Utilization of PEGylated cerosomes for effective topical delivery of fenticonazole nitrate: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo assessment

Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations

Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.

Navigating Skin Delivery Horizon: An Innovative Approach in Pioneering Surface Modification of Ultradeformable Vesicles

In the dynamic landscape of pharmaceutical advancements, the strategic application of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the skin through topical and transdermal routes has emerged as a compelling avenue for therapeutic interventions. This non-invasive approach has garnered considerable attention in recent decades, with numerous attempts yielding approaches and demonstrating substantial clinical potential. However, the formidable barrier function of the skin, mainly the confinement of drugs on the upper layers of the stratum corneum, poses a substantial hurdle, impeding successful drug delivery via this route. Ultradeformable vesicles/carriers (UDVs), positioned within the expansive realm of nanomedicine, have emerged as a promising tool for developing advanced dermal and transdermal therapies. The current review focuses on improving the passive dermal and transdermal targeting capacity by integrating functionalization groups by strategic surface modification of drug-loaded UDV nanocarriers. The present review discusses the details of case studies of different surface-modified UDVs with their bonding strategies and covers the recent patents and clinical trials. The design of surface modifications holds promise for overcoming existing challenges in drug delivery by marking a significant leap forward in the field of pharmaceutical sciences.

Pectin nanoparticles loaded with nitric oxide donor drug: A potential approach for tissue regeneration

The process of wound healing and tissue regeneration involves several key mechanisms to ensure the production of new tissues with similar cellular functions. This study investigates the impact of pectin, a natural polysaccharide, and nebivolol hydrochloride (NBV), a nitric oxide (NO) donor drug, on wound healing. Utilizing ionotropic gelation, NBV-loaded pectin nanoparticles were developed following a 2231 full factorial design. The optimized formulation, determined using Design expert® software, exhibited an encapsulation efficiency percentage of 70.68%, zeta potential of -51.4 mV, and a particle size of 572 nm, characterized by a spherical, discrete morphology. An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the optimal formulation in wound healing compared to various controls. The results demonstrated the enhanced ability of the optimal formulation to accelerate wound healing. Moreover, histopathological examination further confirmed the formulation's benefits in tissue proliferation and collagen deposition at the wound site 15 days post-injury. This suggests that the developed formulation not only promotes faster healing but does so with minimal side effects, positioning it as a promising agent for effective wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Nanocomposite alginate hydrogel loaded with propranolol hydrochloride kolliphor® based cerosomes as a repurposed platform for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-(MRSA)-induced skin infection; in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-silico, and in-vivo evaluation

Nanocomposite alginate hydrogel containing Propranolol hydrochloride (PNL) cerosomes (CERs) was prepared as a repurposed remedy for topical skin Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. CERs were formed via an ethanol injection technique using different ceramides, Kolliphores® as a surfactant, and Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as a positive charge inducer. CERs were optimized utilizing 13. 22 mixed-factorial design employing Design-Expert® software, the assessed responses were entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP). The optimum CER, composed of 5 mg DDAB, ceramide VI, and Kolliphor® RH40 showed tubular vesicles with EE% of 92.91 ± 0.98%, PS of 388.75 ± 18.99 nm, PDI of 0.363 ± 0.01, and ZP of 30.36 ± 0.69 mV. Also, it remained stable for 90 days and manifested great mucoadhesive aspects. The optimum CER was incorporated into calcium alginate to prepare nanocomposite hydrogel. The ex-vivo evaluation illustrated that PNL was permeated in a more prolonged pattern from PNL-loaded CERs nanocomposite related to PNL-composite, optimum CER, and PNL solution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a perfect accumulation of fluorescein-labeled CERs in the skin. The in-silico investigation illustrated that the PNL was stable when mixed with other ingredients in the CERs and confirmed that PNL is a promising candidate for curing MRSA. Moreover, the PNL-loaded CERs nanocomposite revealed superiority over the PNL solution in inhibiting biofilm formation and eradication. The PNL-loaded CERs nanocomposite showed superiority over the PNL-composite for treating MRSA infection in the in-vivo mice model. Histopathological studies revealed the safety of the tested formulations. In conclusion, PNL-loaded CERs nanocomposite provided a promising, safe cure for MRSA bacterial skin infection.

