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Narala S, Ali Youssef AA, Munnangi SR, Narala N, Lakkala P, Vemula SK, Repka M. 3D printing in vaginal drug delivery: a revolution in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38236621 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2306139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food and Drug Administration's approval of the first three-dimensional (3D) printed tablet, Spritam®, led to a burgeoning interest in using 3D printing to fabricate numerous drug delivery systems for different routes of administration. The high degree of manufacturing flexibility achieved through 3D printing facilitates the preparation of dosage forms with many actives with complex and tailored release profiles that can address individual patient needs. AREAS COVERED This comprehensive review provides an in-depth look into the several 3D printing technologies currently utilized in pharmaceutical research. Additionally, the review delves into vaginal anatomy and physiology, 3D-printed drug delivery systems for vaginal applications, the latest research studies, and the challenges of 3D printing technology and future possibilities. EXPERT OPINION 3D printing technology can produce drug-delivery devices or implants optimized for vaginal applications, including vaginal rings, intra-vaginal inserts, or biodegradable microdevices loaded with drugs, all custom-tailored to deliver specific medications with controlled release profiles. However, though the potential of 3D printing in vaginal drug delivery is promising, there are still challenges and regulatory hurdles to overcome before these technologies can be widely adopted and approved for clinical use. Extensive research and testing are necessary to ensure safety, effectiveness, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Preethi Lakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Michael Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Carter D, Better M, Abbasi S, Zulfiqar F, Shapiro R, Ensign LM. Nanomedicine for Maternal and Fetal Health. Small 2023:e2303682. [PMID: 37817368 PMCID: PMC11004090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Conception, pregnancy, and childbirth are complex processes that affect both mother and fetus. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that in the United States alone, roughly 11% of women struggle with infertility and 16% of pregnancies involve some sort of complication. This presents a clear need to develop safe and effective treatment options, though the development of therapeutics for use in women's health and particularly in pregnancy is relatively limited. Physiological and biological changes during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy impact biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy, further complicating the process of administration and delivery of therapeutics. In addition to the complex pharmacodynamics, there is also the challenge of overcoming physiological barriers that impact various routes of local and systemic administration, including the blood-follicle barrier and the placenta. Nanomedicine presents a unique opportunity to target and sustain drug delivery to the reproductive tract and other relevant organs in the mother and fetus, as well as improve the safety profile and minimize side effects. Nanomedicine-based approaches have the potential to improve the management and treatment of infertility, obstetric complications, and fetal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davell Carter
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marina Better
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saed Abbasi
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fareeha Zulfiqar
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Shapiro
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M. Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Biomedical Engineering, Oncology, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Almomen A, Badran M, Alhowyan AA, Alkholief M, Alshamsan A. Imiquimod-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Di-Block and Tri-Block Polymeric Nanoparticles Loaded In Situ Gel for the Management of Cervical Cancer. Gels 2023; 9:713. [PMID: 37754394 PMCID: PMC10530705 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the predisposing factor for cervical cancer (CC), is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be treated with imiquimod (IMQ). However, poor water solubility and side effects such as local inflammation can render IMQ ineffective. The aim of this study is to design a prolonged release nano system in combination with mucoadhesive-thermosensitive properties for an effective vaginal drug delivery. METHODS Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly lactide-co-caprolactone (PLA-PCL), and poly L-lactide-co-caprolactone-co-glycolide (PLGA-PCL) were used to create IMQ nanoparticles. Chitosan (CS) was then added to the surfaces of the IMQ NPs for its mucoadhesive properties. The NPs were then incorporated into poloxamer hydrogels. The NPs' size and morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE), in vitro drug release, gel characterization, ex vivo drug permeation, and in vitro safety and efficacy were characterized. RESULTS Two batches of NPs were prepared, IMQ NPs and CS-coated NPs (CS-IMQ NPs). In general, both types of NPs were uniformly spherical in shape with average particle sizes of 237.3 ± 4.7 and 278.2 ± 5.4 nm and EE% of 61.48 ± 5.19% and 37.73 ± 2.88 for IMQ NPs and CS-IMQ NPs, respectively. Both systems showed prolonged drug release of about 80 and 70% for IMQ NPs and CS-IMQ NPs, respectively, within 48 h. The gelation temperatures for the IMQ NPs and CS-IMQ NPs were 30 and 32 °C, respectively; thus, suitable for vaginal application. Although ex vivo permeability showed that CS-IMQ NPs showed superior penetration compared to IMQ NPs, both systems enhanced drug penetration (283 and 462 µg/cm2 for IMQ NPs and CS-IMQ NPs, respectively) relative to the control (60 µg/cm2). Both systems reduced the viability of cervical cancer cells, with a minimal effect of the normal vaginal epithelium. However, IMQ NPs exhibited a more pronounced cytotoxic effect. Both systems were able to reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines by at least 25% in comparison to free IMQ. CONCLUSION IMQ and CS-IMQ NP in situ gels enhanced stability and drug release, and improved IMQ penetration through the vaginal tissues. Additionally, the new systems were able to increase the cytotoxic effect of IMQ against CC cells with a reduction in inflammatory responses. Thus, we believe that these systems could be a good alternative to commercial IMQ systems for the management of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah Almomen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Adel Ali Alhowyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Musaed Alkholief
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
