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Epineural Tube Repair. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6335-0_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cirillo V, Clements BA, Guarino V, Bushman J, Kohn J, Ambrosio L. A comparison of the performance of mono- and bi-component electrospun conduits in a rat sciatic model. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8970-82. [PMID: 25085857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nerve conduits represent a promising strategy to enhance functional recovery in peripheral nerve injury repair. However, the efficiency of synthetic nerve conduits is often compromised by the lack of molecular factors to create an enriched microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Here, we investigate the in vivo response of mono (MC) and bi-component (BC) fibrous conduits obtained by processing via electrospinning poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and gelatin solutions. In vitro studies demonstrate that the inclusion of gelatin leads to uniform electrospun fiber size and positively influences the response of Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRGs) neurons as confirmed by the preferential extensions of neurites from DRG bodies. This behavior can be attributed to gelatin as a bioactive cue for the cultured DRG and to the reduced fibers size. However, in vivo studies in rat sciatic nerve defect model show an opposite response: MC conduits stimulate superior nerve regeneration than gelatin containing PCL conduits as confirmed by electrophysiology, muscle weight and histology. The G-ratio, 0.71 ± 0.07 for MC and 0.66 ± 0.05 for autograft, is close to 0.6, the value measured in healthy nerves. In contrast, BC implants elicited a strong host response and infiltrating tissue occluded the conduits preventing the formation of myelinated axons. Therefore, although gelatin promotes in vitro nerve regeneration, we conclude that bi-component electrospun conduits are not satisfactory in vivo due to intrinsic limits to their mechanical performance and degradation kinetics, which are essential to peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cirillo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Viale Kennedy 54, Naples 80125, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Basak A Clements
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers - The State University of NJ, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Viale Kennedy 54, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Jared Bushman
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers - The State University of NJ, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers - The State University of NJ, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Viale Kennedy 54, Naples 80125, Italy
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Amr SM, Gouda A, Koptan WT, Galal AA, Abdel-Fattah DS, Rashed LA, Atta HM, Abdel-Aziz MT. Bridging defects in chronic spinal cord injury using peripheral nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold and enhancing regeneration through them by co-transplantation with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: case series of 14 patients. J Spinal Cord Med 2014; 37:54-71. [PMID: 24090088 PMCID: PMC4066552 DOI: 10.1179/2045772312y.0000000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of bridging defects in chronic spinal cord injury using peripheral nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold and enhancing regeneration through them by co-transplantation with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS In 14 patients with chronic paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury, cord defects were grafted and stem cells injected into the whole construct and contained using a chitosan-laminin paste. Patients were evaluated using the International Standards for Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries. RESULTS Chitosan disintegration leading to post-operative seroma formation was a complication. Motor level improved four levels in 2 cases and two levels in 12 cases. Sensory-level improved six levels in two cases, five levels in five cases, four levels in three cases, and three levels in four cases. A four-level neurological improvement was recorded in 2 cases and a two-level neurological improvement occurred in 12 cases. The American Spinal Impairment Association (ASIA) impairment scale improved from A to C in 12 cases and from A to B in 2 cases. Although motor power improvement was recorded in the abdominal muscles (2 grades), hip flexors (3 grades), hip adductors (3 grades), knee extensors (2-3 grades), ankle dorsiflexors (1-2 grades), long toe extensors (1-2 grades), and plantar flexors (0-2 grades), this improvement was too low to enable them to stand erect and hold their knees extended while walking unaided. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural stem cell-like cell transplantation enhances recovery in chronic spinal cord injuries with defects bridged by sural nerve grafts combined with a chitosan-laminin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M. Amr
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Gouda
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Al-Helal Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael T. Koptan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad A. Galal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Laila A. Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem M. Atta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rutten MJ, Janes MA, Chang IR, Gregory CR, Gregory KW. Development of a functional schwann cell phenotype from autologous porcine bone marrow mononuclear cells for nerve repair. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:738484. [PMID: 22792117 PMCID: PMC3388598 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) are a potential resource for making Schwann cells to repair damaged peripheral nerves. However, many methods of producing Schwann-like cells can be laborious with the cells lacking a functional phenotype. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method using autologous BM-MNCs to produce a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell. Adult porcine bone marrow was collected and enriched for BM-MNCs using a SEPAX device, then cells cultured in Neurobasal media, 4 mM L-glutamine and 20% serum. After 6-8 days, the cultures expressed Schwann cell markers, S-100, O4, GFAP, were FluoroMyelin positive, but had low p75(NGF) expression. Addition of neuregulin (1-25 nM) increased p75(NGF) levels at 24-48 hrs. We found ATP dose-dependently increased intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)](i), with nucleotide potency being UTP = ATP > ADP > AMP > adenosine. Suramin blocked the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) but α, β,-methylene-ATP had little effect suggesting an ATP purinergic P2Y2 G-protein-coupled receptor is present. Both the Schwann cell markers and ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) sensitivity decreased in cells passaged >20 times. Our studies indicate that autologous BM-MNCs can be induced to form a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell which could be used for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rutten