A landscape of recent advances in lipid nanoparticles and their translational potential for the treatment of solid tumors

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are biocompatible drug delivery systems that have found numerous applications in medicine. Their versatile nature enables the encapsulation and targeting of various types of medically relevant molecular cargo, including oligonucleotides, proteins, and small molecules for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer. Cancers that form solid tumors are particularly relevant for LNP-based therapeutics due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect that allows nanoparticles to accumulate within the tumor tissue. Additionally, LNPs can be formulated for both locoregional and systemic delivery depending on the tumor type and stage. To date, LNPs have been used extensively in the clinic to reduce systemic toxicity and improve outcomes in cancer patients by encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs. Next-generation lipid nanoparticles are currently being developed to expand their use in gene therapy and immunotherapy, as well as to enable the co-encapsulation of multiple drugs in a single system. Other developments include the design of targeted LNPs to specific cells and tissues, and triggerable release systems to control cargo delivery at the tumor site. This review paper highlights recent developments in LNP drug delivery formulations and focuses on the treatment of solid tumors, while also discussing some of their current translational limitations and potential opportunities in the field.

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of nano sized cubosomal dispersion loaded with Ruta graveolens extracts as a novel approach to reduce asthma-mediated lung inflammation

Asthma is a chronic disease affecting people of all ages. Asthma medications are associated with adverse effects restricting their long-term usage, demanding newer alternative therapies. This study aimed to investigate the anti-asthmatic properties of Ruta graveolens extract and its prepared nano-cubosomal dispersion (Ruta-ND). Firstly, the R. graveolens methanolic extract exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BEAS-2B cells. To ensure best bioavailability and hence best cellular uptake, R. graveolens extract was loaded in nano-cubosomal dispersion (ND). Then, the anti-asthmatic effects of Ruta extract and ND were simultaneously evaluated in rats' model with ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. R. graveolens extract and Ruta-ND subsided asthma score and improved lung function by restoring FEV1/FVC ratio to the expected values in control rats. Also, it showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities manifested by lowering levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-4, IL-7, TGF-β, and Ig-E, and increasing levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and INF-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Our research findings also indicate autophagy induction and apoptosis inhibition by Ruta extract and Ruta-ND. Finally, the HPLC MS/MS phytochemical profiling of R. graveolens extract evident production of various alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and other phenolics with reported pharmacological properties corresponding to/emphasize our study findings. In conclusion, R. graveolens exhibited promise in managing Ova-induced allergic asthma and could be developed as an alternative anti-allergic asthma drug.

Capped flexosomes for prominent anti-inflammatory activity: development, optimization, and ex vivo and in vivo assessments

This study aimed to formulate diacerein (DCN)-loaded flexosomes for enhanced efficacy against osteoarthritis. A 23 D-optimal design was employed, investigating the impact of surfactant type (A), surfactant concentration (%w/v) (B), and oleylamine amount (mg) (C). Flexosomes were formulated using a rotary evaporator, and Design-Expert® software was utilized to statistically analyze entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential (ZP), poly-dispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) to determine the optimum formula. The selection criteria prioritized increased ZP (as absolute value) and EE%, coupled with decreased PDI and PS. Rigorous physicochemical, in vivo, and ex vivo tests were conducted to validate the safety, stability, and activity of the optimal formula. Physicochemical assessments encompassed pH measurement, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, release profiles, storage effects, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vivo tests included permeation studies, histopathology, anti-inflammatory activity, and skin irritancy, while ex vivo tests focused on permeation parameters and skin deposition. The optimum formula demonstrated high desirability (0.931), along with favorable EE% (90.93%), ZP (- 40.4 mV), particle size (188.55 nm), and sustained behavior. Notably, improved in vivo permeation (132 µm), skin deposition (193.43 µg/cm2), and antinociceptive activity (66%) compared to DCN suspension (48 µm, 66.31 µg/cm2, and 26%, respectively) were observed. The optimal formula also exhibited excellent safety and storage characteristics. In conclusion, DCN-loaded flexosomes exhibit significant potential for effectively managing osteoarthritis.