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Smoleński M, Muschert S, Haznar-Garbacz D, Małolepsza-Jarmołowska K. Nanoemulsion Loaded with Clotrimazole Based on Rapeseed Oil for Potential Vaginal Application-Development, Initial Assessment, and Pilot Release Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051437. [PMID: 37242679 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal candidiasis (VC) is an emerging global hardly treated health issue affecting millions of women worldwide. In this study, the nanoemulsion consisting of clotrimazole (CLT), rapeseed oil, Pluronic F-68, Span 80, PEG 200, and lactic acid was prepared using high-speed and high-pressure homogenization. Yielded formulations were characterized by an average droplet size of 52-56 nm, homogenous size distribution by volume, and a polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.2. The osmolality of nanoemulsions (NEs) fulfilled the recommendations of the WHO advisory note. NEs were stable throughout 28 weeks of storage. The stationary and dynamic (USP apparatus IV) pilot study of the changes of free CLT over time for NEs, as well as market cream and CLT suspension as references, were conducted. Test results of the changes in the amount of free CLT released from the encapsulated form were not coherent; in the stationary method, NEs yielded up to 27% of the released CLT dose within 5 h, while in the USP apparatus IV method, NEs released up to 10% of the CLT dose. NEs are promising carriers for vaginal drug delivery in the treatment of VC; however, further development of the final dosage form and harmonized release or dissolution testing protocols are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Smoleński
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Haznar-Garbacz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Čačić A, Amidžić Klarić D, Keser S, Radiković M, Rukavina Z, Jøraholmen MW, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Škalko-Basnet N, Šegvić Klarić M, Vanić Ž. A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Aerobic Vaginitis: Azithromycin Liposomes-in-Chitosan Hydrogel. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051356. [PMID: 37242598 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible mucoadhesive formulations that enable a sustained drug delivery at the site of action, while exhibiting inherent antimicrobial activity, are of great importance for improved local therapy of vaginal infections. The aim of this research was to prepare and evaluate the potential of the several types of azithromycin (AZM)-liposomes (180-250 nm) incorporated into chitosan hydrogel (AZM-liposomal hydrogels) for the treatment of aerobic vaginitis. AZM-liposomal hydrogels were characterized for in vitro release, and rheological, texture, and mucoadhesive properties under conditions simulating the vaginal site of application. The role of chitosan as a hydrogel-forming polymer with intrinsic antimicrobial properties was explored against several bacterial strains typical for aerobic vaginitis as well as its potential effect on the anti-staphylococcal activity of AZM-liposomes. Chitosan hydrogel prolonged the release of the liposomal drug and exhibited inherent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, it boosted the antibacterial effect of all tested AZM-liposomes. All AZM-liposomal hydrogels were biocompatible with the HeLa cells and demonstrated mechanical properties suitable for vaginal application, thus confirming their potential for enhanced local therapy of aerobic vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Čačić
- Microbiology and Biology Laboratory, PLIVA Croatia Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sabina Keser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Radiković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zora Rukavina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - May Wenche Jøraholmen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Vanić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Patel R, Yadav BK, Patel G. Progresses in Nano-Enabled Platforms for the Treatment of Vaginal Disorders. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2023; 17:208-227. [PMID: 35762539 DOI: 10.2174/1872210516666220628150447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common vaginal disorders are within the uterus. According to the latest statistics, vaginal disorders occur in 50% to 60% of females. Although curative treatments rely on surgical therapy, still first-line treatment is a non invasive drug. Conventional therapies are available in the oral and parenteral route, leading to nonspecific targeting, which can cause dose-related side effects. Vaginal disorders are localized uterine disorders in which intrauterine delivery via the vaginal site is deemed the preferable route to mitigate clinical drug delivery limitations. OBJECTIVE This study emphasizes the progress of site-specific and controlled delivery of therapeutics in the treatment of vaginal disorders and systemic adverse effects as well as the therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Related research reports and patents associated with topics are collected, utilized, and summarized the key findings. RESULTS The comprehensive literature study and patents like (US 9393216 B2), (JP6672370B2), and (WO2018041268A1) indicated that nanocarriers are effective above traditional treatments and have some significant efficacy with novelty. CONCLUSION Nowadays, site-specific and controlled delivery of therapeutics for the treatment of vaginal disorders is essential to prevent systemic adverse effects and therapeutic efficacy would be more effective. Nanocarriers have therefore been used to bypass the problems associated with traditional delivery systems for the vaginal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Bindu Kumari Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat 388421, India
| | - Gayatri Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat 388421, India
