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Agarwal D, Malik J, Bhanwala N, Ambatwar R, Kumar S, Chandrakar L, Datusalia AK, Khatik GL. Networkodynamic approach to perceive the key phytoconstituents of E. officinalis (Amla) as natural BACE1 inhibitors: an in-silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37861402 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2269260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a deteriorating neural disorder, and currently, available drugs are ineffective in its treatment. Emblica officinalis (Amla) is widely recognised in the Indian medicinal system for ameliorative effects in managing diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and neurological diseases. Thus, we aimed to identify the active phytoconstituents of E. officinalis and their role in inhibiting the potential targets for the possible treatment of AD. The network pharmacology approach, gene ontology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies were performed. A total of 36 bioactive components in E. officinalis, 95 predicted anti-AD targets, and 3398 AD-related targets were identified from different databases. The network analysis showed that BACE1, ABCB1 and AChE, CA2 are the most potential AD targets. Based on gene ontology and topology analysis results, BACE1 was a significant target related to AD pathways, and quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin showed the highest interaction with target genes. The molecular docking results found that rutin and quercetin displayed better binding affinities -7.5, -5.67 kcal/mol than the BACE1 bound internal ligand. Furthermore, MDS results suggested that quercetin and rutin could be potential inhibitors against BACE-1 protein and may have therapeutic effects in treating AD. Such promising results could be further helpful in new drug discovery against AD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhairiya Agarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jatin Malik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeru Bhanwala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Ambatwar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Chandrakar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal L Khatik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Caritá AC, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Arquier D, Vinícius Buri M, Riske KA, Ricci Leonardi Ideas G, Bolzinger MA. ELASTIC CATIONIC LIPOSOMES FOR VITAMIN C DELIVERY: DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND SKIN ABSORPTION STUDY. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122897. [PMID: 37003313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of hydrophilic surfactants acting on the membrane elasticity of liposomes on the skin absorption of vitamin C is investigated. The purpose of encapsulation inside cationic liposomes is to improve the skin delivery of vitamin C. The properties of elastic liposomes (ELs) are compared to that of conventional liposomes (CLs). ELs are formed by the addition of the "edge activator" Polysorbate 80 to the CLs composed of soybean lecithin, cationic lipid DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniopropane chloride), and cholesterol. The liposomes are characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. No toxicity is detected in human keratinocyte cells. Evidences of Polysorbate 80 incorporation into liposome bilayers and of the higher flexibility of ELs are given by isothermal titration calorimetry and pore edge tension measurements in giant unilamellar vesicles. The presence of a positive charge in the liposomal membrane increases the encapsulation efficacy by approximately 30% for both CLs and ELs. Skin absorption of vitamin C from CLs, ELs and a control aqueous solution measured in Franz cells shows a high delivery of vitamin C into each skin layer and the acceptor fluid from both liposome types. These results suggest that another mechanism drives skin diffusion, involving interactions between cationic lipids and vitamin C depending on the skin pH.
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Attenuation of Hyperlipidemia by Medicinal Formulations of Emblica officinalis Synergized with Nanotechnological Approaches. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010064. [PMID: 36671636 PMCID: PMC9854976 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ayurvedic herb Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a gift to mankind to acquire a healthy lifestyle. It has great therapeutic and nutritional importance. Emblica officinalis, also known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Amla is beneficial for treating illnesses in all its forms. The most crucial component is a fruit, which is also the most common. It is used frequently in Indian medicine as a restorative, diuretic, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, laxative, antipyretic, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, and for the common cold and fever. Hyperlipidemia is also known as high cholesterol or an increase in one or more lipid-containing blood proteins. Various phytocompounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, amino acids, fixed oils, and flavonoids, are present in the various parts of E. officinalis. E. officinalis has been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects in earlier studies, including hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective, and hyperlipidemic effects. The amla-derived active ingredients and food products nevertheless encounter challenges such as instability and interactions with other food matrices. Considering the issue from this perspective, food component nanoencapsulation is a young and cutting-edge field for controlled and targeted delivery with a range of preventative activities. The nanoformulation of E. officinalis facilitates the release of active components or food ingredients, increased bioaccessibility, enhanced therapeutic activities, and digestion in the human body. Accordingly, the current review provides a summary of the phytoconstituents of E. officinalis, pharmacological actions detailing the plant E. officinalis's traditional uses, and especially hyperlipidemic activity. Correspondingly, the article describes the uses of nanotechnology in amla therapeutics and functional ingredients.
