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Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Improved quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in serum after one-pot double derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115522. [PMID: 37329649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a one-pot double derivatization scheme, which used acetylation after a Diels-Alder reaction using 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) to improve separation efficiency and provide baseline separations of the five vitamin D metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), 3β-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3β-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3) and vitamin D3 on a C-18 stationary phase. Vitamin D metabolites are often very challenging to measure quantitatively using mass spectrometry, due to their low serum concentration levels and low ionization efficiencies. Moreover, some of these species are isomers with virtually identical mass spectral dissociation behavior. To overcome the low ionization efficiency and unspecific fragmentation behavior, derivatization using Diels-Alder reactions with Cookson-type reagents such as PTAD are common. These derivatization reactions generally result in more complicated liquid chromatography separations, because both 6R- and 6S-isomers are formed during Diels-Alder reactions. It has been shown that separations have been particularly challenging for the 3α-25(OH)D3 and 3β-25(OH)D3 epimers. Here, we optimized the PTAD derivatization and the esterification using acetic anhydride. By utilizing the esterification catalyst 4-dimethylaminopyridine, we avoided quenching and evaporation between the two derivatization steps, but were also able to perform the esterification at room temperature without heating. The optimized one-pot double derivatization LC-MS/MS assay was validated with respect to inter/intra-day precision, accuracy, recovery and linear dynamic range and applied to metabolic fingerprinting of vitamin D3 metabolites in serum samples. The metabolites 3α-25(OH)D3, 3β-25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3, were readily quantified in all investigated samples. The method was, in principle, also fit for purpose for quantification of the native vitamin D3 species; the relatively high blank concentration of the commercial vitamin D-depleted serum used for calibration, however, limited the limits of quantification for this metabolite. The method provided insufficient limits of quantification for serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schorr
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Thaer Institute, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 75, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany.
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Jain S, Jariyal H, Srivastava A, Sengupta P. Target specific intracellular quantification of etoposide by quadrupole-time of flight based mass spectrometric method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122233. [PMID: 32673832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (ETP), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent has an intracellular target site of action. Unfortunately, the concentration of ETP in plasma does not properly reflect the concentration in its intracellular site of action. As per our knowledge, no reported bioanalytical method is available for intracellular quantification of ETP. In this research, we developed an LC-MS/MS method to quantitate ETP in intracellular compartments of MCF-7 cells. The Abcam nuclear extraction kit was used for extracting the nuclear and cytosolic protein from MCF-7 cells. The method showed excellent linearity in the 20-1000 ng/mL range. The intra and inter-day precision (%CV) including LLOQ were found to be in the range of 2.19-16.96% and 6.71-11.21%, respectively, with an accuracy of 86.87 to 110.37% and 93.03 to 100.50%, respectively. The concentration of ETP in nuclear and cytosolic fraction was successfully quantitated using the developed method. The developed method can be applied to understand the efficacy of different formulations based on the intracellular ETP concentration in vitro. It can be considered as a model method for quantification of other similar categories of drugs in their actual intracellular site of action after required optimization in the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Jain
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Heena Jariyal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Wang J, Guo Z, Xiong J, Wu D, Li S, Tao Y, Qin Y, Kong Y. Facile synthesis of chitosan-grafted beta-cyclodextrin for stimuli-responsive drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:941-947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Selective Electrochemical Determination of Etoposide Using a Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5394235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient new electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer has been developed for selective detection of an anticancer agent Etoposide (ETP). The sensor was prepared by electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetry (CV) of pyrrole onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of ETP molecules. The extraction of ETP molecules embedded in the polymeric matrix was carried out by overoxidation in sodium hydroxide medium using CV. Various important parameters affecting the performance of the imprinted film (MIP) coated sensor were studied and optimized using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, the sensor response exhibited a linear dependence on ETP concentration (R2= 0.999) over the range 5.0×10−7M – 1.0×10−5M with a LOD (3σ/m) of 2.8×10−9M. The precision (% RSD, n=6) of the proposed sensor for intra- and interdays was found to be 0.84 and 2.46%, respectively. The selectivity of MIP/GCE sensor toward ETP was investigated in the presence of different interfering molecules including excipients and ETP metabolites. The developed sensor showed great recognition ability toward ETP and was successfully applied for its determination in injectable dosage forms and biological human fluids.
