Resveratrol diminishes bisphenol A-induced oxidative stress through TRPM2 channel in the mouse kidney cortical collecting duct cells

Resveratrol Mitigates Bisphenol A-Induced Metabolic Disruptions: Insights from Experimental Studies

The aim of this study was to investigate the disruptions of metabolic pathways induced by bisphenol A (BPA) and explore the potential therapeutic intervention provided by resveratrol (RSV) in mitigating these disruptions through the modulation of biochemical pathways. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 received 70 mg/Kg of BPA, and group 3 received 70 mg/kg of BPA along with 100 mg/Kg of RSV. After the treatment period, various biomarkers and gene expressions were measured to assess the effects of BPA and the potential protective effects of RSV. The results revealed that BPA exposure significantly increased the serum levels of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, G6PC, insulin, HbA1c, HMG-CoA reductase, FFAs, TGs, DPP-4, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Concurrently, BPA exposure led to a reduction in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as GLUT4 and HDL cholesterol. However, the administration of RSV along with BPA significantly ameliorated these alterations in the biomarker levels induced through BPA exposure. RSV treatment effectively reduced the elevated levels of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, G6PC, insulin, HbA1c, HMG-CoA reductase, FFAs, TGs, DPP-4, MDA, and proinflammatory cytokines, while increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, GLUT4, and HDL cholesterol. Furthermore, BPA exposure suppressed the mRNA expression of glucokinase (GCK), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and up-regulated the mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which are all critical biomarkers involved in glucose metabolism and insulin regulation. In contrast, RSV treatment effectively restored the altered mRNA expressions of these biomarkers, indicating its potential to modulate transcriptional pathways and restore normal metabolic function. In conclusion, the findings of this study strongly suggest that RSV holds promise as a therapeutic intervention for BPA-induced metabolic disorders. By mitigating the disruptions in various metabolic pathways and modulating gene expressions related to glucose metabolism and insulin regulation, RSV shows potential in restoring normal metabolic function and counteracting the adverse effects induced by BPA exposure. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the dosage and duration of RSV treatment for maximum therapeutic benefits.

TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling as a potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment: an updated review of its role in survival and proliferation of cancer cells

The transient receptor potential melastatin subfamily member 2 (TRPM2), a thermo and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive Ca²⁺-permeable cation channel has a vital role in surviving the cell as well as defending the adaptability of various cell groups during and after oxidative stress. It shows higher expression in several cancers involving breast, pancreatic, prostate, melanoma, leukemia, and neuroblastoma, indicating it raises the survivability of cancerous cells. In various cancers including gastric cancers, and neuroblastoma, TRPM2 is known to conserve viability, and several underlying mechanisms of action have been proposed. Transcription factors are thought to activate TRPM2 channels, which is essential for cell proliferation and survival. In normal physiological conditions with an optimal expression of TRPM2, mitochondrial ROS is produced in optimal amounts while regulation of antioxidant expression is carried on. Depletion of TRPM2 overexpression or activity has been shown to improve ischemia-reperfusion injury in organ levels, reduce tumor growth and/or viability of various malignant cancers like breast, gastric, pancreatic, prostate, head and neck cancers, melanoma, neuroblastoma, T-cell and acute myelogenous leukemia. This updated and comprehensive review also analyzes the mechanisms by which TRPM2-mediated Ca²⁺ signaling can regulate the growth and survival of different types of cancer cells. Based on the discussion of the available data, it can be concluded that TRPM2 may be a unique therapeutic target in the treatment of several types of cancer. Video Abstract.

Bisphenol-S Influence on Oxidative Stress and Endocrine Biomarkers of Reproductive System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Bisphenol-S (BPS), as a new human public health concern, was introduced to the plastic industry by BPA-free labeled products following the restrictions of Bisphenol-A (BPA) as a safe alternative. However, recent research has revealed a controversial issue. In this regard, the present study aimed to review the relationship between BPS exposure and reproductive system dis/malfunction.

Methods

PubMed and other databases were searched up to January 2021. The standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the main parameters using the random-effects model. Finally, 12 studies with 420 subjects were included in this research. Forest plot, meta-regression, and non-linear dose-response effect were calculated for each parameter by random-effects model.

Results

Based on the results of in vitro assessment, a significant increase was found in the oxidative stress parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SMD: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.321, 0.939), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (SMD: 0.760, 95% CI: 0.423, 1.096), and reactive oxygen species (SMD: 0.484, 95% CI: 0.132, 0.835). In addition, the hormonal assessment revealed a significant decrease in male testosterone concertation (SMD: -0.476, 95% CI: -0.881, -0.071). Moreover, in vivo examination revealed a significant decrease in hormonal parameters, such as female testosterone (SMD: -0.808, 95% CI: -1.149, -0.467), female estrogen (SMD: -2.608, 95% CI: -4.588, -0.628), female luteinizing hormone (SMD: -0.386, 95% CI: -0.682, -0.089), and female follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (SMD: -0.418, 95% CI: -0.716, -0.119). Besides, linear and non-linear correlations were detected in the main parameters.

