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Kovačić J, Klarić DA, Turk N, Mornar A. Size exclusion chromatography as green support for forced degradation study of adalimumab. Acta Pharm 2023; 73:709-721. [PMID: 38147477 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has become a powerful tool for analysing size variants of biologic drugs in their native form. Modern SEC can be defined by the use of chromatographic columns packed with sub-3 µm particles, allowing an increase in method throughput compared to that of conventional SEC. We performed the forced degradation study of adalimumab, the first genetically engineered fully humanised immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, and evaluated tha possibilities of an advanced SEC column packed with sub-3 µm particles for elucidation of the degradation pathway. Our results revealed the main adalimumab degradation products to be antibody fragments. Acidic and basic conditions had the most intensive effect on the degradation of the adalimumab while the drug exhibits relative stability under thermal and photolytic stress conditions. The AGREE and AGREEprep calculators were used for the evaluation of the environmental performance of the forced degradation procedure. The results of the green score evaluation are presented as round pictograms with a circle in the centre that shows the overall score of 0.81 and 0.61, respectively. Both pictograms are highlighted in green, indicating the eco-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kovačić
- 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikša Turk
- 2Clinical Hospital Zagreb Department of Gastroenterology, 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ana Mornar
- 1University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Benčić Đ, Barbarić M, Mornar A, Klarić DA, Brozovic A, Dabelić S, Fadljević M, Marković AK. Oleuropein in olive leaf, branch, and stem extracts: stability and biological activity in human cervical carcinoma and melanoma cells. Acta Pharm 2023; 73:601-616. [PMID: 38147483 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Olive leaves as a main byproduct of olive oil and fruit industry are a valuable source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, with multiple biomedical effects. Apart from leaves, olive branches and stems make up a significant amount of olive waste. It is well known that the drying process and long-term storage affect the stability and concentration of polyphenols present in raw materials. For that matter, two different means of storing olive waste, at room temperature and +4 °C, were compared by determining the content of the polyphenol oleuropein (OLE) in olive leaf, branch, and stem extracts (LE, BE, and SE) by HPLC-DAD method. Total phenols (TPC), o-diphenols (o-DPC), and total flavonoids (TFC) content in extracts were assessed by UV-Vis measurements. LE prepared from leaves stored at +4 °C had the highest OLE content, 30.7 mg g-1 of dry extract (DE). SE from stems stored at +4 °C was the richest in TPC and TFC (193 mg GAE/g DE and 82.9 mg CE/g DE, respectively), due to the higher purity of the extract. The biological activity of extracts was determined on cervical cancer (HeLa), melanoma (A375), metastatic melanoma (A375M) tumor cell lines, and on spontaneously immortalized cell line of keratinocytes (HaCaT), using the MTT assay. The data show that all extracts had a similar dose-dependent effect on cell viability in HeLa cells, while the effect of LE on melanoma A375 and A375M, and HaCaT cells was cell-line dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đani Benčić
- 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Barbarić
- 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Mornar
- 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Sanja Dabelić
- 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Fadljević
- 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Amidžić Klarić D, Kovačić J, Jeličić ML, Zubčić S, Stankov V, Gulan Čičak M, Bučar B, Klarić I, Mornar A. Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters and Contaminants in Herbal Dietary Supplements Used in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:893. [PMID: 37375839 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex disorder characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Thus, patients prefer to use herbal dietary supplements containing turmeric, Indian frankincense, green chiretta, and black pepper in an attempt to cope better with their chronic condition. The dietary supplements' dosage forms and herbal ingredients were assessed in terms of the products' physicochemical parameters (weight uniformity, friability, disintegration, rupture test, tablet's breaking force, and powder flowability) in view of the USP-NF requirements. In addition, contaminants such as organic solvents and ethylene oxide were evaluated using gas chromatography. Assessment of gluten via an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was also performed. Most of the products met USP requirements. The high average weight of one multicomponent tablet sample with a high breaking force value can explain the observed negative results of the disintegration test. A total of 26% of samples tested positive for gluten, but the most alarming fact is that the ethylene oxide levels found in two samples were up to 30 times higher than the EU limit. Accordingly, dietary supplement quality control is of fundamental importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Kovačić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Zubčić
