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Argüello TM. Spatializing HIV: Putting Queer (men) in its place via social marketing. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2024; 4:100169. [PMID: 38516214 PMCID: PMC10954028 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The current study is concerned with how HIV is spatialized, or emplaced in everyday life, and therefore how prevention, Queer identity, and the virus itself are given meaning. Employing a transdisciplinary methodology based in Critical Discourse Studies and critical human geography, this study provides a geosemiotic analysis of an HIV prevention social marketing effort called the Little Prick campaign. Findings showed that space was constructed through multiple competing dynamics across professionals and citizens, as well as amidst contested notions of risk and branding in the epidemic. The analysis illuminates the discursive relationship amongst Queer, HIV, and prevention. Equally, this study counters the biased notion that "prevention fatigue" in high-risk populations hampers professional labor by, instead, exposing a semiotic fatigue in the HIV epidemic and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Argüello
- Director and Professor, School of Social Work, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, 4010 Mariposa, MS 6090, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
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2
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"Study Natural" without Drugs: An Exploratory Study of Theory-Guided and Tailored Health Campaign Interventions to Prevent Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124421. [PMID: 32575519 PMCID: PMC7344622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) among college students continues to rise. While some anti-NMUPS campaigns are available, little is known about the campaign development process and how well college students evaluate these messages. To bridge this gap, we developed theory-guided anti-NMUPS campaign interventions that are tailored to college students’ characteristics and evaluated students’ response towards them. A total of 445 college students (74.4% female; Meanage of 20; 18 to 35 years old) reviewed the campaign interventions and offered their evaluation via an online survey. Findings indicate that students responded to the campaigns positively. Results also indicate that female students are more likely to perceive the campaigns as effective than their male counterparts. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that theory-guided and tailored anti-NMUPS campaigns have great potential in changing students’ attitudes and behavior towards NMUPS. While this study fills critical gaps in the literature, considering the progress needed to strengthen the research field, more research is needed to further identify effective strategies that could prevent college students’ participation in NMUPS activities.
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3
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Fields EL, Long A, Bademosi K, Granderson R, Schumacher CM, Chandran A, Kingon Y, Jennings JM. Identifying Community-Informed Language to Promote HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Black LGBTQ Communities in Baltimore. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2020; 32:152-168. [PMID: 32539478 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2020.32.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
LGBTQ populations, particularly Black men who have sex with men and transgender women, experience significant HIV disparities; public health messages may inadvertently stigmatize LGBTQ populations. We sought to use qualitative methods to inform a PrEP campaign. Unstructured focus groups were conducted among predominantly Black LGBTQ persons recruited through social media and events. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in NVivo using categorical analysis. Eighty individuals participated in 13 focus groups; 80% (64) identified as sexual or gender minorities. Eighty-eight percent (70) identified as Black/African American. Four themes emerged: (1) culturally competent, community-informed, locally relevant messaging, (2) avoiding stigmatizing language or images, (3) inaccessibility of clinical language, and (4) using identity labels representing local communities and their diversity. Findings suggest PrEP campaigns need to be developed through community-informed processes to engage and avoid stigmatizing priority populations. Ongoing partnerships between public health and LGBTQ communities can facilitate development of campaigns with engaging, acceptable language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol L Fields
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda Long
- Center for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR), Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | | | - Ricky Granderson
- PhD student in Counseling Psychology at Indiana University Bloomington School of Education, Bloomington, Indiana
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christina M Schumacher
- Center for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR), Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | - Aruna Chandran
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | - Yvonne Kingon
- Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Health Care for the Homeless, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jacky M Jennings
- Center for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR), Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
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Hudak N, Bates BR. In Pursuit of "queer-friendly" Healthcare: An Interview Study of How Queer Individuals Select Care Providers. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:818-824. [PMID: 29482359 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1437525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
LGBQ+ individuals experience worse health outcomes than do other individuals. Some communication research finds that LGBQ+ individuals report receiving poor care during the mid- to post-health care, but this research assumes that LGBQ+ individuals have already received care. Little research has examined the pre- to early encounter experience of LGBQ+ individuals. This study presents exploratory research into how LGBQ+ individuals seek "queer-friendly" health care during pre- and early encounter experiences. Using an interview methodology, we report the facilitators and barriers to seeking queer-friendly care reported by LGBQ+ individuals. We offer implications for how health care providers and systems can better promote queer-friendly healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hudak
- a School of Communication Studies , Ohio University
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5
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Pang B, Rundle-Thiele SR, Kubacki K. An empirical examination of the ecological and cognitive active commuting framework. HEALTH EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/he-12-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Evidence indicates that active school travel (AST) including walking can effectively lower levels of obesity among school-age children. Yet Queensland has been identified as one of the most inactive states in Australia where only 5 per cent of Years 1 and 5 children engaged in AST on a daily basis. The purpose of this paper is to explain walking to school behaviour among Queensland children by investigating the explanatory potential of the ecological and cognitive active commuting (ECAC) model.