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Kaur I, Sharma AD, Samtiya M, Pereira-Caro G, Rodríguez-Solana R, Dhewa T, Moreno-Rojas JM. Potential of bioactive compounds derived from underutilized fruit-bearing plants: a comprehensive review. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla ( Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050816. [PMID: 35624683 PMCID: PMC9137578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica L. (also popularly known as amla) is a tree native to the India and Southeast Asia regions that produces fruits rich in bioactive compounds that could be explored as part of the increasing interest in naturally occurring compounds with biological activity. Thus, this review aims to highlight the nutritional aspects, rich phytochemistry and health-promoting effects of amla. Scientific evidence indicates that polyphenols are central components in fruits and other sections of the amla tree, as well as vitamin C. The rich composition of polyphenol and vitamin C imparts an important antioxidant activity along with important in vivo effects that include improved antioxidant status and activity of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Other potential health benefits are the anti-hyperlipidemia and antidiabetic activities as well as the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, digestive tract and neurological protective activities. The promising results provided by the studies about amla bioactive compounds support their potential role in assisting the promotion of health and prevention of diseases.
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Yang Y, Zhu W, Sun B, Hu H, Li X, Bao S, Su Z. Two fluorescent cerium metal-organic frameworks for the “turn-on” sensing of AA with high sensitivity as well as biological and electrochemical properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Patil P, Killedar S. Chitosan and glyceryl monooleate nanostructures containing gallic acid isolated from amla fruit: targeted delivery system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06526. [PMID: 33851042 PMCID: PMC8024605 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid, active constituent of amla fruit its natural abundance with beneficial multi actions in body make them attractive for clinical applications. In present study, we focused on extracting, separating and characterizing gallic acid from amla and further formulated into chitosan nanoparticles, so bring it to increase its aqueous solubility and thereby bioactivity. Gallic acid nanoparticles were prepared by using poloxamer 407, chitosan and Glyceryl Monooleate (GMO) using probe sonicator and high pressure homogenization method. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, DSC, XRD, SEM, entrapment efficiency, loading content, in-vitro release and stability study. They showed approximately 76.80% encapsulation of gallic acid with average size of 180.8 ± 0.21 nm, and zeta potential +24.2 mV. The cumulative in vitro drug release upto 24 hrs 77.16% was achieved suggesting that from all our findings, it can be concluded that work will facilitate extraction, design and fabrication of nanoparticles for protection and sustained release of gallic acid particularly to colonic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poournima Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur Maharashtra, India
| | - Suresh Killedar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Shree Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy, Gadhiglaj Mahagaon Maharashtra, India
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Caritá AC, Resende de Azevedo J, Vinícius Buri M, Bolzinger MA, Chevalier Y, Riske KA, Ricci Leonardi G. Stabilization of vitamin C in emulsions of liquid crystalline structures. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang SD, Xie LX, Zhao YF, Wang YN. A dual luminescent sensor coordination polymer for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and tryptophan. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 242:118750. [PMID: 32731144 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous high sensitivity detection of biomolecules is important for research in medicine, living cells and environmental samples. In this work, a water stable coordination polymer, [Cd2(bptc)(4,4'-bpy)(H2O)3]ˑH2O 1 (H4bptc = 2,3,3',4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid, 4,4'-bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine), was designed and successfully synthesized as a luminescent sensor for simultaneous recognition of Ascorbic Acid (AA) and L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) based on luminescent -OFF and -ON, respectively. Importantly, the proposed sensing system showed an excellent performance with high KSV values of 4.85 × 104 M-1, 9.60 × 107 M-1 and low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28 nM, 63 nM, respectively. In addition, the probable mechanisms are also discussed. The luminescent quenching behavior by AA can be mainly attributed to the static resonance energy transfer between complex 1 and the analytes. Whereas the enhancing effect of L-Trp comes from the intrinsic strong luminescence for L-Trp itself and photo-competitive mechanism between CP 1 sensor and L-Trp, supposedly. In addition, the repeatability of both systems were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Dan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Lan-Xin Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of Southto-North Water Diversion Project of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Yan-Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China.