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Teaima MH, Eltabeeb MA, El-Nabarawi MA, Abdellatif MM. Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2549-2560. [PMID: 35912869 PMCID: PMC9347470 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It was found that propranolol hydrochloride (PNL), which is a beta-blocker used for hypertension treatment, has a potent spermicidal activity through local anesthetic activity or beta-blocking effect on sperm cells subsequently it could be used as a contraceptive remedy. This study aimed to entrap PNL into invasomes (INVs) and then formulate it as a locally acting contraceptive gel. PNL-loaded mucoadhesive INVs were prepared via the thin-film hydration technique. The D-optimal design was utilized to fabricate INVs employing lipid concentration (X1), terpenes concentration (X2), terpenes type (X3), and chitosan concentration (X4) as independent variables, while their impact was observed for entrapment efficiency percent (Y1; EE%), particle size (Y2; PS), zeta potential (Y3; ZP), and amount of drug released after 6 h (Y4; Q6h). Design Expert® was bestowed to nominate the desired formula. The selected INV was subjected to further studies and formulated into a mucoadhesive gel for ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations. The optimum INV showed a spherical shape with EE% of 65.01 ± 1.24%, PS of 243.75 ± 8.13 nm, PDI of 0.203 ± 0.01, ZP of 49.80 ± 0.42 mV, and Q6h of 53.16 ± 0.73%. Differential scanning calorimetry study asserted the capability of INVs to entrap PNL. Permeation studies confirmed the desired sustained effect of PNL-loaded INVs-gel compared to PNL-gel, INVs, and PNL solution. Sperm motility assay proved the potency of INVs-gel to inhibit sperm motility. Besides, the histopathological investigation verified the tolerability of the prepared INVs-gel. Taken together, the gained data justified the efficacy of PNL-loaded INVs-gel as a potential locally acting contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moaz A Eltabeeb
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Menna M Abdellatif
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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Jøraholmen MW, Damdimopoulou P, Acharya G, Škalko-Basnet N. Toxicity Assessment of Resveratrol Liposomes-in-Hydrogel Delivery System by EpiVaginal TM Tissue Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061295. [PMID: 35745867 PMCID: PMC9231258 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES) has shown great potential as an antimicrobial, including against microbes associated with vaginal infections. To fully exploit the activities of RES, an all-natural ingredients formulation for RES delivery at vaginal site has been developed, namely liposomes loaded with RES, incorporated into a chitosan hydrogel as secondary vehicle. Although considered non-toxic and safe on their own, the compatibility of the final formulation must be evaluated for its biocompatibility and non-irritancy to the vaginal mucosa. As a preclinical safety assessment, the impact of RES formulation on the tissue viability, the effect on barrier function and cell monolayer integrity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the cell-based vaginal tissue model, the EpiVaginal™ tissue. RES liposomes-in-hydrogel formulations neither affected the mitochondrial activity, nor the integrity of the cell monolayer in RES concentration up to 60 µg/mL. Moreover, the barrier function was maintained to a greater extent by RES in formulation, emphasizing the benefits of the delivery system. Additionally, none of the tested formulations expressed an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity compared to the non-treated tissues. The evaluation of the RES delivery system suggests that it is non-irritant and biocompatible with vaginal tissue in vitro in the RES concentrations considered as therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Wenche Jøraholmen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.D.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-776-23376
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.D.); (G.A.)
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
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Tong X, Patel SK, Li J, Patton D, Xu E, Anderson PL, Parikh U, Sweeney Y, Strizki J, Hillier SL, Rohan LC. Development and Evaluation of Nanoparticles-in-Film Technology to Achieve Extended In Vivo Exposure of MK-2048 for HIV Prevention. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061196. [PMID: 35335526 PMCID: PMC8955144 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MK-2048 is a second-generation integrase inhibitor active against HIV, which has been applied vaginally using ring formulations. In this work, a nanoparticle-in-film technology was developed as a discrete pre-exposure prophylactic product option against HIV for an extended duration of use. A film platform loaded with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PNP) encapsulating MK-2048 was engineered. MK-2048 PNPs were loaded into films that were manufactured via the solvent casting method. Physicochemical and mechanical properties, in vitro efficacy, Lactobacillus compatibility, in vitro and ex vivo permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in macaques were evaluated. PNPs with a mean diameter of 382.2 nm and −15.2 mV zeta potential were obtained with 95.2% drug encapsulation efficiency. PNP films showed comparable in vitro efficacy to free MK-2048 (IC50 0.46 vs. 0.54 nM) and were found to have no impact on Lactobacillus. MK-2048 encapsulated in PNPs showed an increase in permeability (>4-fold) compared to the free MK-2048 in MDCKII cell lines. Furthermore, PNPs had higher ectocervical tissue permeability (1.7-fold) compared to free MK-2048. PNP films showed sustained drug levels for at least 3 weeks in the macaque vaginal fluid. This work demonstrates the synergy of integrating nanomedicine and polymeric film technology to achieve sustained vaginal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.T.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (E.X.)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.T.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (E.X.)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.T.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (E.X.)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Dorothy Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (D.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Elaine Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.T.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (E.X.)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Urvi Parikh
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Yvonne Sweeney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (D.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Julie Strizki
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.T.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (E.X.)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (U.P.); (S.L.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-641-6108
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Dedeloudi A, Siamidi A, Pavlou P, Vlachou M. Recent Advances in the Excipients Used in Modified Release Vaginal Formulations. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15010327. [PMID: 35009472 PMCID: PMC8745980 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of an ideal vaginal drug delivery system (DDS), with the requisite properties, with respect to safety, efficacy, patient compliance, aesthetics, harmonization with the regulatory requirements, and cost, requires a meticulous selection of the active ingredients and the excipients used. Novel excipients defined by diversity and multifunctionality are used in order to ameliorate drug delivery attributes. Synthetic and natural polymers are broadly used in pharmaceutical vaginal formulations (solid, semi-solid dosage forms, implantable devices, and nanomedicines) with a promising perspective in improving stability and compatibility issues when administered topically or systemically. Moreover, the use of biopolymers is aiming towards formulating novel bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable DDSs with a controllable drug release rate. Overviewing vaginal microenvironment, which is described by variable and perplexed features, a perceptive choice of excipients is essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the excipients used in modified vaginal drug delivery formulations, in an attempt to aid the formulation scientist in selecting the optimal excipients for the preparation of vaginal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Dedeloudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107274674