Design/methodology/approach
An online survey of 537 carers in Queensland, Australia was conducted to collect data about demographics and the variables in the ECAC model. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the ECAC model and the pathways between variables.
Findings
The results indicate that the ECAC model explained 53.4 per cent of the variance in walking to school. Social norms are the dominating factor in the model. Distance to school affects how the ECAC model works by moderating the associations among walking to school behaviours, perceived risks, and social norms.
Practical implications
Changing carers’ social norms and lowering the perceived risks they associate with walking to school should increase the incidence of walking to school in Queensland.
Originality/value
Although the ECAC model was proposed as a comprehensive framework to explain walking to school behaviour, to date, it has not been tested empirically. Informed by a modified ECAC framework this study aims to empirically explore the factors that may be preventing or facilitating Queensland children from walking to school.
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Klassen BJ, Lachowsky NJ, Lin SY, Edward JB, Chown SA, Hogg RS, Moore DM, Roth EA. Gay Men's Understanding and Education of New HIV Prevention Technologies in Vancouver, Canada. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:1775-1791. [PMID: 28936925 PMCID: PMC5664952 DOI: 10.1177/1049732317716419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective rollout of HIV treatment-based prevention such as pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention has been hampered by poor education, limited acceptability, and stigma among gay men. We undertook a thematic analysis regarding the education sources and acceptability of these New Prevention Technologies (NPTs) using 15 semistructured interviews with gay men in Vancouver, Canada, who were early adopters of NPTs. NPT education was derived from a variety of sources, including the Internet, health care providers, community organizations, sexual partners, and peers; participants also emphasized their own capacities as learners and educators. Acceptable forms of NPT education featured high-quality factual information, personal testimony, and easy access. Stigma was highlighted as a major barrier. For public health, policy makers, and gay communities to optimize the personal and population benefits of NPTs, there is a need for increased community support and dialogue, antistigma efforts, early NPT adopter testimony, and personalized implementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Klassen
- 1 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- 1 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 2 University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sally Yue Lin
- 1 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua B Edward
- 3 Health Initiative for Men, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah A Chown
- 4 YouthCO HIV & Hep C Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert S Hogg
- 1 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 5 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M Moore
- 1 British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 6 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric A Roth
- 2 University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Sewak A, Singh G. Integrating Social Marketing Into Fijian HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs: Lessons From Systematic Review. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:32-40. [PMID: 27135949 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1099500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Social marketing techniques have been tested and proven useful within the health sector worldwide. In Fiji, social marketing was introduced in the early 1990s, and more rapidly during the last decade to improve national response to an increasing incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Given the limited amount of research in the area of program evaluation in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), this study systematically analyzes five Fijian HIV/AIDS prevention programs through Andreasen's benchmark criteria, in order to identify gaps in program design that ultimately impact program effectiveness. Assessment results unveil some interesting trends regarding the focus and applications of past Fijian HIV/AIDS prevention programs in the past decade. This article discusses these findings and other valuable lessons for future HIV/AIDS prevention strategies in Fiji and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sewak
- a Faculty of Business and Economics , University of the South Pacific
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- a Faculty of Business and Economics , University of the South Pacific
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8
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Choi SKY, Holtgrave DR, Bacon J, Kennedy R, Lush J, McGee F, Tomlinson GA, Rourke SB. Economic Evaluation of Community-Based HIV Prevention Programs in Ontario: Evidence of Effectiveness in Reducing HIV Infections and Health Care Costs. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:1143-56. [PMID: 26152607 PMCID: PMC4867003 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investments in community-based HIV prevention programs in Ontario over the past two and a half decades are assumed to have had an impact on the HIV epidemic, but they have never been systematically evaluated. To help close this knowledge gap, we conducted a macro-level evaluation of investment in Ontario HIV prevention programs from the payer perspective. Our results showed that, from 1987 to 2011, province-wide community-based programs helped to avert a total of 16,672 HIV infections, saving Ontario's health care system approximately $6.5 billion Canadian dollars (range 4.8-7.5B). We also showed that these community-based HIV programs were cost-saving: from 2005 to 2011, every dollar invested in these programs saved about $5. This study is an important first step in understanding the impact of investing in community-based HIV prevention programs in Ontario and recognizing the impact that these programs have had in reducing HIV infections and health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Y Choi