A comprehensive review on recent nanosystems for enhancing antifungal activity of fenticonazole nitrate from different routes of administration

This review aims to comprehensively highlight the recent nanosystems enclosing Fenticonazole nitrate (FTN) and to compare between them regarding preparation techniques, studied factors and responses. Moreover, the optimum formulae were compared in terms of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies in order to detect the best formula. FTN is a potent antifungal imidazole compound that had been used for treatment of many dangerous fungal infections affecting eye, skin or vagina. FTN had been incorporated in various innovative nanosystems in the recent years in order to achieve significant recovery such as olaminosomes, novasomes, cerosomes, terpesomes and trans-novasomes. These nanosystems were formulated by various techniques (ethanol injection or thin film hydration) utilizing different statistical designs (Box-Behnken, central composite, full factorial and D-optimal). Different factors were studied in each nanosystem regarding its composition as surfactant concentrations, surfactant type, amount of oleic acid, cholesterol, oleylamine, ceramide, sodium deoxycholate, terpene concentration and ethanol concentration. Numerous responses were studied such as percent entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), poly-dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and in vitro drug release. Selection of the optimum formula was based on numerical optimization accomplished by Design-Expert® software taking in consideration the largest EE %, ZP (as absolute value) and in vitro drug release and lowest PS and PDI. In vitro comparisons were done employing different techniques such as Transmission electron microscopy, pH determination, effect of gamma sterilization, elasticity evaluation and docking study. In addition to, ex vivo permeation, in vivo irritancy test, histopathological, antifungal activity and Kinetic study.

Syringeable atorvastatin loaded eugenol enriched PEGylated cubosomes in-situ gel for the intra-pocket treatment of periodontitis: statistical optimization and clinical assessment

Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) is a well-known anti-hyperlipidemic drug currently being recognized for possessing an anti-inflammatory effect. Introducing it as a novel remedy for periodontitis treatment necessitates developing a syringeable modified delivery system capable of targeting inflammation within the periodontal pockets. Thus, a 3³ Box-Behnken design was used to generate eugenol enriched PEGylated cubosomes. Based on the desirability function, the optimized formulation (OEEPC) was selected exhibiting a solubilization efficiency (SE%) of 97.71 ± 0.49%, particle size (PS) of 135.20 ± 1.11 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.09 ± 0.006, zeta potential (ZP) of -28.30 ± 1.84 mV and showing a sustained drug release over 12 h. It displayed a cubic structure under the transmission electron microscope, furthermore, it was stable upon storage for up to 30 days. Hence, it was loaded into an optimum syringeable in-situ gel (ISG) which displayed the desired periodontal gelation temperature (34 ± 0.70 °C) and an adequate gelation time (46 ± 2.82 sec), it also released approximately 75% of the drug within 72 h. Clinical evaluation of the ISG showed a promising percentage reduction of about 58.33% in probing depth, 90% in the bleeding index, 81.81% in the plaque index, and 70.21% in gingival levels of transforming growth factor-β1. This proved that the formulated syringeable intra-pocket delivery system of ATV is an efficient candidate for diminishing inflammation in periodontitis.

Recent trends and updates on ultradeformable and elastic vesicles in ocular drug delivery

Ocular drug delivery is enigmatic on account of various physiological precorneal barriers that ultimately hinder efficient drug penetration and corneal absorption. Ultradeformable vesicles embody non-ionic surfactants, edge activators and vesicular builders that provide enormous elasticity and deformability. The elastic vesicles can cross the ocular barriers owing to their peculiar squeezability and distorting ability and, thus, establish an infallible shot for ocular delivery. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements and updates of elastic vesicles as effective ocular drug delivery vehicles.

Brij® integrated bilosomes for improving the transdermal delivery of niflumic acid for effective treatment of osteoarthritis: In vitro characterization, ex vivo permeability assessment, and in vivo study