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Ann Janes
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
| | - Ivy R. Chang
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
| | - Cynthia R. Gregory
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Oregon Biomedical Engineering Institute, 25999 SW Canyon Creek Rd., Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kenton W. Gregory
- Providence Health and Services, 9555 SW Barnes Rd., Portland, OR 97225, USA
- OHSU Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Oregon Biomedical Engineering Institute, 25999 SW Canyon Creek Rd., Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA
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Jia H, Wang Y, Tong XJ, Liu GB, Li Q, Zhang LX, Sun XH. Sciatic nerve repair by acellular nerve xenografts implanted with BMSCs in rats xenograft combined with BMSCs. Synapse 2011; 66:256-69. [PMID: 22127791 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acellular nerves possess the structural and biochemical features similar to those of naive endoneurial tubes, and have been proved bioactive for allogeneil graft in nerve tissue engineering. However, the source of allogenic donators is restricted in clinical treatment. To explore sufficient substitutes for acellular nerve allografts (ANA), we investigated the effectiveness of acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on repairing peripheral nerve injuries. The acellular nerves derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand rabbits were prepared, respectively, and BMSCs were implanted into the nerve scaffolds and cultured in vitro. All the grafts were employed to bridge 1 cm rat sciatic nerve gaps. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10 per group): ANA group, ANX group, BMSCs-laden ANA group, BMSCs-laden ANX group, and autologous nerve graft group. At 8 weeks post-transplantation, electrophysiological study was performed and the regenerated nerves were assayed morphologically. Besides, growth-promoting factors in the regenerated tissues following the BMSCs integration were detected. The results indicated that compared with the acellular nerve control groups, nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation for the xenogenic nerve transplantation integrated with BMSCs were advanced significantly, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with that of the autografting. The expression of neurotrophic factors in the regenerated nerves, together with that of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal cord and muscles were elevated largely. In conclusion, ANX implanted with BMSCs could replace allografts to promote nerve regeneration effectively, which offers a reliable approach for repairing peripheral nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Jia H, Wang Y, Tong XJ, Liu GB, Li Q, Zhang LX, Sun XH. Biocompatibility of acellular nerves of different mammalian species for nerve tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:366-75. [PMID: 21999105 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2011.618133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the biocompatibility of acellular nerves of different mammalian species, for the acellular nerves derived from rats and rabbits, the morphology, immunocompatibility, and cytocompatibility with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were evaluated. The results indicated that the tridimensional architecture and main proteins of endoneurial tubes in both biomaterials were well retained. The nerve scaffolds did not show immunogenicity or cytotoxicity, but facilitated growth of BMSCs and secretion of neurotrophic factors in vitro. In conclusion, acellular nerves of different species possess favorable biocompatibility, and xenogenic acellular nerves combined with BMSCs have potential to replace allografts for peripheral nerve reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Peripheral Nerve Defect Repair With Epineural Tubes Supported With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Ann Plast Surg 2011; 67:73-84. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e318223c2db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bian YZ, Wang Y, Aibaidoula G, Chen GQ, Wu Q. Evaluation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2008; 30:217-25. [PMID: 18849069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) was investigated for possible application in repairing damaged nerves. Porous nerve conduits with both uniform wall porosity and non-uniform wall porosity were prepared using a particle leaching method. Adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 200-250 g were used as the animal model. The conduits were employed to bridge the 10mm defects in the sciatic nerve of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Mechanical tests showed that the PHBHHx nerve conduits had proper mechanical properties including maximal loads of 3.1N and 1.3N for the conduits with non-uniform wall porosity and with uniform wall porosity, respectively, and maximal stresses of 2.3 MPa and 0.94 MPa for the conduits with non-uniform wall porosity and with uniform wall porosity, respectively. At the same time, both types of conduits were permeable to three compounds tested including glucose, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, indicating the suitability of the conduits for free exchanges of nutrients. Compound Muscle Action Potentials (CMAPs) were clearly observed in both types of the PHBHHx nerve conduits after 1 month of implantation, indicating a rapid functional recovery for the disrupted nerves. The results of histological sections demonstrated that the internal sides of the conduits with non-uniform wall porosity were compact enough to prevent the connective tissues from ingrowth penetration. After implantation for 3 months in the rats, the conduits with uniform wall porosity and those with non-uniform wall porosity lost 24% and 20% of their original weight average molecular weights, respectively. Combined with the strong mechanical properties, good nerve regeneration ability and non-toxicity of its degradation products, PHBHHx nerve conduits can be developed into a useful material to repair nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Bian
- Protein Science Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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