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Vural N, Algan-Cavuldak Ö, Akay MA. Desirability Function Approach for the Optimization of Hydroalcoholic Solvent Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Compounds from Olive Leaves. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230602. [PMID: 38808814 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652024202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Vural
- Department of Food Processing-Food Technology, Health Services Vocational School, University of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt, 06760, Çubuk, Ankara, Türkiye
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine Practice and Research Center, University of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt, 06010, Etlik, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Özge Algan-Cavuldak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye
| | - M Abdülkadir Akay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Guo X, Zhou T, Xing H, Zhang Y, Fang J, Kang T, Yao C, Yan J, Huang Y, Yao Q. Antioxidant and In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activities of Ethanol Extract from the Leaves of Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall, a Comparative Study of the Extract and Astilbin. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050927. [PMID: 36900444 PMCID: PMC10001365 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall (LERW) has been used as sweet tea in China throughout history. In this study, the ethanol extract of LERW (E-LERW) was prepared and the compositions were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. It indicates that astilbin was the predominant component in E-LERW. In addition, E-LERW was abundant in polyphenols. Compared to astilbin, E-LERW presented much more powerful antioxidant activity. The E-LERW also had stronger affinity with α-glucosidase and exerted more vigorous inhibitory effect on the enzyme. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice had significantly elevated glucose and lipid levels. Treatment with E-LERW at the medium dose (M) of 300 mg/kg could reduce the levels of glucose, TG, TC, and LDL by 16.64%, 12.87%, 32.70%, and 22.99%, respectively. In addition, E-LERW (M) decreased food intake, water intake, and excretion by 27.29%, 36.15%, and 30.93%, respectively. Moreover, E-LERW (M) therapy increased the mouse weight and insulin secretion by 25.30% and 494.52%. With respect to the astilbin control, E-LERW was more efficient in reducing the food and drink consumption and protecting pancreatic islet and body organs from alloxan-induced damage. The study demonstrates that E-LERW may be a promising functional ingredient for the adjuvant therapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hongxia Xing
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jingmei Fang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Tairan Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Caimei Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yaxuan Huang
- Zhanglan College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qian Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-84616387
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Stability, Antioxidant Activity and Intestinal Permeation of Oleuropein Inclusion Complexes with Beta-Cyclodextrin and Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165077. [PMID: 36014317 PMCID: PMC9412325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (HP-beta-CD) are a more popular material used to prepare inclusion complexes due to their superior solubility and intestinal absorption. In this study, oleuropein (OL) inclusion complexes with beta-CD (beta-CD:OL) and HP-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD:OL) were prepared and the formation of inclusion complexes was validated by IR, PXRD, and DSC. A phase solubility test showed that the lgK (25 °C) and binding energy of beta-CD:OL and HP-beta-CD:OL was 2.32 versus 1.98, and −6.1 versus −24.66 KJ/mol, respectively. Beta-CD:OL exhibited a more powerful effect than HP-beta-CD:OL in protecting OL from degradation upon exposure to light, high temperature and high humidity. Molecular docking, peak intensity of carbonyls in IR, and ferric reducing power revealed that beta-CD:OL formed more hydrogen bonds with the unstable groups of OL. Both inclusion complexes significantly enhanced the solubility, intestinal permeation and antioxidant activity of OL (p < 0.05). Though HP-beta-CD:OL had higher solubility and intestinal absorption over beta-CD:OL, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The study implies that lower binding energy is not always associated with the higher stability of a complex. Beta-CD can protect a multiple-hydroxyl compound more efficiently than HP-beta-CD with the intestinal permeation comparable to HP-beta-CD complex.
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4
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Feng Y, Lin J, He G, Liang L, Liu Q, Yan J, Yao Q. Compositions and Biological Activities of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols Extracted by Different Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:4796. [PMID: 35956745 PMCID: PMC9369545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate peel extract (PPE), which is abundant in polyphenols, holds immerse prospects for the treatment of airway infection. In this study, water and ethanol of 30%, 50%, and 80% were used to prepare PPE. A total of 18 phenols belonging to 8 categories of polyphenols were identified in PPE by HPLC-MS/MS. The PPE from the four extraction solvents possessed different antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Principal component analysis revealed that though total flavonoids (TFs), total polyphenols (TPs), and total tannins (TTs) were responsible for the reducing power of PPE, only TFs contributed to the effect of PPE in inhibiting lipid membrane peroxidation. TPs, TTs, and punicalagin were positively correlated with the antibacterial strength against S. aureus while TTs alone contributed to the inhibition of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, implying the crucial role of TT in suppressing bacteria. Meanwhile, TTs was associated with the prevention of IL-6 release. The PPE with higher contents of TPs, TTs, and punicalagin had a weaker capacity to decrease nitric oxide secretion. PPE of 30% ethanol gained the highest integrated score due to its stronger antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. It is a suitable candidate for the therapy of respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Y.F.); (J.L.); (G.H.); (L.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Y.F.); (J.L.); (G.H.); (L.L.); (Q.L.)