Bilosomes are innovative vesicular carriers containing bile salt with a non-ionic surfactant. Being highly flexible, bilosomes can squeeze themselves through the skin carrying the drug to the action site and improving its skin penetration. The objective of this research was to encapsulate niflumic acid (NA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug into Brij® integrated bilosomes (BIBs) for effective treatment of osteoarthritis through transdermal delivery. BIBs were formulated using 100 mg of Span 20 with different amounts of sodium cholate (NaC), sodium taurocholate (NaTC), or sodium glycocholate (NaGC) as bile salt, with the addition of 5 mg of Brij-93 or Brij-35. BIBs were prepared utilizing ethanol injection method with the application of (3¹×2²) complete factorial design using Design-Expert® software. The optimal BIBs formulation determined was (B5) which contains 5 mg of NaTC used as bile salt and 5 mg of Brij-93. B5 exhibited entrapment efficiency% = 95.21 ± 0.00%, particle size = 373.05 ± 0.07 nm, polydispersity index = 0.27 ± 0.01, and zeta potential = -32.00 ± 0.00 mV. It also had a high elasticity with a spherical shape. B5 gel displayed a sustained release profile with a significantly 2.3 folds' higher drug permeation percent across rat skin than that permeated from NA gel. Moreover, in vivo anti-osteoarthritic and histopathological studies assured the efficacy and safety of B5 gel and its superiority over NA gel. Generally, the outcomes confirmed the great efficacy of NA loaded BIBs for the topical treatment of osteoarthritis.

Investigating the Targeting Power to Brain Tissues of Intranasal Rasagiline Mesylate-Loaded Transferosomal In Situ Gel for Efficient Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

Rasagiline mesylate (RSM) is a hydrophilic drug with poor oral bioavailability (36%) because of hepatic first-pass metabolism. The present study focuses on delivering RSM directly to the brain through its inclusion within transferosomal in situ gel administered through the intranasal (IN) route. Transferosomes were formed by the thin-film hydration method with the aid of Design-Expert^® software by varying the edge activator (EA) type in the absence or presence of cholesterol. By desirability calculations, the optimum formulation was composed of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate as an EA (5:1% w/w) with no cholesterol. The optimum formulation was 198.63 ± 34.98 nm in size and displayed an entrapment efficiency of 95.73 ± 0.09%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed discrete and spherical vesicles. Optimized transferosomes were further incorporated into an in situ gel composed of 0.5% pectin, 15% Pluronic^® F-127, and 5% Pluronic^® F-68 and tested for the in vivo performance. The systemic as well as brain kinetics were assessed in rats by comparing the IN-administered in situ gel to the IV aqueous solution. The optimum in situ gel showed safety and biocompatibility on rats' nasal mucosa with enhanced brain bioavailability (131.17%). Drug targeting efficiency and direct transport percentage indices (304.53% and 67.16%, respectively) supported successful brain targeting offering direct nose-to-brain drug delivery.

Divalent metal ion removal from simulated water using sustainable starch aerogels: Effect of crosslinking agent concentration and sorption conditions

This paper evaluates corn starch aerogels, studying different crosslinking agent (trisodium citrate) concentrations (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2) and sorption conditions (contact time, adsorbent weight, and initial concentration) regarding the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) [Cd(II) or Zn(II)] adsorption of the aqueous systems. Besides, other properties of aerogels, such as structural properties, specific surface area, and mechanical performance, were evaluated. For adsorption results, better values were observed in adsorption capacity and efficiency for the initial concentration of 100 ppm. In addition, an adsorption time of 12 h and an adsorbent weight of 3.0 g obtained better results due to the possible balance in this time and the high specific surface area available for Cd(II) adsorption. As for the type of adsorbent, the Aero 1:1.5 sample (intermediate crosslinking agent concentration) obtained better results, possibly due to the high porosity, smaller pore sizes, high pore density, and high specific surface area (198 m²·g^-1). In addition, hydroxyl groups in the starch aerogel removed Cd(II) ions with 30 % adsorption efficiency. Lastly, Aero 1:1.5 obtained a high mechanical strength at compression and a satisfactory compressive modulus. In contrast, starch aerogels did not absorb the Zn(II) ion.

Pronounced capping effect of olaminosomes as nanostructured platforms in ocular candidiasis management