- Agency for Medicinal Products and Medicinal Devices of Croatia, Ksaverska Cesta 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Gulan Čičak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Sample Control, Puškarićeva Ulica 18, 10 250 Lučko, Croatia
| | - Boris Bučar
- Sample Control, Puškarićeva Ulica 18, 10 250 Lučko, Croatia
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Public Health Brčko DC, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76000 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Hercegovina
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Čačić A, Amidžić Klarić D, Keser S, Radiković M, Rukavina Z, Jøraholmen MW, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Škalko-Basnet N, Šegvić Klarić M, Vanić Ž. A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Aerobic Vaginitis: Azithromycin Liposomes-in-Chitosan Hydrogel. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051356. [PMID: 37242598 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible mucoadhesive formulations that enable a sustained drug delivery at the site of action, while exhibiting inherent antimicrobial activity, are of great importance for improved local therapy of vaginal infections. The aim of this research was to prepare and evaluate the potential of the several types of azithromycin (AZM)-liposomes (180-250 nm) incorporated into chitosan hydrogel (AZM-liposomal hydrogels) for the treatment of aerobic vaginitis. AZM-liposomal hydrogels were characterized for in vitro release, and rheological, texture, and mucoadhesive properties under conditions simulating the vaginal site of application. The role of chitosan as a hydrogel-forming polymer with intrinsic antimicrobial properties was explored against several bacterial strains typical for aerobic vaginitis as well as its potential effect on the anti-staphylococcal activity of AZM-liposomes. Chitosan hydrogel prolonged the release of the liposomal drug and exhibited inherent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, it boosted the antibacterial effect of all tested AZM-liposomes. All AZM-liposomal hydrogels were biocompatible with the HeLa cells and demonstrated mechanical properties suitable for vaginal application, thus confirming their potential for enhanced local therapy of aerobic vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Čačić
- Microbiology and Biology Laboratory, PLIVA Croatia Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sabina Keser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Radiković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zora Rukavina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - May Wenche Jøraholmen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Vanić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Brusač E, Jeličić ML, Nigović B, Amidžić Klarić D, Mornar A. Determination of Curcuminoids, Piperine, Boswellic Acids and Andrographolides in Food and Dietary Supplements by HPLC. Food Technol Biotechnol 2022; 60:434-448. [PMID: 36816876 PMCID: PMC9901341 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.60.04.22.7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background As use of functional food and herbal combination products is ever increasing, methods for quality control of such preparations are necessary. Moreover, low quality of products can cause either lack of benefit or harm to the consumer. In this work, determination of three curcuminoids, piperine, six boswellic acids and three andrographolides, often used in combination products, was carried out in raw materials and dietary supplements. Experimental approach After extraction optimization using Box-Behnken design, maximum active substance yields were obtained using 81.5% ethanol in hydroethanolic extraction solvent, 30 min sonication time and 60 °C extraction temperature. Afterwards, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated, with special attention paid to selectivity, precision and robustness of the method. Lastly, 54 food and dietary supplement samples were analyzed. Results and conclusions Most products were bought locally, from credible vendors and they all complied with relevant regulatory requirements. However, products obtained on the Internet contained little to no active substances (24% of samples contained less than 20% declared content), presumably showing no efficacy, or were either found to be likely adulterated or contained very high amounts of active substances, compromising safety in terms of dose-dependent adverse effects (one sample containing andrographolides) and pharmacokinetic interactions (one sample containing piperine). In conclusion, consumers should refrain from purchasing such products from the Internet and obtain them only from verified suppliers such as local pharmacies or health stores. Novelty and scientific contribution This work demonstrates the first developed method for the analysis of aforementioned combination products, which are on the rise today. The method is simple and robust and can be adapted by most laboratories for routine quality control of the said products. Moreover, the work sheds light on the low quality of several products and signifies the need for increased consumer awareness of dangers of taking such products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Mornar
- Corresponding authors: Phone: +38514818288, E-mail: ;