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on the current meta-analysis, BPS was suggested to be toxic for the reproductive system, similar to the other bisphenols. Moreover, a possible correlation was indicated between oxidative and hormonal status disruption induced by BPS in male and female reproductive systems dis/malfunction.

EGCG alleviated Mn exposure-caused carp kidney damage via trpm2-NLRP3-TNF-α-JNK pathway: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and tight junction dysfunction

Manganese (Mn), an essential trace metal element in organisms. However, with extensive use of Mn in industry and agriculture, Mn becomes a heavy metal pollutant in water. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an tea polyphenols, can alleviate metal toxicity. Kidney is an important detoxifying organ, but toxic mechanism of Mn to kidneys is unclear, which needs further research. Carp is an Asian important economical species for fisheries and a biological model for studying environmental toxicology. Thus, we established excess Mn and EGCG-supplemented carp model to explore molecular mechanism of EGCG alleviating Mn-caused carp kidney damage. In this experiment, we set a control group (the Con group), a Mn treatment group (the Mn group, 90 mg/L Mn), a EGCG supplement group (the EG group, 75 mg/kg EGCG), and a combined group (the Mn + EG group, 90 mg/L Mn and 75 mg/kg EGCG). Transcriptome, qRT-PCR, kit, and morphology method results indicated that excess Mn caused oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and tight junction dysfunction in carp kidneys. Excess Mn-triggered oxidative stress caused tight junction dysfunction via trpm2-NLRP3-TNF-α-JNK pathway and inflammation. EGCG reversed the harm of Mn to fish through the above mechanism. The findings of this study provided the evidence of EGCG-alleviated Mn poisoning and offered new ideas for reducing heavy metal environmental pollution risk.

Determination of Metabolomics Profiling in BPA-Induced Impaired Metabolism

Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is unavoidable and it has far-reaching negative effects on living systems. This study aimed to explore the toxic effects of BPA in an experimental animal model through a metabolomics approach that is useful in measuring small molecule perturbations. Beside this, we also examined the ameliorative effects of resveratrol (RSV) against BPA-induced disturbances in experimental mice. This study was conducted for 28 days, and the results showed that BPA indeed induced an impairment in amino acid metabolism, taking place in the mitochondria by significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing the levels of certain amino acids, i.e., taurine, threonine, asparagine, leucine, norleucine, and glutamic acid in the mice plasma. However, the administration of RSV did prove effective against the BPA-induced intoxication and significantly (p < 0.05) restored the level of free amino acids. Lipid metabolites, L-carnitine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and lysophosphatidylcholine were also determined in the mice serum. A significant (p < 0.05) decline in glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD,) glutathione, and catalase levels and an elevation in malondialdehyde level in the BPA group confirmed the generation of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in experimental mice exposed to BPA. The expression of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT-II), lecithin−cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), carnitine O-octanoyltransferase (CROT), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR) genes was significantly upregulated in the liver tissue homogenates of experimental mice exposed to BPA, although RSV regulated the expression of these genes when compared with BPA treated experimental mice. CPT-I, CPT-II, and CACT genes are located in the mitochondria and are involved in the metabolism and transportation of carnitine. Hence, this study confirms that BPA exposure induced oxidative stress, upregulated gene expression, and impaired lipid and amino acid metabolism in experimental mice.

Regulation of transient receptor potential channels by traditional Chinese medicines and their active ingredients

In recent years, activation of thermal transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels at a range of temperatures has received widespread attention as a target for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to regulate body temperature and relieve pain. Discovery of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) was awarded a Nobel Prize, reflecting the importance of these channels. Here, the regulatory effects of TCMs and their active ingredients on TRP ion channels are reviewed, and future directions for research on the cold, hot, warm, cool, and neutral natures of TCMs are considered. In herbs with cold, hot, warm, cool, and neutral natures, we found 29 TCMs with regulatory effects on TRP ion channels, including Cinnamomi Cortex, Capsici Fructus, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Macleayae cordatae Herba, Menthae Haplocalycis Herba, and Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma. Although some progress has been made in understanding the regulation of TRP ion channels by TCMs and their ingredients, the molecular mechanism by which TCMs have this effect remains to be further studied. We hope this review will provide a reference for further research on the cold, hot, warm, cool, and neutral natures of TCMs.

Natural Products in Mitigation of Bisphenol A Toxicity: Future Therapeutic Use

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin with deleterious endocrine-disrupting effects. It is widely used in producing epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics, and polyvinyl chloride plastics. Human beings are regularly exposed to BPA through inhalation, ingestion, and topical absorption routes. The prevalence of BPA exposure has considerably increased over the past decades. Previous research studies have found a plethora of evidence of BPA’s harmful effects. Interestingly, even at a lower concentration, this industrial product was found to be harmful at cellular and tissue levels, affecting various body functions. A noble and possible treatment could be made plausible by using natural products (NPs). In this review, we highlight existing experimental evidence of NPs against BPA exposure-induced adverse effects, which involve the body’s reproductive, neurological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. The review also focuses on the targeted signaling pathways of NPs involved in BPA-induced toxicity. Although potential molecular mechanisms underlying BPA-induced toxicity have been investigated, there is currently no specific targeted treatment for BPA-induced toxicity. Hence, natural products could be considered for future therapeutic use against adverse and harmful effects of BPA exposure.