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Albash R, Elmahboub Y, Baraka K, Abdellatif MM, Alaa-Eldin AA. Ultra-deformable liposomes containing terpenes (terpesomes) loaded fenticonazole nitrate for treatment of vaginal candidiasis: Box-Behnken design optimization, comparative ex vivo and in vivo studies. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1514-1523. [PMID: 33108907 PMCID: PMC7594706 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1837295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenticonazole nitrate (FTN) is a potent antifungal drug adopted in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. It has inadequate aqueous solubility hence, novel ultra-deformable liposomes 'Terpesomes' (TPs) were developed that might prevail over FTN poor solubility besides TPs might abstain the obstacles of mucus invasion. TPs were assembled by thin-film hydration then optimized by Box Behnken design utilizing terpenes ratio (X1), sodium deoxycholate amount (X2), and ethanol concentration (X3) as independent variable, whereas their impact was inspected for entrapment efficiency (Y1), particle size (Y2), and polydispersity index (Y3). Design Expert® was bestowed to select the optimal TP for more studies. The optimal TP had entrapment efficiency of 62.18 ± 1.39%, particle size of 310.00 ± 8.16 nm, polydispersity index of 0.20 ± 0.10, and zeta potential of -10.19 ± 0.2.00 mV. Elasticity results were greater in the optimal TP related to classical bilosomes. Further, ex vivo permeation illustrated tremendous permeability from the optimal TP correlated to classical bilosomes, and FTN suspension. Besides, in vivo assessment displayed significant inhibition effect in rats from FTN-TPs gel compared to FTN gel. The antifungal potency with undermost histopathological variation was detected in rats treated with FTN-TPs gel. Overall, the acquired findings verified the potency of utilizing FTN-TPs gel for treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofida Albash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmina Elmahboub
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Baraka
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Behira, Egypt
| | - Menna M Abdellatif
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Adel Alaa-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum university, Elfayoum, Egypt
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Sánchez-López E, Gómara MJ, Haro I. Nanotechnology-Based Platforms for Vaginal Delivery of Peptide Microbicides. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:4356-4379. [PMID: 33297908 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666201209095753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal drug delivery offers an opportunity for effective microbicide treatments. However, the physiological characteristics of the vagina represent a challenge when preparing microbicide formulations for local delivery that avoid systemic effects. OBJECTIVE To review recent advances in vaginal microbicides placing special emphasis on nanocarriers that encapsulate peptide microbicides. The review includes an overview of local treatment and prevention strategies for bactericidal, fungal, protozoal and viral vaginal infections that use peptide microbicides. METHODS Scientific literature and clinical trials published in the PubMed database since 2015 are analyzed. RESULT Peptide microbicides are used for vaginal drug delivery as a means of prevention and treatment of several infectious diseases, especially sexually transmitted infections, and it is clear that such peptide-based microbicides constitute a suitable strategy. Their combination with nanotechnological drug delivery systems improves local peptide administration while avoiding their degradation and adverse effects. To date, only a few polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers have been used for peptide microbicide vaginal delivery. CONCLUSION The combination of nanotechnology and peptide microbicides has emerged over recent years, and different platforms are being used for vaginal peptide delivery. Nanostructured systems for peptide delivery via vaginal rings or hydrogels are increasingly used as platforms capable of providing suitable drug delivery. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about nanocarriers aimed at encapsulating peptides for local microbicide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC- CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC- CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Smoleński M, Karolewicz B, Gołkowska AM, Nartowski KP, Małolepsza-Jarmołowska K. Emulsion-Based Multicompartment Vaginal Drug Carriers: From Nanoemulsions to Nanoemulgels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6455. [PMID: 34208652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations associated with vaginal administration of drugs, e.g., the short contact time of the drug form with the mucosa or continuous carrier wash-out, the development of new carriers for gynecological use is necessary. Furthermore, high individual anatomical and physiological variability resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of lipophilic active substances requires application of multicompartment drug delivery systems. This manuscript provides an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature on emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms (EVDF) including macroemulsions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, multiple emulsions and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. The first part of the paper discusses (i) the influence of anatomical-physiological conditions on therapeutic efficacy of drug forms after local and systemic administration, (ii) characterization of EVDF components and the manufacturing techniques of these dosage forms and (iii) methods used to evaluate the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of emulsion-based vaginal dosage forms. The second part of the paper presents (iv) the results of biological and in vivo studies as well as (v) clinical evaluation of EVDF safety and therapeutic efficacy across different indications.