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Jeličić ML, Amidžić Klarić D, Kovačić J, Verbanac D, Mornar A. Accessing Lipophilicity and Biomimetic Chromatography Profile of Biologically Active Ingredients of Botanicals Used in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080965. [PMID: 36015114 PMCID: PMC9413514 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, various procedures have been compared for the determination of lipophilicity, hydrophobicity, and plasma protein binding of curcuminoids, boswellic acids, andrographolides, and piperine as biologically active ingredients of botanicals used in IBD treatment. Our results have shown that IAM-HPLC assay is the most suitable one for lipophilicity determination of all analytes regardless of their class and botanical source. HSA-HPAC and AGP-HPAC assays revealed that all investigated compounds have a higher affinity for HSA which is the most abundant protein in human plasma. The high affinity of biologically active compounds to all biological structures (phospholipids and proteins) admonishes that their small portion is available for therapeutic effects in IBD patients. Our experimental research is complemented by various theoretical approaches based on different algorithms for pharmacokinetic properties prediction. The similarities between experimental and calculated values were evaluated using PCA and CA as a statistical tool. The statistical analysis implies that plasma protein binding is a complex process, and theoretical approaches still cannot fully replace experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Kovačić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Mornar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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7
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Jeličić ML, Kovačić J, Cvetnić M, Mornar A, Amidžić Klarić D. Antioxidant Activity of Pharmaceuticals: Predictive QSAR Modeling for Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070791. [PMID: 35890091 PMCID: PMC9316871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since oxidative stress has been linked to several pathological conditions and diseases, drugs with additional antioxidant activity can be beneficial in the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, this study takes a new look at the antioxidant activity of frequently prescribed drugs using the HPLC-DPPH method. The antioxidative activity expressed as the TEAC value of 82 drugs was successfully determined and is discussed in this work. Using the obtained values, the QSAR model was developed to predict the TEAC based on the selected molecular descriptors. The results of QSAR modeling showed that four- and seven-variable models had the best potential for TEAC prediction. Looking at the statistical parameters of each model, the four-variable model was superior to seven-variable. The final model showed good predicting power (r = 0.927) considering the selected descriptors, implying that it can be used as a fast and economically acceptable evaluation of antioxidative activity. The advantage of such model is its ability to predict the antioxidative activity of a drug regardless of its structural diversity or therapeutic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Jelena Kovačić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Matija Cvetnić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Ana Mornar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (D.A.K.)
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Nižić Nodilo L, Perkušić M, Ugrina I, Špoljarić D, Jakobušić Brala C, Amidžić Klarić D, Lovrić J, Saršon V, Safundžić Kučuk M, Zadravec D, Kalogjera L, Pepić I, Hafner A. In situ gelling nanosuspension as an advanced platform for fluticasone propionate nasal delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 175:27-42. [PMID: 35489667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present the development of in situ gelling nanosuspension as advanced form for fluticasone propionate nasal delivery. Drug nanocrystals were prepared by wet milling technique. Incorporation of drug nanocrystals into polymeric in situ gelling system with pectin and sodium hyaluronate as constitutive polymers was fine-tuned attaining appropriate formulation surface tension, viscosity and gelling ability. Drug nanonisation improved the release profile and enhanced formulation mucoadhesive properties. QbD approach combining formulation and administration parameters resulted in optimised nasal deposition profile, with 51.8% of the dose deposited in the middle meatus, the critical region in the treatment of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Results obtained in biocompatibility and physico-chemical stability studies confirmed the leading formulation potential for safe and efficient nasal corticosteroid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nižić Nodilo
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Perkušić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Ugrina
- University of Split, Faculty of Science, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Jasmina Lovrić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Saršon
- Jadran-galenski laboratorij d.d, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Dijana Zadravec
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Livije Kalogjera
- ENT Department, Zagreb School of Medicine; University Hospital Center "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pepić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anita Hafner
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Amidžić Klarić D, Klarić I, Mornar A, Velić D, Velić N. Polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and metal composition of traditional