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Holtgrave
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean Bacon
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick Kennedy
- The Ontario AIDS Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Lush
- AIDS Bureau, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank McGee
- AIDS Bureau, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Tomlinson
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean B Rourke
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St., Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kobrak P, Ponce R, Zielony R. New arrivals to New York City: vulnerability to HIV among urban migrant young gay men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:2041-2053. [PMID: 25896489 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study explored the social experiences and HIV-related sexual practices of 30 young gay and bisexual men who moved to New York City in the past 3 years from other countries or elsewhere in the United States. For many migrants, a key basis of vulnerability to HIV was their engagement with New York City's unfamiliar sexual culture. Many recent arrivals migrated from places with small gay communities and low HIV prevalence, and some came with a practice of limited condom use. Participants described encountering an abundance of sexual opportunity in New York City, accessible to even the newest arrivals through internet sex sites. Some migrants expressed surprise that few men they met were interested in dating or establishing trust before having sex. Although frequent HIV testing was common, HIV status, testing history, and condom use were seldom discussed with sex partners for some men even with new partners or before sex without condoms. International and in-country migrants who are beginning to navigate New York City's gay sexual culture may be more vulnerable to HIV infection than established residents if they are inexperienced in encountering vast sexual opportunity, are less practiced in local norms of sexual communication, or if their lack of economic resources or social connections encourages them to have sex for money or shelter. This article suggests HIV prevention interventions for urban migrants and other men who have sex with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kobrak
- Bureau of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28 Street, Long Island City, Queens, NY, 11101, USA,
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French RS, Bonell C, Wellings K, Weatherburn P. An exploratory review of HIV prevention mass media campaigns targeting men who have sex with men. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:616. [PMID: 24939013 PMCID: PMC4089926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV infection in both high- and low-income settings. Mass media campaigns have been used as a means of communicating HIV health promotion messages to large audiences of MSM. There is no consensus on which designs are most appropriate to evaluate the process and outcomes of such interventions. Methods An exploratory review was conducted to assess research examining awareness, acceptability, effects on HIV testing, disclosure and sexual risk, and cost-effectiveness of HIV mass media campaigns targeting MSM. We searched for quantitative and qualitative studies published between 1990 and May 2011 via the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psych Info, ISI Web of Science, OpenGrey and COPAC, and contacting experts. No exclusions were made on the basis of study design or methods because our primary aim was to map evidence. We appraised study quality and present a narrative synthesis of findings. Results Sixteen reports from 12 studies were included. All were from high-income countries and most examined multi-media interventions. Half of the studies were single cross-sectional surveys. Three repeat cross-sectional studies collected data pre and post the campaign launch. The remaining three studies monitored routine data. Three studies included a nested qualitative component. Campaign coverage was the most commonly reported outcome (9 studies). Imagery, tone of language, content and relevance were identified in the qualitative research as factors influencing campaign acceptability. HIV testing rates (or intention to test) were reported by five studies. Two studies reported that testing rates were higher among men who had seen the campaigns compared to men who had not, but this may reflect confounding. Findings were less consistent regarding reductions in sexual risk behaviours (4 studies). None of the studies examined cost-effectiveness. Conclusions Campaigns aim to provide MSM with information to help prevent transmission of HIV and to address increasing motivation and changing norms towards precautionary behaviours. However, the limitations of mass media in imparting skills in effecting behaviour change should be recognised, and campaigns supplemented by additional components may be better-suited to achieving these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S French
- Department of Social and Environmental Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
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11