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Abidin IZ, Rezoagli E, Simonassi-Paiva B, Fehrenbach GW, Masterson K, Pogue R, Cao Z, Rowan N, Murphy EJ, Major I. A Bilayer Vaginal Tablet for the Localized Delivery of Disulfiram and 5-Fluorouracil to the Cervix. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121185. [PMID: 33291349 PMCID: PMC7762309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to develop an adjuvant therapy in the form of a self-administered vaginal tablet regimen for the localized delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. This therapy will help to reduce relapse by eradicating cancerous cells in the margin of cervical tumors. The vaginal tablet is a very common formulation that is easy to manufacture, easy to place in the vagina, and has a low cost of manufacture, making them ideal for use in developing countries. A combination of disulfiram and 5-fluorouracil, which are both off-patent drugs and provide different modes of action, were evaluated. The tablets developed were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, swelling index, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle morphology, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity on Ca-Ski cells. Both layers were designed to release both drugs concurrently for a synergistic effect. The polymer–polymer interaction between the layers was able to reduce the loss of formulation due to chitosan. While the bilayer tablet had satisfactory performance in the physicochemical tests, in vitro cell culture with Ca-Ski also showed a synergistic effect using a combination of drugs at a low dose. However, the formulation only had 24-h dose release before degradation. Further drug combinations should be evaluated in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismin Zainol Abidin
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 1–20126 Monza, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bianca Simonassi-Paiva
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Gustavo Waltzer Fehrenbach
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Kevin Masterson
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Robert Pogue
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
- Post-Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Zhi Cao
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-906-48-3084
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15
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Abilova GK, Kaldybekov DB, Irmukhametova GS, Kazybayeva DS, Iskakbayeva ZA, Kudaibergenov SE, Khutoryanskiy VV. Chitosan/Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Films with Ciprofloxacin for Application in Vaginal Drug Delivery. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1709. [PMID: 32268504 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CHI) and chitosan/poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (CHI/POZ)-based films were prepared by casting from aqueous solutions of polymer blends with different compositions. Ciprofloxacin was used as a model drug in these formulations. The weight, thickness, folding endurance and transparency of blend films were measured and characterised. All films had a uniform thickness (0.06 ± 0.01 mm) and exhibited sufficient flexibility. The surface pHs of films ranged from 3.76 ± 0.49 to 4.14 ± 0.32, which is within the pH range suitable for vaginal applications. The cumulative release of the drug from the films in experiments in vitro was found to be 42 ± 2% and 56 ± 1% for pure CHI and CHI/POZ (40:60) films, respectively. Drug-free chitosan/poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) films showed weak antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Drug-loaded CHI and CHI/POZ films showed good antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Mucoadhesive properties of these films with respect to freshly excised sheep vaginal mucosa were evaluated using a tensile method. It was established that all films were mucoadhesive, but an increase in POZ content in the blend resulted in a gradual reduction of their ability to stick to vaginal mucosa. These films could potentially find applications in vaginal drug delivery.
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16
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Mahjabeen S, Hatipoglu MK, Kosanke SD, Garcia-Contreras D, Benbrook DM, Garcia-Contreras L. Vaginal Suppositories Containing SHetA2 to Treat Cervical Dysplasia: Pharmacokinetics of Daily Doses and Preliminary Safety Profile. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2000-2008. [PMID: 32113976 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SHetA2 is a new drug with potential to treat cervical dysplasia, but only 0.02% of the dose is absorbed into the cervix after oral administration. By contrast, 23.9% of the dose is absorbed into the cervix after vaginal administration. This study determines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters after daily vaginal doses of SHetA2 in suppositories and assesses its safety. Daily dosed mice maintained therapeutic concentrations of SHetA2 in the cervix for 65 h. The steady-state area under the curve concentration versus time (AUCcervix) after the last dose was similar to that after a single dose indicating that there was no drug accumulation in the cervix. By contrast, the maximum drug concentration (Cmax-cervix) was smaller in the daily dosed group (52.19 μg/g) than after a single dose (121.84 μg/g), whereas the half-life (t1/2-cervix) was also shorter in the daily dosed group (9.94 h) than after a single dose (23.32 h). Notably, daily vaginal doses of SHetA2 reduced the levels of cyclin D1 (the pharmacodynamic endpoint) to a larger extent (∼45%) than after the administration of a single dose (∼26%). No adverse effects were observed in the mice for the duration of the study; thus, daily vaginal doses of SHetA2 appear to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Mahjabeen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Manolya Kukut Hatipoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104; Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stanley D Kosanke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | | | - Doris M Benbrook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Lucila Garcia-Contreras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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17
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Fernandes T, Baxi K, Sawarkar S, Sarmento B, das Neves J. Vaginal multipurpose prevention technologies: promising approaches for enhancing women's sexual and reproductive health. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:379-393. [PMID: 32036727 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1728251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) have the potential to avert multiple concomitant sexual and reproductive health issues in women such as sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. MPTs incorporate one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single product, which adds more convenience for users and may promote increased adherence. Various vaginal dosage forms/delivery systems have been studied for designing MPTs. However, several challenges remain that are mainly related to requirements of individual drugs or intended multiple applications.Areas covered: This review focuses on the emerging need and development of vaginal MPTs. It illustrates numerous examples that are currently in the preclinical and clinical development pipeline, highlighting the concept behind vaginal MPTs. The article also highlights the challenges associated with formulation design and development, including regulatory issues that need to be addressed.Expert opinion: Vaginal MPTs present great potential to empower women with novel, efficient, and safe products for protection against sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. However, several technological issues and regulatory gaps still need to be addressed in order to meet real-world needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinette Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai,India
| | - Krishna Baxi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai,India
| | - Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai,India
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