blackberry products. Croat j food sci technol (Online) 2021. [DOI: 10.17508/cjfst.2021.13.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, commercially available traditional blackberry products, namely
blackberry wines and blackberry elixirs from Coastal Croatia and Bosnia and
Herzegovina, were investigated as sources of bioactive compounds, essential
nutrients and metals. Samples were analysed for pH, total polyphenols and
monomeric anthocyanins content, individual phenolic acids (gallic acid,
chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid), antioxidant activity
(DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (RPA), total nitrogen and phosphorus as
well as metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Cd). The results of this
study showed that the studied traditional blackberry products are rich sources
of polyphenols and their consumption could increase the daily intake of dietary
antioxidants in humans. In addition, both groups of traditional blackberry
products could be considered safe for health and good additional sources of
essential minerals such as manganese and potassium. The concentrations of the
analysed undesirable toxic and potentially toxic metals in the studied
blackberry products were below the maximum allowable concentrations
defined by various regulations for wines and fruit wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Public Health Brčko DC, Department of Health Ecology, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76000 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Mornar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Velić
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Natalija Velić
- University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Jeličić ML, Brusač E, Kurajica S, Cvetnić M, Amidžić Klarić D, Nigović B, Mornar A. Drug-Drug Compatibility Evaluation of Sulfasalazine and Folic Acid for Fixed-Dose Combination Development Using Various Analytical Tools. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:400. [PMID: 33802955 PMCID: PMC8002613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous administration of sulfasalazine and folic acid is regular practice in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases in order to maintain sufficient folate concentration in patients. Having multiple drugs in the therapy increases the possibility of patients failing adherence, thus unintentionally endangering their health. A fixed-dose combination of sulfasalazine and folic would simplify the classical polytherapeutic approach; however, the physicochemical compatibility investigation of two active pharmaceutical ingredients plays an important role in the development of such a product. In this work, various analytical tools were used to determine the physicochemical compatibility of sulfasalazine and folic acid. For the evaluation of chemical compatibility, infrared spectroscopy in combination with advanced statistical methods, such as the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, were used, whilst a simultaneous thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis gave us an insight into the physical compatibility of two drugs. Isothermal stress testing, forced degradation and dissolution studies, followed by the analysis with a developed chromatographic method for the monitoring of folic acid, sulfasalazine and two of its related impurities, sulfapyridine and salicylic acid, gave us an insight into its chemical compatibility. The combination of the results obtained from the used techniques implies a satisfactory physicochemical compatibility between sulfasalazine and folic acid, which opens the path to the development of the proposed fixed-dose combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (E.B.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Edvin Brusač
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (E.B.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Stanislav Kurajica
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulić Square 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Matija Cvetnić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulić Square 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (E.B.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Biljana Nigović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (E.B.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.-L.J.); (E.B.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
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Brusač E, Jeličić ML, Cvetnić M, Amidžić Klarić D, Nigović B, Mornar A. A Comprehensive Approach to Compatibility Testing Using Chromatographic, Thermal and Spectroscopic Techniques: Evaluation of Potential for a Monolayer Fixed-Dose Combination of 6-Mercaptopurine and Folic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030274. [PMID: 33802871 PMCID: PMC8002671 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a systematical compatibility investigation of 6-mercaptopurine and folic acid, two commonly used medications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, for the needs of a fixed-dose combination development strategy is shown. Various techniques and approaches, such as differential scanning calorimetry, isothermal stress testing, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dissolution medium stability and forced degradation studies, were used to elucidate the possible interactions from different aspects. The results predominantly point to the absence of physicochemical interactions between the examined substances in a variety of possible conditions. However, the forced degradation of the blend of substances and excipients in basic conditions showed a drastic degradation of 6-mercaptopurine, signifying that attention needs to be directed to the careful selection of the excipients for the formulation. To sum up, our findings indicate that a fixed-dose combination of 6-mercaptopurine and folic acid could be produced using one formulation blend, immensely simplifying its manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Brusač