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Conway T, Langley S. Reducing hospital associated infection: a role for social marketing. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2013; 26:118-34. [PMID: 23534148 DOI: 10.1108/09526861311297334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although hand hygiene is seen as the most important method to prevent the transmission of hospital associated infection in the UK, hand hygiene compliance rates appear to remain poor. This research aims to assess the degree to which social marketing methodology can be adopted by a particular organisation to promote hand hygiene compliance. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The research design is based on a conceptual framework developed from analysis of social marketing literature. Data collection involved taped interviews given by nursing staff working within a specific Hospital Directorate in Manchester, England. Supplementary data were obtained from archival records of the hand hygiene compliance rates. FINDINGS Findings highlighted gaps in the Directorate's approach to the promotion of hand hygiene compared to what could be using social marketing methodology. Respondents highlighted how the Directorate failed to fully optimise resources required to endorse hand hygiene practice and this resulted in poorer compliance. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS From the experiences and events documented, the study suggests how the emergent phenomena could be utilised by the Directorate to apply a social marketing approach which could positively influence hand hygiene compliance. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The paper seeks to explore the use of social marketing in nursing to promote hand hygiene compliance and offer a conceptual framework that provides a way of measuring the strength of the impact that social marketing methodology could have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Conway
- Salford Business School, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
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12
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Luca NR, Suggs LS. Theory and model use in social marketing health interventions. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2012; 18:20-40. [PMID: 22934539 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2012.688243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The existing literature suggests that theories and models can serve as valuable frameworks for the design and evaluation of health interventions. However, evidence on the use of theories and models in social marketing interventions is sparse. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify to what extent papers about social marketing health interventions report using theory, which theories are most commonly used, and how theory was used. A systematic search was conducted for articles that reported social marketing interventions for the prevention or management of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, HIV, STDs, and tobacco use, and behaviors related to reproductive health, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking cessation. Articles were published in English, after 1990, reported an evaluation, and met the 6 social marketing benchmarks criteria (behavior change, consumer research, segmentation and targeting, exchange, competition and marketing mix). Twenty-four articles, describing 17 interventions, met the inclusion criteria. Of these 17 interventions, 8 reported using theory and 7 stated how it was used. The transtheoretical model/stages of change was used more often than other theories. Findings highlight an ongoing lack of use or underreporting of the use of theory in social marketing campaigns and reinforce the call to action for applying and reporting theory to guide and evaluate interventions.
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Moore DM, Kanters S, Michelow W, Gustafson R, Hogg RS, Kwag M, Trussler T, McGuire M, Robert W, Gilbert M. Implications for HIV prevention programs from a serobehavioural survey of men who have sex with men in Vancouver, British Columbia: the ManCount study. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 22530539 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined HIV prevalence, awareness of HIV serostatus and HIV risk behaviour among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vancouver. METHODS MSM > or = 18 years were recruited from August 2008 to February 2009 through community venues. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided a dried blood spot (DBS) for HIV and other STI testing. We performed descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses of key explanatory variables. RESULTS A total of 1,169 participants completed questionnaires; of these, 1,138 (97.3%) provided DBS specimens suitable for testing. The median age was 33 years (IQR 26-44). A total of 206 (18%) were HIV-positive by DBS, of whom 86% were aware they were positive. HIV seropositivity increased from 7.1% in those < 30 years of age to 19% in those 30-44 years and 34% among those > or = 45 years (p < 0.001 for test of trend). Of the 933 who self-reported as HIV-negative or unknown, 28 (3.0%) tested HIV-positive. Among those not tested for HIV in the previous 2 years, the reasons for not testing differed between participants with undiagnosed HIV infection and those who were HIV-negative. A total of 62% of study participants who self-reported as HIV-negative reported using a condom the last time they had anal sex. The use of risk-reduction measures was reported by 91.1% of all study participants (72% if excluding consistent condom use). CONCLUSION The majority of MSM in Vancouver have adopted behaviours that reduce their HIV-related risk. However, prevention programs must continue to promote condom use, increase HIV testing, and better inform MSM of the value and limitations of other risk-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC.