| | - José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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Koutsamanis I, Paudel A, Nickisch K, Eggenreich K, Roblegg E, Eder S. Controlled-Release from High-Loaded Reservoir-Type Systems-A Case Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Progesterone. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E103. [PMID: 32013050 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reservoir systems (drug-loaded core surrounded by drug-free membrane) provide long-term controlled drug release. This is especially beneficial for drug delivery to specific body regions including the vagina. In this study, we investigated the potential of reservoir systems to provide high drug release rates over several weeks. The considered model system was an intra-vaginal ring (IVR) delivering progesterone (P4) in the mg/day range using ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) as release rate-controlling polymers. To circumvent the high material needs associated with IVR manufacturing, we implemented a small-scale screening procedure that predicts the drug release from IVRs. Formulations were designed based on the solubility and diffusivity of P4 in EVAs with varying vinyl acetate content. High in-vitro P4 release was achieved by i) high P4 solubility in the core polymer; ii) high P4 partition coefficient between the membrane and the core; and/or iii) low membrane thicknesses. It was challenging for systems designed to release comparatively high fractions of P4 at early times to retain a constant drug release over a long time. P4 crystal dissolution in the core could not counterbalance drug diffusion through the membrane and drug crystal dissolution was found to be the rate-limiting step. Overall, high P4 release rates can be achieved from EVA-based reservoir systems.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal drug delivery approach represents one of the imperative strategies for local and systemic delivery of drugs. The peculiar dense vascular networks, mucus permeability, and range of physiological characteristics of the vaginal cavity have been exploited for therapeutic benefit. Furthermore, the vaginal drug delivery has been curtailed due to the influence of different physiological factors like acidic pH, constant cervical secretion, microflora, cyclic changes during periods along with turnover of mucus of varying thickness. OBJECTIVE This review highlights advancement of nanomedicine and its prospective progress towards the clinic. METHODS Relevant literature reports and patents related to topics are retrieved and used. RESULT The extensive literature search and patent revealed that nanocarriers are efficacious over conventional treatment approaches. CONCLUSION Recently, nanotechnology based drug delivery approach has promised better therapeutic outcomes by providing enhanced permeation and sustained drug release activity. Different nanoplatforms based on drugs, peptides, proteins, antigens, hormones, nucleic material, and microbicides are gaining momentum for vaginal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Fahima Dilnawaz
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar -751023, Odisha, India
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20
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Peet MM, Agrahari V, Anderson SM, Hanif H, Singh ON, Thurman AR, Doncel GF, Clark MR. Topical Inserts: A Versatile Delivery Form for HIV Prevention. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E374. [PMID: 31374941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of topical inserts for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), represents a promising alternative to oral and parenteral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) dosage forms. They may be used for vaginal and/or rectal administration of a variety of agents with antiviral activity. Topical inserts deliver drugs to the portal of viral entry, i.e., the genital or rectal mucosa, with low systemic exposure, and therefore are safer and have fewer side effects than systemic PrEP agents. They may dissolve fast, releasing the active drugs within minutes of insertion, or slowly for long-acting drug delivery. Furthermore, they are user-friendly being easy to administer, discreet and highly portable. They are also economical and easy to manufacture at scale and to distribute, with excellent stability and shelf-life. Altogether, topical inserts represent a particularly promising form of drug delivery for HIV and STI prevention. Highlighted within this review are end-user acceptability research dedicated to understanding preferred attributes for this form of drug delivery, advantages and disadvantages of the formulation platform options, considerations for their development, clinical assessment of select placebo prototypes, future directions, and the potential impact of this dosage form on the HIV prevention landscape.
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Vanić Ž, Rukavina Z, Manner S, Fallarero A, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Amidžić Klarić D, Bogdanov A, Raffai T, Virok DP, Filipović-Grčić J, Škalko-Basnet N. Azithromycin-liposomes as a novel approach for localized therapy of cervicovaginal bacterial infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5957-5976. [PMID: 31440052 PMCID: PMC6679693 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s211691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient localized cervicovaginal antibacterial therapy, enabling the delivery of antibiotic to the site of action at lower doses while escaping systemic drug effects and reducing the risk of developing microbial resistance, is attracting considerable attention. Liposomes have been shown to allow sustained drug release into vaginal mucosa and improve delivery of antibiotics to bacterial cells and biofilms. Azithromycin (AZI), a potent broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic, has not yet been investigated for localized therapy of cervicovaginal infections, although it is administered orally for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Encapsulation of AZI in liposomes could improve its solubility, antibacterial activity, and allow the prolonged drug release in the cervicovaginal tissue, while avoiding systemic side effects. Purpose The objective of this study was to develop AZI-liposomes and explore their potentials for treating cervicovaginal infections. Methods AZI-liposomes that differed in bilayer elasticity/rigidity and surface charge were prepared and evaluated under simulated cervicovaginal conditions to yield optimized liposomes, which were assessed for antibacterial activity against several planktonic and biofilm-forming Escherichia coli strains and intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis, ex vivo AZI vaginal deposition/penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity toward cervical cells. Results Negatively charged liposomes with rigid bilayers (CL-3), propylene glycol liposomes (PGL-2) and deformable propylene glycol liposomes (DPGL-2) were efficient against planktonic E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12. CL-3 was superior for preventing the formation of E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12 biofilms, with IC50 values (concentrations that inhibit biofilm viability by 50%) up to 8-fold lower than those of the control (free AZI). DPGL-2 was the most promising for eradication of already formed E. coli biofilms and for treating C. trachomatis infections. All AZI-liposomes were biocompatible with cervical cells and improved localization of the drug inside vaginal tissue compared with the control. Conclusion The performed studies confirm the potentials of AZI-liposomes for localized cervicovaginal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Vanić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zora Rukavina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suvi Manner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi and University of Helsinki, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Peter Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jelena Filipović-Grčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Ortega-Peña S, Mendoza-Muñoz N, Urbán-Morlán Z, González-Torres M, González-Del Carmen M, Figueroa-González G, Reyes-Hernández OD, Cortés H. Modifications in Vaginal Microbiota and Their Influence on Drug Release: Challenges and Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050217. [PMID: 31064154 PMCID: PMC6571606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal drug delivery represents an attractive alternative to achieve local and systemic effects due to the high contact surface exposed, the mucoadhesion of the epithelium, and the high innervation that facilitates the absorption of drugs into the bloodstream. However, despite the confinement of the vaginal cavity, it is an organ with a highly variable microenvironment. Mechanical alterations such as coitus, or chemical changes such as pH and viscosity, modify the release of drugs. In addition, changes in vaginal microbiota can influence the entire vaginal microenvironment, thus determining the disposition of drugs in the vaginal cavity and decreasing their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the influence of microorganisms on vaginal homeostasis can change the pre-established scenario for the application of drugs. This review aims to provide an explanation of normal vaginal microbiota, the factors that modify it, its involvement in the administration of drugs, and new proposals for the design of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms. Finally, challenges and opportunities directed toward the conception of new effective formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - María L Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, FES-Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico.
| | - Silvestre Ortega-Peña
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Zaida Urbán-Morlán
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Maykel González-Torres
- CONACyT-Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico.