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.-L.J.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.-L.J.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Matija Cvetnić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.-L.J.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Biljana Nigović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.-L.J.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.B.); (M.-L.J.); (D.A.K.); (B.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-481-8288
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Jeličić ML, Brusač E, Kurajica S, Cvetnić M, Amidžić Klarić D, Nigović B, Mornar A. Thermoanalytical, Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Approach to Physicochemical Compatibility Investigation of 5-Aminosalicylates and Folic Acid. CROAT CHEM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.5562/cca3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Jeličić ML, Brusač E, Klarić DA, Nigović B, Turk N, Mornar A. A chromatographic approach to development of 5-aminosalicylate/folic acid fixed-dose combinations for treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20838. [PMID: 33257796 PMCID: PMC7705649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication adherence is an important factor in inflammatory bowel disease therapy, which includes regular supplementation of malabsorbed vitamins. Absorption of folic acid is limited due to the damaging of the gastrointestinal tract, which can increase the chances to develop megaloblastic anaemia and colorectal cancer. In this work, 5-aminosalicylates (mesalazine, balsalazide, sulfasalazine and olsalazine) and folic acid were characterized regarding their pharmacokinetic related properties (hydrophobicity, phospholipid and plasma protein binding) using the biomimetic chromatographic approach. Despite the high binding percentage of 5-aminosalicylates for human serum albumin (> 61.44%), results have shown that folic acid binding to human serum albumin protein is far greater (69.40%) compared to α1-acid-glycoprotein (3.45%). Frontal analysis and zonal elution studies were conducted to provide an insight into the binding of folic acid to human serum albumin and potential competition with 5-aminosalicylates. The analytical method for the simultaneous determination of assay in proposed fixed-dose combinations was developed and validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) and FDA method validation guidelines. Separation of all compounds was achieved within 16 min with satisfactory resolution (Rs > 3.67) using the XBridge Phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm). High linearity (r > 0.9997) and precision (RSD < 2.29%) was obtained, whilst all recoveries were within the regulatory defined range by British (100.0 ± 5.0%) and United States Pharmacopeia (100.0 ± 10.0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario-Livio Jeličić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Edvin Brusač
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Nigović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikša Turk
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Amidžić Klarić D, Klarić I, Mornar A, Velić N, Velić D. Assessment of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Blackberry Wines. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111623. [PMID: 33171729 PMCID: PMC7694964 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackberry wine is a natural source of bioactive phenolic compounds that have profound antioxidant potential. The objectives of the present research were to assess the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blackberry wines (BW), and to use the chemometric analysis to differentiate among the two groups of samples, i.e., conventional and organic. Fifteen BW samples were analyzed for their total polyphenol index, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total tannins, total monomeric anthocyanins and antioxidant activity by the appropriate spectrophotometric methods. The concentrations of individual phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid) and trans-resveratrol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A comparison between the two groups of investigated BW samples revealed a statistically significant difference in the concentration of caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, both being higher in the organic BW samples. Furthermore, the results showed a series of statistically highly significant relationships between the analyzed constituents (caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid). The antioxidant activity of the investigated wines was proportional to the concentrations of bioactive phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-639-4454
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Department of Health Ecology, Public Health Brčko DC, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76000 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ana Mornar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Natalija Velić
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.V.); (D.V.)
| | - Darko Velić
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (N.V.); (D.V.)