The aim of this study was to formulate and boost ocular targeting of Fenticonazole Nitrate (FTN)-loaded olaminosomes in order to improve drug corneal permeation and candidiasis treatment. Olaminosomes were formulated by ethanol injection technique applying a central composite design. The independent variables were: span 80 amount (mg) (A), oleylamine concentration (mg%) (B) and oleic acid: drug ratio (C). The dependent responses were: percent entrapment efficiency (EE %), particle size (PS), poly-dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and in vitro drug release after 10 hours (Q10h). Numerical optimization by Design-Expert® software was adopted to select the optimum formula. This formula was chosen based on highest EE %, ZP (as absolute value) and Q10h and lowest PS and PDI. The optimum formula was subjected to further in vitro characterization via Differential scanning calorimetry, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, pH determination, effect of storage, influence of terminal sterilization, detection of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and ex vivo corneal penetration analysis. Safety and antifungal activity of the optimum formula were tested through various in vivo studies like ocular irritancy, corneal tolerance, corneal uptake and susceptibility test. The optimum formula with the maximum desirability value (0.972) revealed EE% (84.24%), PS (117.55 nm), ZP (-74.85 mV) and Q10h (91.26%) respectively. The optimum formula demonstrated ocular tolerance with enhanced corneal penetration behavior (428.66 µg/cm²) and boosted antifungal activity (56.13%) compared to FTN suspension (174.66 µg/cm² and 30.83%). The previous results ensured the ability of olaminosomes to enhance the corneal penetration and antifungal efficacy of Fenticonazole Nitrate.

Repurposing levocetirizine hydrochloride loaded into cationic ceramide/phospholipid composite (CCPCs) for management of alopecia: central composite design optimization, in- silico and in-vivo studies

Levocetirizine hydrochloride (LVC) is an antihistaminic drug that is repurposed for the treatment of alopecia. This investigation is targeted for formulating LVC into cationic ceramide/phospholipid composite (CCPCs) for the management of alopecia. CCPCs were fabricated by ethanol-injection approach, through a central composite experiment. CCPCs were evaluated by inspecting their entrapment efficiency (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP). The optimum CCPCs were additionally studied by in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-silico, and in-vivo studies. The fabricated CCPCs had acceptable EE%, PS, PDI, and ZP values. The statistical optimization elected optimum CCPCs composed of 5 mg hyaluronic acid, 10 mg ceramide III, and 5 mg dimethyldidodecylammonium bromide employing phytantriol as a permeation enhancer. The optimum CCPCs had EE%, PS, PDI, and ZP of 88.36 ± 0.34%, 479.00 ± 50.34 nm, 0.377 ± 0.0035, and 20.20 ± 1.13 mV, respectively. The optimum CCPC maintained its stability for up to 90 days. It also viewed vesicles of tube shape via transmission electron microscope. The in-silico assessment resulted in better interaction and stability between LVC and vesicle components in water. The ex-vivo and in-vivo assessments showed satisfactory skin retention of LVC from optimum CCPCs. The histopathological assessment verified the safety of optimum CCPCs to be topically applied. Overall, the optimum CCPCs could be utilized as a potential system for the topical management of alopecia, with a prolonged period of activity, coupled with reduced LVC shortcomings.

Corneal targeted fenticonazole nitrate-loaded novasomes for the management of ocular candidiasis: Preparation, in vitro characterization, ex vivo and in vivo assessments

The purpose of this manuscript was to develop and optimize Fenticonazole Nitrate (FTN)-loaded novasomes aiming to enhance drug corneal penetration and to improve its antifungal activity. Ethanol injection was used to formulate FTN-loaded novasomes adopting a central composite design. The researched factors were: stearic acid concentration (g%) (A), span 80: drug ratio (B) and cholesterol amount (mg) (C), and their effects on percent entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), poly-dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and in vitro drug release after 8 hours (Q8h) were studied. Numerical optimization by Design-Expert® software was employed to select the optimum formula in respect to highest EE%, ZP (as absolute value), and Q8h >80% and lowest PS and PDI. Additional evaluation of the optimum formula was accomplished by short term stability study, effect of gamma sterilization, determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and ex vivo corneal permeation study. The in vivo evaluation of the optimum formula was done to ensure its safety via in vivo ocular irritancy and in vivo corneal tolerance studies. Also, the efficacy was confirmed through in vivo corneal uptake study and susceptibility test. The optimum formula with the highest desirability value (0.738) showed EE% (94.31%), PS (197.05 nm), ZP (-66.95 mV) and Q8h (85.33%). It revealed to be safe, with augmented corneal permeation (527.98 µg/cm²) that leads to higher antifungal activity. The above results confirmed the validity of novasomes to improve the corneal permeation and antifungal activity of Fenticonazole Nitrate.

Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation

It was found that propranolol hydrochloride (PNL), which is a beta-blocker used for hypertension treatment, has a potent spermicidal activity through local anesthetic activity or beta-blocking effect on sperm cells subsequently it could be used as a contraceptive remedy. This study aimed to entrap PNL into invasomes (INVs) and then formulate it as a locally acting contraceptive gel. PNL-loaded mucoadhesive INVs were prepared via the thin-film hydration technique. The D-optimal design was utilized to fabricate INVs employing lipid concentration (X₁), terpenes concentration (X₂), terpenes type (X₃), and chitosan concentration (X₄) as independent variables, while their impact was observed for entrapment efficiency percent (Y₁; EE%), particle size (Y₂; PS), zeta potential (Y₃; ZP), and amount of drug released after 6 h (Y₄; Q6h). Design Expert® was bestowed to nominate the desired formula. The selected INV was subjected to further studies and formulated into a mucoadhesive gel for ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations. The optimum INV showed a spherical shape with EE% of 65.01 ± 1.24%, PS of 243.75 ± 8.13 nm, PDI of 0.203 ± 0.01, ZP of 49.80 ± 0.42 mV, and Q6h of 53.16 ± 0.73%. Differential scanning calorimetry study asserted the capability of INVs to entrap PNL. Permeation studies confirmed the desired sustained effect of PNL-loaded INVs-gel compared to PNL-gel, INVs, and PNL solution. Sperm motility assay proved the potency of INVs-gel to inhibit sperm motility. Besides, the histopathological investigation verified the tolerability of the prepared INVs-gel. Taken together, the gained data justified the efficacy of PNL-loaded INVs-gel as a potential locally acting contraceptive.

Advanced Vesicular Systems for Antifungal Drug Delivery

Fungal infections are considered one of the most serious conditions as their occurrence has increased lately. Fungi like Candida, Fusarium, and Aspergillus species mostly affect immunocompromised patients as they are considered opportunistic pathogens. These infections can be superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic fungal infections that require specific treatment. There is a wide variety of antifungal drugs that can be used to cure fungal infections; however, most of them have many systemic side effects due to their physicochemical characteristics and high toxicity profile. Hence, the current review focuses on various advanced vesicular carriers with high biocompatibility that can encapsulate the antifungal drugs owing to increase their efficacy and limit the undesirable side effects. These advanced systems can manage stability, solubility, bioavailability, safety, and effectiveness issues present in conventional systems.

Inclusion of a Phytomedicinal Flavonoid in Biocompatible Surface-Modified Chylomicron Mimic Nanovesicles with Improved Oral Bioavailability and Virucidal Activity: Molecular Modeling and Pharmacodynamic Studies

Morin hydrate (MH) is a widely-used Asian phytomedicinal flavonoid with a wide range of reported therapeutic activities. However, MH has limited oral bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability, which in turn hinders its potential antiviral activity. The study reported herein was designed to encapsulate MH in polyethyleneglycolated (PEGylated) chylomicrons (PCMs) and to boost its antiviral activity and biological availability for oral administration using a rat experimental model. The PEGylated edge activator combined with the conventional components of chylomicrons (CMs) amplify the transport of the drug across the intestine and its circulation period, hence its therapeutic impact. The implementation of variables in the in vitro characterization of the vesicles was investigated. Using Design Expert^® software, a 2⁴ factorial design was conducted, and the resulting PCM formulations were fabricated utilizing a thin-film hydration technique. The efficacy of the formulations was assessed according to their zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency percentage (EE%), amount of drug released after 8 h (Q8h), and particle size (PS) data. Formulation F9, which was deemed to be the optimal formula, used compritol as the lipidic core together in defined amounts with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Brij52. Computer-aided studies revealed that MH alone in a suspension had both diminished intestinal permeability and absorption, but was enhanced when loaded in PCMs. This was affirmed by the superiority of formulation F9 results in ex vivo permeation and pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, formulation F9 had a superior safety profile and antiviral activity over a pure MH suspension. Molecular-docking studies revealed the capability of MH to inhibit MERS-CoV 3CL^pro, the enzyme shown to exhibit a crucial role in viral replication. Additionally, F9 suppressed both MERS-CoV-induced histopathological alteration in lung tissue and resulting oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers. Collectively, the results reported herein affirmed the potential of PCMs as nanocarriers for the effective oral administration of MH as an antiviral.