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico.
| | | | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- CONACyT-Laboratorio de Genómica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Av. San Fernando 22, Tlalpan, Sección XVI, 14080 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Octavio D Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico.
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico.
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23
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Jøraholmen MW, Basnet P, Tostrup MJ, Moueffaq S, Škalko-Basnet N. Localized Therapy of Vaginal Infections and Inflammation: Liposomes-In-Hydrogel Delivery System for Polyphenols. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E53. [PMID: 30691199 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polyphenols, such as resveratrol (RES) or epicatechin (EPI), are attractive for treatments of various diseases, including vaginal infections and inflammation, because of their strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their low solubility and consequent poor bioavailability limit their therapeutic uses. To overcome these limitations, a vaginal delivery system comprising either RES or EPI liposomes-in-hydrogel was developed. This system permits therapeutic action of both liposomal polyphenol (RES or EPI) and chitosan-based hydrogel. Liposomes of around 200 nm and entrapment efficiency of 81% and 77% for RES and EPI, respectively, were incorporated into chitosan hydrogel, respectively. Medium molecular weight chitosan (2.5%, w/w) was found to have optimal texture properties and mucoadhesiveness in ex vivo conditions. The in vitro release studies confirmed the sustained release of polyphenols from the system. Both liposomal polyphenols and polyphenols-in-liposomes-in-hydrogel exhibited only minor effects on cell toxicity. EPI showed superior radical scavenging activity at lower concentrations compared to antioxidants vitamin C and E. Anti-inflammatory activity expressed as the inhibitory activity of formulations on the NO production in the LPS-induced macrophages (RAW 264.7) confirmed the superiority of EPI liposomes-in-hydrogel. The plain liposomes-in-hydrogel also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that chitosan hydrogel acts in synergy regarding anti-inflammatory effect of formulation.
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24
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Mahjabeen S, Hatipoglu MK, Benbrook DM, Garcia-Contreras L. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Escalating Doses of SHetA2 After Vaginal Administration to Mice. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3179-3186. [PMID: 30196041 PMCID: PMC6342475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SHetA2 is a novel compound with strong potential to treat cervical dysplasia, but its low aqueous solubility limits its oral bioavailability. A vaginal suppository achieved SHetA2 cervix concentrations that were severalfold above the predicted therapeutic levels. Thus, we aimed at determining the minimum dose that would achieve SHetA2 therapeutic levels while reducing cyclin D1 levels, the pharmacodynamic end point. The disposition of SHetA2 after vaginal administration of escalating SHetA2 doses and the corresponding reduction in cyclin D1 levels was compared to that after the conventional oral treatment. Vaginal administration of a 15-mg/kg dose achieved an area under the cervix concentration versus time curve (AUCcervix) that was ∼120 times larger than that after a 60 mg/kg administered orally. AUCcervix and Cmax-cervix did not increase proportionally with respect to the dose, with the 30-mg/kg dose resulting in higher AUCcervix and Cmax-cervix (1368.53 μg.mL/h and 155.38 μg/g, respectively) compared to the 15 mg/kg (334.98 μg.mL/h and 121.78 μg/g, respectively) or 60 mg/kg (1178.55 μg.mL/h and 410.38 μg/g, respectively). Likewise, the 30-mg/kg dose caused a larger reduction in cyclin D1 levels than the other doses. Thus, the 30-mg/kg dose was selected for future efficacy studies in a mouse model of cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Mahjabeen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901
| | - Manolya Kukut Hatipoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901
| | - Doris M Benbrook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901
| | - Lucila Garcia-Contreras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126-0901.