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Mornar A, Buhač T, Klarić DA, Klarić I, Sertić M, Nigović B. Multi-targeted Screening of Phytoestrogens in Food, Raw Material, and Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Brusač E, Jeličić ML, Amidžić Klarić D, Nigović B, Turk N, Klarić I, Mornar A. Pharmacokinetic Profiling and Simultaneous Determination of Thiopurine Immunosuppressants and Folic Acid by Chromatographic Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193469. [PMID: 31554326 PMCID: PMC6803969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of medicines patients have to take, there has been a rapid rise of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) in the last two decades. Prior to FDC development, pharmacokinetic properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have to be evaluated, as well as methods for their determination developed. So as to increase patient compliance in inflammatory bowel disease, three novel FDCs of thiopurine immunosuppressants and folic acid are proposed; physico-chemical and pharmacokinetic properties such as hydrophobicity, lipophilicity and plasma protein binding of all APIs are evaluated. Moreover, experimental results of different properties are compared to those computed by various on-line prediction platforms so as to evaluate the viability of the in silico approach. A simultaneous method for their determination is developed, optimized, validated and applied to commercial tablet formulations. The method has shown to be fast, selective, accurate and precise, showing potential for reliable determination of API content in proposed FDCs during its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Brusač
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario-Livio Jeličić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Biljana Nigović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikša Turk
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Public Health Brčko DC, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76100 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Ana Mornar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Vanić Ž, Rukavina Z, Manner S, Fallarero A, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Amidžić Klarić D, Bogdanov A, Raffai T, Virok DP, Filipović-Grčić J, Škalko-Basnet N. Azithromycin-liposomes as a novel approach for localized therapy of cervicovaginal bacterial infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5957-5976. [PMID: 31440052 PMCID: PMC6679693 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s211691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient localized cervicovaginal antibacterial therapy, enabling the delivery of antibiotic to the site of action at lower doses while escaping systemic drug effects and reducing the risk of developing microbial resistance, is attracting considerable attention. Liposomes have been shown to allow sustained drug release into vaginal mucosa and improve delivery of antibiotics to bacterial cells and biofilms. Azithromycin (AZI), a potent broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic, has not yet been investigated for localized therapy of cervicovaginal infections, although it is administered orally for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Encapsulation of AZI in liposomes could improve its solubility, antibacterial activity, and allow the prolonged drug release in the cervicovaginal tissue, while avoiding systemic side effects. Purpose The objective of this study was to develop AZI-liposomes and explore their potentials for treating cervicovaginal infections. Methods AZI-liposomes that differed in bilayer elasticity/rigidity and surface charge were prepared and evaluated under simulated cervicovaginal conditions to yield optimized liposomes, which were assessed for antibacterial activity against several planktonic and biofilm-forming Escherichia coli strains and intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis, ex vivo AZI vaginal deposition/penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity toward cervical cells. Results Negatively charged liposomes with rigid bilayers (CL-3), propylene glycol liposomes (PGL-2) and deformable propylene glycol liposomes (DPGL-2) were efficient against planktonic E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12. CL-3 was superior for preventing the formation of E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12 biofilms, with IC50 values (concentrations that inhibit biofilm viability by 50%) up to 8-fold lower than those of the control (free AZI). DPGL-2 was the most promising for eradication of already formed E. coli biofilms and for treating C. trachomatis infections. All AZI-liposomes were biocompatible with cervical cells and improved localization of the drug inside vaginal tissue compared with the control. Conclusion The performed studies confirm the potentials of AZI-liposomes for localized cervicovaginal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Vanić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zora Rukavina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suvi Manner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi and University of Helsinki, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Peter Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jelena Filipović-Grčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
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Marušić S, Knežević A, Bačić Vrca V, Marinović I, Bačić J, Obreli Neto PR, Amidžić Klarić D, Diklić D. Implementation of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Guidelines in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Study in Two Croatian Hospitals. Acta Clin Croat 2017; 56:657-662. [PMID: 29590720 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2017.56.04.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the 9th edition of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP9) guidelines for prevention of venous thromboembolism in nonsurgical patients in clinical practice in one university and one general Croatian hospital. A retrospective study was conducted at Zadar General Hospital from Zadar and Dubrava University Hospital from Zagreb. Medical charts of all patients admitted to Medical Departments in two periods, before and after implementation of the ACCP9 guidelines, were analyzed. The ACCP9 guidelines were made available to all physicians through the hospital electronic information system immediately after the publication. The Hospital Drug Committees promoted implementation of the guidelines during their periodical clinical visits. Overall, 850 patients were included in the study in two periods. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of high-risk patients receiving thromboprophylaxis after the guidelines implementation in either hospital. In both periods, a signifi-cantly higher number of high-risk patients received thromboprophylaxis in Dubrava University Hos-pital in comparison with Zadar General Hospital (31.7% vs. 3.8% and 40.3% vs. 7.3%, respectively; p<0.001). This study revealed insufficient implementation of evidence-based thromboprophylaxis guidelines in clinical practice in two Croatian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vesna Bačić Vrca