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Lyu SY, Morisky DE, Yeh CY, Twu SJ, Peng EYC, Malow RM. Acceptability of rapid oral fluid HIV testing among male injection drug users in Taiwan, 1997 and 2007. AIDS Care 2011; 23:508-14. [PMID: 21271392 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2010.516331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid oral fluid HIV testing (rapid oral testing) is in the process of being adapted in Taiwan and elsewhere given its advantages over prior HIV testing methods. To guide this process, we examined the acceptability of rapid oral testing at two time points (i.e., 1997 and 2007) among one of the highest risk populations, male injection drug users (IDUs). For this purpose, an anonymous self-administered survey was completed by HIV-negative IDUs involved in the criminal justice system in 1997 (N (1)=137 parolees) and 2007 (N (2)=106 prisoners). A social marketing model helped guide the design of our questionnaire to assess the acceptability of rapid oral testing. This included assessing a new product, across four marketing dimensions: product, price, promotion, and place. Results revealed that in both 1997 and 2007, over 90% indicated that rapid oral testing would be highly acceptable, particularly if the cost was under US$6, and that a pharmacy would be the most appropriate and accessible venue for selling the rapid oral testing kits. The vast majority of survey respondents believed that the cost of rapid oral testing should be federally subsidized and that television and newspaper advertisements would be the most effective media to advertise for rapid oral testing. Both the 1997 and 2007 surveys suggested that rapid oral HIV testing would be particularly accepted in Taiwan by IDUs after release from the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lyu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Martínez-Donate AP, Zellner JA, Sañudo F, Fernandez-Cerdeño A, Hovell MF, Sipan CL, Engelberg M, Carrillo H. Hombres Sanos: evaluation of a social marketing campaign for heterosexually identified Latino men who have sex with men and women. Am J Public Health 2010; 100:2532-40. [PMID: 21068423 PMCID: PMC2978169 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.179648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effectiveness of Hombres Sanos [Healthy Men] a social marketing campaign to increase condom use and HIV testing among heterosexually identified Latino men, especially among heterosexually identified Latino men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). METHODS Hombres Sanos was implemented in northern San Diego County, California, from June 2006 through December 2006. Every other month we conducted cross-sectional surveys with independent samples of heterosexually identified Latino men before (n = 626), during (n = 752), and after (n = 385) the campaign. Respondents were randomly selected from 12 targeted community venues to complete an anonymous, self-administered survey on sexual practices and testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. About 5.6% of respondents (n = 98) were heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. RESULTS The intervention was associated with reduced rates of recent unprotected sex with both females and males among heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. The campaign was also associated with increases in perception of HIV risk, knowledge of testing locations, and condom carrying among heterosexual Latinos. CONCLUSIONS Social marketing represents a promising approach for abating HIV transmission among heterosexually identified Latinos, particularly for heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. Given the scarcity of evidence-based HIV prevention interventions for these populations, this prevention strategy warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Martínez-Donate
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
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16
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Silvera R, Stein D, Hutt R, Hagerty R, Daskalakis D, Valentine F, Marmor M. The Development and Implementation of an Outreach Program to Identify Acute and Recent HIV Infections in New York City. Open AIDS J 2010; 4:76-83. [PMID: 20386719 PMCID: PMC2852119 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601004010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since 2004, the authors have been operating First Call NYU, an outreach program to identify acute and recent HIV infections, also called primary HIV infections, among targeted at-risk communities in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. Materials and Methodology: First Call NYU employed mass media advertising campaigns, outreach to healthcare providers in NYC, and Internet-based efforts including search engine optimization (SEO) and Internet-based advertising to achieve these goals. Results: Between October 2004 and October 2008, 571 individuals were screened through this program, leading to 446 unique, in-person screening visits. 47 primary HIV infections, including 14 acute and 33 recent HIV infections, were identified. Discussion: Internet and traditional recruitment methods can be used to increase self-referrals for screening following possible exposure to HIV. Conclusion: Community education of at-risk groups, with the goal of increased self-diagnosis of possible acute HIV infection, may be a useful addition to traditional efforts to identify such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Silvera
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Noar SM, Palmgreen P, Chabot M, Dobransky N, Zimmerman RS. A 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns: Have we made progress? JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2009; 14:15-42. [PMID: 19180369 DOI: 10.1080/10810730802592239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to conduct a 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns focused on sexual behavior, HIV testing, or both (1998-2007) and to compare the results with the last comprehensive review of such campaigns, conducted by Myhre and Flora (2000). A comprehensive search strategy yielded 38 HIV/AIDS campaign evaluation articles published in peer-reviewed journals, representing 34 distinct campaign efforts conducted in 23 countries. The articles were coded on a variety of campaign design and evaluation dimensions by two independent coders. Results indicated that compared with the previous systematic review (1986-1998 period), campaigns increasingly have employed the following strategies: (1) targeted defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) designed campaign themes around behavior change (rather than knowledge change); (3) used behavioral theories; (4) achieved high message exposure; (5) used stronger research designs for outcome evaluation; and (6) included measures of behavior (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. In addition, an examination of 10 campaign efforts that used more rigorous quasi-experimental designs revealed that the majority (8 of 10) demonstrated effects on behavior change or behavioral intentions. Despite these positive developments, most HIV/AIDS campaigns continue to use weak (i.e., preexperimental) outcome evaluation designs. Implications of these results for improved design, implementation, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS campaign efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Noar
- Department of Communication, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0042, USA.
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