase 3/7 activation, and increased oxidative stress on bLf-treated cells. Our data support that bLf has an important anticancer activity, thus offering new perspectives in preventing and treating prostate cancer.
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Santos-Pereira C, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Plasmalemmal V-ATPase as a Potential Biomarker for Lactoferrin-Based Anticancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010119. [PMID: 35053267 PMCID: PMC8773557 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a milk-derived protein with well-recognized potential as a therapeutic agent against a wide variety of cancers. This natural protein exhibits health-promoting effects and has several interesting features, including its selectivity towards cancer cells, good tolerability in humans, worldwide availability, and holding a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. To prompt the rational clinical application of this promising anticancer compound, previous works aimed to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying its selective anticancer activity, where plasmalemmal V-ATPase was identified as an Lf target in cancer cells. V-ATPase is a proton pump critical for cellular homeostasis that migrates to the plasma membrane of highly metastatic cancer cells contributing to the acidity of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells were found to be susceptible to Lf only when this proton pump is present at the plasma membrane. Plasmalemmal V-ATPase can thus be an excellent biomarker for driving treatment decisions and forecasting clinical outcomes of Lf-based anticancer strategies. Future research endeavors should thus seek to validate this biomarker by thorough preclinical and clinical studies, as well as to develop effective methods for its detection under clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253604310
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Lactoferrin reduces the risk of respiratory tract infections: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 45:26-32. [PMID: 34620326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of the key immunomodulatory substances found naturally in various body fluids, such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, and forms a vital part of the innate defense against invading pathogens. Various studies have demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of Lf and its protective role against respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The present meta-analysis aims to elucidate the association of Lf administration in reducing the risk of RTIs by systematically reviewing the data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline & CINAHL, Turning Research into Practice (TRIP), ProQuest Theses & Dissertations Databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from inception till March 15, 2021. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in respiratory illness; decrease in frequency, symptoms, and duration. Random-effects model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We used Cochrane's RoB-2 to appraise the risk of bias of included RCTs. RESULTS A total of nine RCTs were eligible for this review, of which six were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, two studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed a significantly reduced odds of developing respiratory infections with the use of Lf relative to the control (pooled odds ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.74, n = 1,194), with sufficient evidence against the hypothesis of 'no significant difference' at the current sample size. CONCLUSIONS The administration of Lf shows promising efficacy in reducing the risk of RTIs. Current evidence also favours Lf fortification of infant formula. Lf may also have a beneficial role in managing symptoms and recovery of patients suffering from RTIs and may have potential for use as an adjunct in COVID-19, however this warrants further evidence from a large well-designed RCT.
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Self-targeting nanotherapy based on functionalized graphene oxide for synergistic thermochemotherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:70-84. [PMID: 34186412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanotherapy based on thermochemotherapy has boomed as a promising alternative for oncotherapy due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, a lack of self-targeting capacity prevents nanotherapy from efficiently accumulating in tumor tissue and internalizing into tumor cells, resulting in a suboptimal therapeutic effect. To overcome these bottlenecks, a kind of methotrexate (MTX)-soybean phospholipid (SPC) inclusion complex (MTX-SPC)-modified graphene oxide (CGO) nanotherapy (CGO-MTX-SPC) is constructed by CGO nanosheets as a supporter for MTX-SPC, thereby realizing active-targeting and synergistic thermochemotherapy. As an FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drug, MTX can be regarded as a tumor-targeting enhancer against the folate receptor on account of its similar structure to folic acid (FA). The fabricated CGO-MTX-SPC has a sheet shape with a size of ca. 109 nm and tumor microenvironment-responsive on-demand drug release. It is worth noting that the physiological stability of CGO-MTX-SPC is better than that of CGO while displaying an improved photothermal effect. In addition, CGO-MTX-SPC can specifically recognize tumor cells and then achieve on-demand drug burst release by dual stimuli of internal lysosomal acidity and an external laser. Moreover, in vivo experimental results further demonstrate that CGO-MTX-SPC displays significant enrichment at the tumor location by active targeting mechanisms due to the introduction of MTX-SPC, endowing the synergistic thermochemotherapy effect upon 808 nm laser irradiation and almost thorough tumor elimination while significantly erasing undesirable side effects. Taken together, the design idea of our nanotherapy not only provides a potential tumor-targeting therapeutic strategy but also broadens the drug payload method of two-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Kusumaningrum CE, Widyasari EM, Sriyani ME, Wongso H. Pharmacological activities and potential use of bovine colostrum for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: A review. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e65537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk produced by cows after giving birth. It has been used to treat human diseases, such as infections, inflammations, and cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that bovine lactoferrin and bovine antibodies seem to be the most important bioactive constituents in BC. Thus, BC has also been reviewed for its potential to deliver short-term protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, it can potentially be explored as a precursor for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. To date, several bioactive peptides have been isolated from BC, including casocidin-1, casecidin 15 and 17, isracidin, caseicin A, B, and C. Like other peptides, bioactive peptides derived from BC could be used as a valuable precursor for radiopharmaceuticals either for diagnosis or therapy purposes. This review provides bovine colostrum’s biological activities and a perspective on the potential use of peptides from BC for developing radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine.
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Zafari M, Adibi M, Chiani M, Bolourchi N, Barzi SM, Shams Nosrati MS, Bahari Z, Shirvani P, Noghabi KA, Ebadi M, Rahimirad N, Shafiei M. Effects of cefazolin-containing niosome nanoparticles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formed on chronic wounds. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:035001. [PMID: 33650546 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abc7f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes significant mortality and morbidity in wound infections. Nanoparticles because of the drug concentration increment at the point of contact of nanoparticles and bacteria, and slower release of the drug at the desired location are considered as proper tools to overcome the therapeutic problem of antimicrobial-resistant infections. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm activity of cefazolin-loaded nanoparticles against MRSA isolates. The 27 clinical isolates of MRSA were collected from patients with pressure sores and diabetic ulcers referred to Loghman Hospital in Tehran-Iran. MRSA isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. Cefazolin-loaded niosome was synthesized using the thin-film hydration method and were characterized by zeta potential measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The round-shaped cefazolin-loaded niosomes had a diameter of 100 nm and a -63 mV zeta potential. The cefazolin-containing niosomes removed 1, 3, and 5 d old biofilms at the concentration of 128 µg ml-1, 128 µg ml-1, and 256 µg ml-1, respectively. Histological results indicated that BALB/c mice receiving cefazolin-loaded niosomes were treated effectively faster than those treated by cefazolin or untreated group. In conclusion, the cefazolin-loaded niosome could be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of biofilm-mediated infections of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zafari
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mahsa Adibi
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chiani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Bolourchi
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Barzi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Bahari
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Parisa Shirvani
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Ebadi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Rahimirad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Bacteriology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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