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Marinović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julija Bačić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paulo Roque Obreli Neto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Skelin M, Lucijanić T, Amidžić Klarić D, Rešić A, Bakula M, Liberati-Čizmek AM, Gharib H, Rahelić D. Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine: A Review. Clin Ther 2017; 39:378-403. [PMID: 28153426 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Levothyroxine (LT4) is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index, applied in small amounts (micrograms), which makes interactions in the absorption phase clinically significant. The main aim of this article was to review and present the latest information on factors that affect the gastrointestinal absorption of this drug. METHODS Relevant data were collected by using the MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases with the key words levothyroxine and absorption. Searches were not limited to specific publication types, study designs, dates, or languages. The reports were highly variable in the amount of information provided regarding study design and methods. Because of the heterogeneity of studies, no statistical analysis was performed. FINDINGS Many gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, atrophic gastritis, lactose intolerance, and Helicobacter pylori infection, may impede the absorption of levothyroxine. During treatment of these disorders, it is necessary to monitor serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 values to reduce the risk of developing iatrogenic hyperthyroidism. Soybeans and coffee have the greatest impact on the reduction of absorption, whereas vitamin C has the ability to increase it. Conversely, the effect of dietary fiber on the absorption of LT4 is not yet fully understood; further research is needed on this topic. A decrease in the absorption of LT4 is established and clinically significant when administered concomitantly with cholestyramine, colesevelam, lanthanum, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium acetate, iron sulfate, ciprofloxacin, aluminum hydroxide, sevelamer, or proton pump inhibitors. This effect should be taken into consideration when prescribing these drugs concomitantly with LT4. The effects of Giardia lamblia infection and the influence of orlistat, polystyrene sulfonate, raloxifene, and simethicone on absorption of LT4 have been poorly documented. For bariatric surgery, sucralfate and H2-antagonist interactions are not well founded or contradictory evidence is available regarding their existence; additional research should be conducted. IMPLICATIONS The majority of the interactions are clinically significant. They are based on the LT4 adsorption on interfering substances in the digestive tract, as well as a consequently reduced amount of the drug available for absorption. These interactions can be avoided by separating the administration of LT4 and the interfering substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Skelin
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital Šibenik, Šibenik, Croatia
| | - Tomo Lucijanić
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Arnes Rešić
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miro Bakula
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, General Hospital "Sv. Duh," Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Liberati-Čizmek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, General Hospital "Sv. Duh," Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hossein Gharib
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dario Rahelić
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
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Mornar A, Sertić M, Amidžić Klarić D, Klarić I, Stipanović K, Nigović B. Evaluation of alcohol content and metal impurities in liquid dietary supplements by sHSS-GC-FID and GFAAS techniques. Food Chem 2016; 211:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Amidžić Klarić D, Klarić I, Mornar A, Velić D, Velić N. Blackberry wines mineral and heavy metal content determination after dry ashing: multivariate data analysis as a tool for fruit wine quality control. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:514-23. [PMID: 27163834 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1181159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study brings out the data on the content of 21 mineral and heavy metal in 15 blackberry wines made of conventionally and organically grown blackberries. The objective of this study was to classify the blackberry wine samples based on their mineral composition and the applied cultivation method of the starting raw material by using chemometric analysis. The metal content of Croatian blackberry wine samples was determined by AAS after dry ashing. The comparison between an organic and conventional group of investigated blackberry wines showed statistically significant difference in concentrations of Si and Li, where the organic group contained higher concentrations of these compounds. According to multivariate data analysis, the model based on the original metal content data set finally included seven original variables (K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ba, Cd and Cr) and gave a satisfactory separation of two applied cultivation methods of the starting raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilija Klarić
- b Department of Health Ecology , Public Health Brčko DC , Brčko DC , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Mornar
- c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Darko Velić
- d Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , University of Osijek , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Natalija Velić
- d Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , University of Osijek , Osijek , Croatia
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