Neuroprotective Effects of TRPM7 Deletion in Parvalbumin GABAergic vs. Glutamatergic Neurons following Ischemia

Oxidative stress induced by brain ischemia upregulates transient receptor potential melastatin-like-7 (TRPM7) expression and currents, which could contribute to neurotoxicity and cell death. Accordingly, suppression of TRPM7 reduces neuronal death, tissue damage and motor deficits. However, the neuroprotective effects of TRPM7 suppression in different cell types have not been investigated. Here, we found that induction of ischemia resulted in loss of parvalbumin (PV) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons more than Ca²⁺/calmodulin-kinase II (CaMKII) glutamatergic neurons in the mouse cortex. Furthermore, brain ischemia increased TRPM7 expression in PV neurons more than that in CaMKII neurons. We generated two lines of conditional knockout mice of TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons (PV-TRPM7^−/−) and in glutamatergic neurons (CaMKII-TRPM7^−/−). Following exposure to brain ischemia, we found that deleting TRPM7 reduced the infarct volume in both lines of transgenic mice. However, the volume in PV-TRPM7^−/− mice was more significantly lower than that in the control group. Neuronal survival of both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons was increased in PV-TRPM7^−/− mice; meanwhile, only glutamatergic neurons were protected in CaMKII-TRPM7^−/−. At the behavioral level, only PV-TRPM7^−/− mice exhibited significant reductions in neurological and motor deficits. Inflammatory mediators such as GFAP, Iba1 and TNF-α were suppressed in PV-TRPM7^−/− more than in CaMKII-TRPM7^−/−. Mechanistically, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were reduced in both groups, but the reduction in PV-TRPM7^−/− mice was more than that in CaMKII-TRPM7^−/− following ischemia. Upstream from these signaling molecules, the Akt anti-oxidative stress signaling was activated only in PV-TRPM7^−/− mice. Therefore, deleting TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons might have stronger neuroprotective effects against ischemia pathologies than doing so in glutamatergic neurons.

The involvement of TRPM2 on the MPP+-induced oxidative neurotoxicity and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons from neonatal mice: protective role of resveratrol

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related chronic neurodegenerative disease. Although PD is known to be a result of damage to hippocampal neurons, its molecular mechanism has yet to be completely clarified. The neurodegeneration in hippocampal neurons has been suggested to include excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis play the most important role in the increase in ROS production for the cells. Remarkably, it is stated in the literature that especially the change of Ca²⁺ homeostasis triggers neuronal degeneration. TRPM2 is a unique calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel, and densest in the numberless neuronal population. The current study aims to elucidate the effect of antioxidant resveratrol (Resv) on TRPM2-mediated oxidative stress (OS) induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) exposure in the primary mouse hippocampal neurons. The neurons were divided into four groups as Control, Resv , MPP, and MPP+ Resv. In the current results, the activation of TRPM2 was observed in primary hippocampal neurons with MPP incubation. TRPM2 channel expression levels in the MPP group increased in hippocampal neurons after MPP exposure. In addition, intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration and TRPM2 channel currents were highest in MPP groups, although they were decreased by the Resv treatment. In addition, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, ROS, caspase-3, caspase-9, and apoptosis values induced by MPP decreased with resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, in our study, we observed that the dysregulation of OS-induced TRPM2 channel activation in hippocampal neurons exposed to MPP caused apoptotic cell death in neurons, while the use of resveratrol had a protective effect by reducing OS resources in the environment.

Bisphenol A Modulates Autophagy and Exacerbates Chronic Kidney Damage in Mice

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that accumulates in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our aim was to explore the effect of chronic exposition of BPA in healthy and injured kidney investigating potential mechanisms involved.

METHODS

In C57Bl/6 mice, administration of BPA (120 mg/kg/day, i.p for 5 days/week) was done for 2 and 5 weeks. To study BPA effect on CKD, a model of subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) combined with BPA administration for 5 weeks was employed. In vitro studies were done in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 line).

RESULTS

Chronic BPA administration to healthy mice induces inflammatory infiltration in the kidney, tubular injury and renal fibrosis (assessed by increased collagen deposition). Moreover, in SNX mice BPA exposure exacerbates renal lesions, including overexpression of the tubular damage biomarker Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Havcr-1/KIM-1). BPA upregulated several proinflammatory genes and increased the antioxidant response [Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme Oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (Nqo-1)] both in healthy and SNX mice. The autophagy process was modulated by BPA, through elevated autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7), Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (Map1lc3b/Lc3b) and Beclin-1 gene levels and blockaded the autophagosome maturation and flux (p62 levels). This autophagy deregulation was confirmed in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

BPA deregulates autophagy flux and redox protective mechanisms, suggesting a potential mechanism of BPA deleterious effects in the kidney.