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Li D, Zhao G, Ai W, Li G, Si L, Huang J, Chen Y, Wu S. Simultaneous LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of etoposide and paclitaxel in mouse tissues and plasma after oral administration of self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4192. [PMID: 29349799 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy; Shenzhen University Genneral Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong People' Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research; Jianmin Pharmaceutical Group; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy; Shenzhen University Genneral Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong People' Republic of China
| | - Gao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Yunzhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan People' Republic of China
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A simple dried blood spot method for clinical pharmacological analyses of etoposide in cancer patients using liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 452:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effects of cyclosporine A on the hepatobiliary disposition and hepatic uptake of etoposide in an isolated perfused rat liver model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:961-8. [PMID: 25757960 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A recirculating isolated perfused rat liver model was used to investigate the hepatobiliary disposition of etoposide and the effects of cyclosporine A (CyA) on the pattern of drug disposition in the bile and uptake in the liver. METHODS The portal vein, bile duct, and superior vena cava were cannulated in four groups of rats. The perfusions were conducted in the control group, which only received 10 µg/ml etoposide, and the tested groups which received etoposide and CyA in 0.4, 2, and 10 mg/kg doses. Perfusate and bile samples were collected up to 180 min. RESULTS The determination of etoposide in the samples and homogenized liver by the high-performance liquid chromatography method showed that the administration of CyA led to significant changes in the hepatic excretion (E h), hepatic clearance (CL h), and half-life (T 1/2) of etoposide in the CyA 2 and 10 mg/kg treatment groups but not in 0.4 mg/kg group. The volume of the bile decreased to 64 and 45 % and biliary clearance (CL b) of etoposide reduced by 73 and 82 % in 0.4 and 2 mg/kg CyA group, respectively, when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the dose-dependant non-specific inhibitory effects of CyA on p-glycoproteins, multidrug resistance protein 2, bile salt export pump, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide, the drug transporters responsible for etoposide hepatobiliary disposition, hepatic uptake, and bile formation in rat.
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Saadati R, Dadashzadeh S. Marked effects of combined TPGS and PVA emulsifiers in the fabrication of etoposide-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2014; 464:135-44. [PMID: 24451238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) alone or in combination with other emulsifiers in the fabrication of etoposide-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation or single-emulsion solvent evaporation method using TPGS alone or in combination with other surfactants. These nanoparticles were fully characterized by different techniques. For nanoprecipitation preparations, by adding 0.1% TPGS to polyvinyl alcohol in the aqueous phase, encapsulation efficiency markedly increased (up to 82%); moreover, drug release was readily controlled up to 3 days. Regarding emulsion solvent evaporation method, the highest encapsulation efficiency was obtained for nanoparticles emulsified with polyvinyl alcohol or TPGS; however, the burst release was high. When the combination of TPGS and polyvinyl alcohol was applied a marked increase in encapsulation efficiency (∼ 90%) was observed and the drug release was extended to more than one week. Pharmacokinetic measurements showed that the optimum formulation generated 14.4 times higher AUC and lasted 5.1 times longer when compared to free drug. Overall, using TPGS in combination with polyvinyl alcohol as an emulsifier in preparing etoposide loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles markedly increased the encapsulation efficiency, sustained drug release and resulted in nanoparticles with noticeable sustainable in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roonak Saadati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Saadati R, Dadashzadeh S, Abbasian Z, Soleimanjahi H. Accelerated blood clearance of PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles following repeated injections: effects of polymer dose, PEG coating, and encapsulated anticancer drug. Pharm Res 2012. [PMID: 23184228 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate accelerated blood clearance (ABC) induction upon repeated injections of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles as a commonly used polymeric drug carrier. METHODS Etoposide-loaded PLGA-PEG NPs were developed and administered as the test dose to rats pre-injected with various NP treatments at certain time intervals. Pharmacokinetic parameters of etoposide and production of anti-PEG IgM antibody were evaluated. RESULTS A notable ABC effect was induced by a wide range of polymer doses (0.1 to 20 mg) of empty NPs, accompanied by IgM secretion. However, a further increase in polymer dose resulted not only in the abrogation of the observed ABC induction but also in distinctly a higher value for AUC of the NPs relative to the control. The data from the PEG-negative group verified the fundamental role of PEG for ABC induction. The first injection of etoposide-containing PEGylated nanoparticles (a cell cycle phase-specific drug) produced a strong ABC phenomenon. Three sequential administrations of etoposide-loaded NPs abolished ABC, although a high level of IgM was still detected, which suggests saturation with insignificant poisoning of immune cells. CONCLUSION The presented results demonstrate the importance of clinical evaluations for PLGA-PEG nanocarriers that consider the administration schedule in multiple drug delivery, particularly in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roonak Saadati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
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