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25
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Abstract
Vaginal delivery of antimicrobial drugs is the most effective method for the local treatment of the vaginal infections. However, current vaginal drug delivery systems (VDDS), including gel, lotion, aerosol and cream, are suffering from low penetration in the deep vaginal rugae and easy elimination by self-cleaning of vaginal canal. To address these issues, a foam aerosol based on the thermal transformation was designed to improve penetration efficiency and achieve the extended retention. The expansible thermal gelling foam aerosol (ETGFA) consisting of thermal sensitive matrix, silver nanoparticle, adhesive agent and propellant, was optimized by evaluations of precursor viscosity, foam expansion, thermal gelation, gel adhesiveness, antimicrobial effects and tissue irritation. The ETGFA would penetrate to the deep vaginal rugae to cover the infectious sites by foam expansion. Drug leakage was intended to be avoided by the thermal gelation at physiological temperature before foam collapse. The gel could be retained in the vaginal canal for extended time due to its superior adhesiveness when compared to the commercial gel Asimi®. The ETGFA provided extended drug release for over 4 h and maintained effective drug concentrations at the infectious sites. The ETGFA containing silver nanoparticles showed dose-dependent antimicrobial effects on the vaginal floras and irritation reduction to the vaginal tissues. The results demonstrated that the ETGFA could overcome the limitations of conventional dosage forms, including poor drug penetration, carrier retention and patient compliance and satisfied the requirements for vaginal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Mei
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jintian Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Siqin Yu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ying Huang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yecheng Xie
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hui Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xin Pan
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Abstract
Liposomal vaginal drug delivery systems are important strategy in the treatment of both topical and systemic diseases. The aim of this study was to develop a vaginal delivery system for benzydamine hydrochloride (BNZ) loaded liposomes dispersed into mucoadhesive gels. The delivery system was also designed for a once a day dosage and to obtain controlled release of the BNZ. For this purpose BNZ containing gel formulations using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M and Carbopol® 974P, which are composed of polymers that show promising potential as mucoadhesive vaginal delivery systems, were developed. In addition, a BNZ containing liposome formulation was developed for vaginal administration. To improve the vaginal retention time, liposome was incorporated in HPMC K100M and Carbopol® 974P gel formulations. This system is called lipogel. The developed BNZ liposomes have a slightly negative zeta potential (-1.50±0.16 mV), a 2.25±0.009 µm particle size and a 34% entrapment efficiency. These gels and lipogels have appropriate pH, viscosity, textural properties and mucoadhesive value for vaginal administration. Lipogels were found to be the best formulations for in vitro diffusion and ex vivo mucoadhesion. The work of mucoadhesion obtained from liposomes was in the range of 0.027±0.045 and 0.030±0.017 mJ/cm2, while the value obtained from lipogels was between 0.176±0.037 and 0.243±0.53 mJ/cm2. N1 and N2 lipogel formulations diffused 57 and 67% of BNZ respectively at the end of 24 h. Moreover, a higher mucoadhesion, which increases drug residence time in comparison to liposomes, could improve BNZ efficacy. In conclusion, BNZ mucoadhesive vaginal lipogel formulations can be promising alternatives to traditional dosage forms for vaginal topical therapy.
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Gong T, Zhang W, Parniak MA, Graebing PW, Moncla B, Gupta P, Empey KM, Rohan LC. Preformulation and Vaginal Film Formulation Development of Microbicide Drug Candidate CSIC for HIV prevention. J Pharm Innov 2017; 12:142-54. [PMID: 28983328 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-017-9274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5-chloro-3-[phenylsulfonyl] indole-2-carboxamide (CSIC) is a highly potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1 which has been shown to have a more desirable resistance profile than other NNRTIs in development as HIV prevention strategies. This work involves generation of preformulation data for CSIC and systematic development of a cosolvent system to effectively solubilize this hydrophobic drug candidate. This system was then applied to produce a polymeric thin film solid dosage form for vaginal administration of CSIC for use in prevention of sexual acquisition of HIV. METHODS Extensive preformulation, formulation development, and film characterization studies were conducted. An HPLC method was developed for CSIC quantification. Preformulation tests included solubility, crystal properties, stability, and drug-excipient compatibility. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using both human epithelial and mouse macrophage cell lines. Ternary phase diagram methodology was used to identify a cosolvent system for CSIC solubility enhancement. Following preformulation evaluation, a CSIC film formulation was developed and manufactured using solvent casting technique. The developed film product was assessed for physicochemical properties, anti-HIV bioactivity, and Lactobacillus biocompatibility during 12-month stability testing period. RESULTS Preformulation studies showed CSIC to be very stable. Due to its hydrophobicity, a cosolvent system consisting of polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, and glycerin (5:2:1, w/w/w) was developed, which provided a uniform dispersion of CSIC in the film formulation. The final film product met target specifications established for vaginal microbicide application. CONCLUSIONS The hydrophobic drug candidate CSIC was successfully formulated with high loading capacity in a vaginal film by means of a cosolvent system. The developed cosolvent strategy is applicable for incorporation of other hydrophobic drug candidates in the film platform.
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Meng J, Zhang T, Agrahari V, Ezoulin MJ, Youan BBC. Comparative biophysical properties of tenofovir-loaded, thiolated and nonthiolated chitosan nanoparticles intended for HIV prevention. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1595-612. [PMID: 24405490 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study is designed to test the hypothesis that tenofovir-loaded (an anti-HIV microbicide) chitosan-thioglycolic acid-conjugated (CS-TGA) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit superior biophysical properties for mucoadhesion compared with those of native CS NPs. MATERIALS & METHODS The NPs are prepared by ionotropic gelation. The particle mean diameter, encapsulation efficiency and release profile are analyzed by dynamic light scattering and UV spectroscopy, respectively. The cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and uptake mechanism are assessed on VK2/E6E7 and End1/E6E7 cell lines by colorimetry/fluorimetry, and percentage mucoadhesion is assessed using porcine vaginal tissue. RESULTS The mean diameter of the optimal NP formulations ranges from 240 to 252 nm, with a maximal encapsulation efficiency of 22.60%. Tenofovir release from CS and CS-TGA NPs follows first-order and Higuchi models, respectively. Both NPs are noncytotoxic in 48 h. The cellular uptake, which is time dependent, mainly occurs via the caveolin-mediated pathway. The percentage of mucoadhesion of CS-TGA NPs is fivefold higher than that of CS NPs, and reached up to 65% after 2 h. CONCLUSION Collectively, CS-TGA NPs exhibit superior biophysical properties and can potentially maximize the retention time of a topical microbicide, such as tenofovir, intended for the prevention of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Meng
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines & Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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