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Natural green deep eutectic solvents-based eco-friendly and efficient extraction of flavonoids from Selaginella moellendorffii: Process optimization, composition identification and biological activity. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abi-Khattar AM, Boussetta N, Rajha HN, Abdel-Massih RM, Louka N, Maroun RG, Vorobiev E, Debs E. Mechanical damage and thermal effect induced by ultrasonic treatment in olive leaf tissue. Impact on polyphenols recovery. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105895. [PMID: 34972073 PMCID: PMC8799614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ultrasound treatment (US) on cellular damage of olive leaf tissue was studied. Mechanical damage and thermal effect of US were characterized. The level of tissue damage was defined by the diffusivity disintegration index ZD based on the diffusivity of solutes extracted from olive leaves differently treated. The Arrhenius form using the temperature dependences of the thermal treatment time within the temperature interval 20-90 °C was observed for the thermal process. The corresponding activation energy ΔUT was estimated as 57 kJ/mol. The temperature dependences of electrical conductivity were measured for extracts of intact and maximally treated olive leaves. Then the diffusivity disintegration index ZD and total phenolic compounds recovery for three studied US powers were calculated (100, 200, and 400 W). The results evidenced that the mechanically stimulated damage in olive leaf tissue can occur even at a low US power of 100 W if treatment time is long enough (t = 3.5 h). The US treatment noticeably accelerated the diffusion process mechanically in addition to its thermal effect. Trials in aqueous solution revealed the dependence of polyphenols extraction on damage level with respect to the US power applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Abi-Khattar
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P. O. Box 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Boussetta
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie des Procédés Industriels, EA 4297, Unité Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, 60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Hiba N Rajha
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P. O. Box 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Saint-Joseph University, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, P. O. Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Roula M Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P. O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P. O. Box 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P. O. Box 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Eugene Vorobiev
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie des Procédés Industriels, EA 4297, Unité Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, 60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P. O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Li Q, Xiao W, Su E, Cao F, Zhao L. Optimizing the Desorption Technology of Total Flavonoids of Ginkgo Biloba from Separating Materials of Activated Carbon. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35002-35013. [PMID: 34963981 PMCID: PMC8697620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon adsorption is one of the processes used to produce ginkgolides from the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) in most enterprises. However, the problem is that the ginkgolides can be eluted by ethanol after the Ginkgo biloba extracts are adsorbed by activated carbon, while total ginkgo flavonoids (TGFs) would form dead adsorption, leading to the ineffective utilization of TGFs. In this paper, the maximum adsorption capacity of TGFs by activated carbon was 226.7 mg/g activated carbon at pH 5, and the adsorption of TGFs was easier and more favorable to monolayer adsorption. On this basis, the technical process of desorption of TGFs from activated carbon preparation technology was optimized by using the response surface optimization technique. Under the optimum process (the elution volume was 116.75 mL, the ethanol concentration in the eluent was 73.4%, the elution temperature was 31.5 °C, and the ammonia concentration was 5.7%), the desorption rate of TGFs was 74.56%. Scanning electron microscopy morphological analysis showed that the used activated carbon had a wide pore size distribution, with the micropore pore size mainly concentrated around 0.64 and 1.00 nm and the mesopore pore size mainly concentrated between 2.89 and 39.5 nm. In addition, the molecular weight of ginkgo flavonoids is mainly distributed between 500 and 1000 Da, which can be transported to the micropores through the mesopore channels. On the other hand, there is a force between the flavonoids and the acidic oxygen-containing functional groups on the pore surface, which is the main reason for the formation of dead adsorption. The obtained results contribute to further improving the process of adsorbing and desorbing TGFs from EGB and lay a foundation for the development of more suitable activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Zhang
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College
of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qi Li
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation
Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu
Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222047, China
| | - Erzheng Su
- Co-Innovation
Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation
Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation
Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Ünlü AE. Green and Non-conventional Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olive Leaves: Screening of Novel Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Investigation of Process Parameters. WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2021; 12:5329-5346. [PMID: 33727990 PMCID: PMC7953197 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-021-01411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Olive leaf as an agricultural waste contains valuable bioactive compounds that are mainly used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Lately the major component, oleuropein, has gained extra attention due to the anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2 that causes Coronavirus disease (Covid-19). In this study, extraction of the bioactive compounds from olive leaves was conducted using a non-conventional and green method. New generation green solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used in combination with ultrasound assisted extraction. Screening of NADES type, temperature, and particle size were investigated using one-pot-at-a-time method while, NADES amount and liquid-to-solid ratio were optimized using experimental design. The results were evaluated in terms of total polyphenol yield (YTP), total flavonoid yield (YTF) and antiradical activity (AAR). At the optimized conditions, the highest total polyphenol yield and the highest total flavonoid yield were achieved with choline chloride-fructose-water (CFW) (5:2:5) as 187.31 ± 10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dw and 12.75 ± 0.6 mg apigenin equivalent g-1 dw, respectively. The extracts were also analyzed for oleuropein, caffeic acid and luteolin contents. The highest amount of oleuropein and caffeic acid were extracted by glucose-fructose-water (GFW) (1:1:11) as 1630.80 mg kg-1 dw and 112.77 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s12649-021-01411-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Ezgi Ünlü
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Selvakumar P, Karthik V, Kumar PS, Asaithambi P, Kavitha S, Sivashanmugam P. Enhancement of ultrasound assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from waste fruit peel using dimethyl sulfoxide as surfactant: Assessment of kinetic models. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128071. [PMID: 33297075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate peel, a major waste from the food processing industries containing biologically active compounds, could be converted into value-added products having medicinal properties. Present study deals with the ultrasound-assisted surfactant, namely dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) aided polyphenolics extraction from pomegranate peel waste using double distilled water (DDW) as a solvent. Maximum total yield of extraction and total polyphenolic content (TPC) were found respectively to be 43.58 ± 1.0 and 49.55 ± 0.8%, at optimized sonication parameters viz. temperature 50 °C, power density 1.2 W/mL and time 40 min followed by surfactant aided extraction under optimum conditions 0.6% DMSO, 50 °C and 150 rpm for 90 min. Kinetic models were developed to determine the polyphenolics concentration and validated. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed 22 phenolic compounds. Thus, the acquired results have ensured the significance of ultrasound pre-treated surfactant aided extraction of polyphenolic compounds and this process can be developed for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Selvakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - V Karthik
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 13, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India.
| | - P Asaithambi
- Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, 635130, India
| | - P Sivashanmugam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620015, India.
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Abi-Khattar AM, Rajha HN, Abdel-Massih RM, Habchi R, Maroun RG, Debs E, Louka N. "Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum" (IVDV), a novel technology applied as a pretreatment to improve polyphenols extraction from olive leaves. Food Chem 2020; 342:128236. [PMID: 33092913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Impact of the "Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum" (IVDV) on extraction of polyphenols from olive leaves was investigated. Using Response Surface Methodology, the effect of three variables were studied: initial water content of leaves, processing time and steam pressure on total phenolic content (TPC). Extractions of TPC from leaves were achieved either using 100% water as a solvent (w100), or 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol (w50). Following IVDV pretreatment, TPC yields were enhanced with both solvents by approximately 3 times compared to the negative controls. Furthermore, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol were intensified by up to 600% and 238% respectively. Antioxidant-antiradical assays revealed higher activities, up to 3.5 times, in extracts from IVDV-treated leaves. Calculation of the extraction indices Zp, reflecting cellular damage, confirmed the beneficial effect of IVDV on the extraction yield. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) permitted the morphological observation of IVDV-treated as compared to untreated leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Abi-Khattar
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hiba N Rajha
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB). Université Saint-Joseph, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, P. O. Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon.
| | - Roula M Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, P. O. Box 100, Lebanon.
| | - Roland Habchi
- 2 EC2M, Faculty of Sciences 2, Campus Pierre Gemayel, Fanar, Lebanese University, 90656, Lebanon.
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, P. O. Box 100, Lebanon.
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon.
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