Spironolactone hyaluronic acid enriched cerosomes (HAECs) for topical management of hirsutism: in silico studies, statistical optimization, ex vivo, and in vivo studies

Spironolactone (SP) is a potassium sparing diuretic with antiandrogenic properties. This study aimed at formulating SP into hyaluronic acid enriched cerosomes (HAECs) for topical management of hirsutism. HAECs were prepared by ethanol injection method, according to D-optimal design, after a proper in silico study. HAECs were evaluated by measuring their entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), and polydispersity index (PDI). Optimal hyaluronic acid enriched cerosomes (OHAECs) were subjected to further in vitro and ex-vivo and in-vivo studies. The in silico study concluded better interactions between SP and phosphatidyl choline in presence of hyaluronic acid (HA) and high stability of their binding in water. The prepared HAECs had acceptable EE%, PS, and PDI values. The statistical optimization process suggested OHAEC containing 10.5 mg ceramide III and 15 mg HA, utilizing Kolliphor^® RH40. OHAEC had EE% and PS of 89.3 ± 0.3% and 261.8 ± 7.0 nm, respectively. OHAEC was stable for up to 3 months. It also showed a mixed tubular and vesicular appearance under transmission electron microscope. The ex vivo and in vivo studies concluded better skin deposition and accumulation of SP from OHAEC. The histopathological study demonstrated the safety of OHAEC for topical application. Therefore, OHAEC could be considered as effective system for topical application of SP to manage hirsutism, with prolonged action, coupled with minimized side effects.

Tailoring Terpesomes and Leciplex for the Effective Ocular Conveyance of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Comparative Assessment): In-vitro, Ex-vivo, and In-vivo Evaluation

Aim

To compare the ability of both terpesomes (TPs) and leciplex (LPs) loaded moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOX) for enhancing ocular drug conveyance.

Methods

Two separate 2¹.3¹ full-factorial trials were established to determine the influence of multiple variables upon nanovesicles properties and select the optimized formulae using Design Expert^® software. The thin-film hydration method was used to formulate TPs, while the single-step procedure was used for LPs. All formulae were characterized for their entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size distribution (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). Then, the optimized formulae were selected, evaluated, and compared for additional assessments.

Results

The optimized formulae TP4 and LP1 showed EE% of 84.14±0.21 and 78.47±0.17%, PS of 578.65±5.65 and 102.41±3.39 nm, PDI of 0.56±0.04 and 0.28±0.01, ZP of -12.50±0.30 and 32.50±0.50 mV, respectively. Further, LP1 showed enhanced corneal permeation across cow cornea compared to MOX solution and TP4. Besides, confocal laser scanning microscopy assessment viewed valuable infiltration from the fluoro-labeled LP through corneal layers compared to TP. LP1 showed spherical morphology and, its ability to adhere to mucus membranes was justified. Further, LP1 showed superiority over MOX solution in biofilm inhibition and eradication in addition to the treatment of infected mice with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus without any inflammatory response. Finally, the histopathological study verified the harmlessness and biocompatibility of the assembled LPs.

Conclusion

The gained outcomes confirmed the capability of utilizing LPs as a successful nanovesicle for the ocular conveyance of MOX over TPs and MOX solution.

Co-delivery of methotrexate and nicotinamide by cerosomes for topical psoriasis treatment with enhanced efficacy

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder that affects populations worldwide. Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic drug with powerful anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects that has gained prominence in treating inflammatory diseases including psoriasis. However, low solubility and side effects through oral administration hinder its systemic application. In this study, we developed a novel niosomes based on ceramide (cerosomes) to co-deliver MTX and nicotinamide (NIC), i.e., MTX/NIC cerosomes, for topically treating psoriasis with the aim to enhancing the efficacy and reducing the toxicity. NIC significantly solublized MTX by forming hydrogen bonds with MTX. In vitro and in vivo permeation studies showed that the cerosomes significantly promoted drug permeation through and retention in the skin, and the enhancing mechanism was clarified by Fourier transform infraredand Raman spectroscopy. MTX/NIC cerosomes exhibited strong anti-proliferation effect on lipopolysaccharide- irritated HaCaT cells by arresting the cell cycle at S phase and inducing apoptosis. Importantly, compared to MTX oral administration, topical application of MTX/NIC cerosomes on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic mouse model exhibited a superior performance in ameliorating skin lesions, reducing spleen index and epidermal thickness, and downregulating the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-22. Taken together, MTX/NIC cerosomes is a promising approach for psoriasis topical treatment.

Investigation of the Potential of Nebivolol Hydrochloride-Loaded Chitosomal Systems for Tissue Regeneration: In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Assessment

In this study, we evaluated the synergistic effect of nebivolol hydrochloride (NVH), a third-generation beta-blocker and NO donor drug, and chitosan on the tissue regeneration. Ionic gelation method was selected for the preparation of NVH-loaded chitosomes using chitosan lactate and sodium tripolyphosphate. The effect of different formulation variables was studied using a full factorial design, and NVH entrapment efficiency percentages and particle size were selected as the responses. The chosen system demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (73.68 ± 3.61%), small particle size (404.05 ± 11.2 nm), and good zeta potential value (35.6 ± 0.25 mV). The best-achieved formula demonstrated spherical morphology in transmission electron microscopy and amorphization of the crystalline drug in differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Cell culture studies revealed a significantly higher proliferation of the fibroblasts in comparison with the drug suspensions and the blank formula. An in vivo study was conducted to compare the efficacy of the proposed formula on wound healing. The histopathological examination showed the superiority of NVH-loaded chitosomes on the wound proliferation and the non-significant difference in the collagen deposition after 15 days of the injury to that of intact skin. In conclusion, NVH-loaded chitosomes exhibited promising results in enhancing skin healing and tissue regeneration.

Norfloxacin loaded nano-cubosomes for enhanced management of otitis externa: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

The research's goal is to design and formulate nano-structured cubosomes loaded with norfloxacin (NFX)formanagement of otitis externa. In this study, glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as lipid phase, Cremophor EL as surfactant and either Pluronic F108 or Pluronic F127 as stabilizer were the used ingredients. The nano-cubosomal formulation "CUB 1" (its dispersed phase is composed of GMO (95%), Cremophor EL (2.5%) and Pluronic F108 (2.5%)) was the best achieved one. It had small particles size (216.75 ± 2.47 nm), good polydispersity index (0.339 ± 0.012) and acceptable zeta potential (-41.2 ± 2.262 mV). Images obtained after transmission electron microscopy examination ensured nearly cubic shape of formed nanoparticles with excellent dispersibility. Moreover, micrographs of rabbit ear skin specimens examined by confocal laser microscopy ensured good permeation capability of nano-structured cubosomes.In addition, in vivoskin deposition results revealed that higher amount of NFX was deposited in the rabbit ear skin throughout the study period (10 h) compared to drug suspension. Additionally, histopathological results proved that NFX loaded cubosomes can be safely applied topically on ear skin without any signs of inflammation nor skin irritation. Accordingly, these results anticipated the nano-structured cubosomal capabilities as a favorable nano-carrier for dermal NFX delivery to external ear skin for enhancing the management of otitis externa.

Clinical comparative study of optimized metronidazole loaded lipid nanocarrier vaginal emulgel for management of bacterial vaginosis and its recurrence

The main focus of the current work was to design, evaluate and clinically compare the efficiency of novel metronidazole (MTD) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) vaginal emulgel with the marketed vaginal gel (Metron^®) against Bacterial vaginosis (BV). Eight formulations were fabricated using 2³ full factorial design and prepared by stearic acid and tween 80 as solid lipid and surfactant, respectively. Lipid and surfactant concentrations in addition to sonication amplitude were chosen as the independent variables (X₁–X₃). Then, the prepared MTD loaded SLNs were evaluated based on the dependent variables which were particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and cumulative % drug release for 24 h (Y₁–Y₅). The in vitro release study exhibited a sustained release of MTD from the SLNs up to 24 h. The optimal MTD loaded SLNs showed nanosized particles (256 nm) with EE% (52%), and an acceptable ZP value (−29.5 mV). Also, the optimized MTD-SLNs formulation was incorporated into Carbopol emulgel and investigated clinically for its effect against BV. Clinical studies recorded significant enhancement in therapeutic response of MTD from optimized SLNs vaginal emulgel formulation regarding the clinical treatment (p < .05) and low recurrence rate (p < .001) against the marketed product. In conclusion, our findings recommend that the fabricated MTD loaded SLNs vaginal emulgel have significant therapeutic effect in terms of BV management over commercially obtainable marketed vaginal gel (Metron^®).