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Osman AM, Abulkibash AM, Atieh MA. Time-biased square wave differential electrolytic potentiometry for determination of ascorbic acid in a complex matrix at multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified silver electrodes. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chahal AK, Chandan G, Kumar R, Chhillar AK, Saini AK, Saini RV. Bioactive constituents of Emblica officinalis overcome oxidative stress in mammalian cells by inhibiting hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxins. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13115. [PMID: 31821595 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emblica officinalis (Amla) is a renowned fruit having nutritional and medicinal traits mostly linked to its antioxidants content. In the current study, the methanolic crude extract of amla fruit is subjected to sequential fractionation to get its partially purified fractions. The ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BUT) fractions of amla showed maximum antioxidant potential. The ferric reducing capability and nitric oxide scavenging activity were highest in EA fraction. One of the highlights of the study is the cellular antioxidant assay conducted in HeLa cells. Additionally, HeLa cells pre-treated with EA and BUT fractions were able to combat oxidative stress via total reduction in hyperoxidation of intracellular peroxiredoxin enzyme. Gallic acid, ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin, and catechol are the major compounds present in these fractions as identified by LC-ESI-MS followed by their quantification by HPLC. These findings indicate that components of E. officinalis can protect intracellular oxidative stress-mediated degeneration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study highlighted that E. officinalis is a promising source of phenolics and flavonoids acting as natural antioxidants, which showed varied potential to scavenge ROS. Also, the plant fractions were able to fight intracellular oxidative stress via total reduction in hyperoxidation of the human peroxiredoxin. In conclusion, we can say that the regular intake of such food supplements that affect important antioxidant enzymes can be of special interest in the management of oxidative stress-mediated human ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anterpreet K Chahal
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Gourav Chandan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | | | - Adesh K Saini
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Reena V Saini
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
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Simultaneous voltammetric determination of gallic and ellagic acids in cognac and brandy using electrode modified with functionalized SWNT and poly(pyrocatechol violet). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Kumari P, Khatkar BS, Duhan A. Aonla phytochemicals: extraction, identification and quantification. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:2278-2286. [PMID: 30996461 PMCID: PMC6443778 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methanolic, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of five aonla varieties were analyzed for phytochemical characterization using RP-HPLC. Five compounds viz. ascorbic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate and quercetin were identified in aonla extracts by RP-HPLC at 270 nm. Significant variations were observed in amount of identified phytochemical among the varieties. The highest level of phytochemical was observed in methanolic extract of variety Desi followed by varieties Kanchan, NA-7, Banarasi and Chakaiya. Among the solvent, methanol extracted the maximum phytochemicals while yield was least in ethyl acetate extract of aonla varieties. Gallic acid and ellagic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in extracts of aonla varieties. Ellagic acid (349.51 mg/100 g) and gallic acid (233.49 mg/100 g) were found maximum in methanolic extract of Desi variety. Results of the present study suggested that aonla is a good source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumari
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - B. S. Khatkar
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - Anil Duhan
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001 India
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Singh B, Kumar B. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of bioactive compounds in Phyllanthus species and its herbal formulations. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3422-3429. [PMID: 28683189 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus species are extensively used in traditional medicines for the treatment of hepatic diseases due to their bioactive hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin. This work describes the development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method in polarity switching multiple reaction monitoring mode for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of 23 compounds using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The validated parameters showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.996), limit of detection (0.05-1.62 ng/mL), limit of quantitation (0.15-4.95 ng/mL), precisions (intra-day: RSD ≤ 2.11%), (inter-day: RSD ≤ 2.91%), stability (RSD ≤ 2.56%) and overall recovery (98.22-104.48%; RSD ≤ 2.93%). The validated method was successfully applied in ethanolic extracts of P. amarus, P. niruri, P. emblica, P. fraternus, fractions of P. amarus and their herbal formulations for quantitation. The maximum content of hypophyllanthin (29.40 mg/g) and phyllanthin (56.60 mg/g) was detected in ethyl acetate fraction of P. amarus. The total content of 23 compounds was abundant in the ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruit. Principal component analysis was used to differentiate the selected Phyllanthus species and their herbal formulations. The results indicated that the present method could be used for quality control of Phyllanthus species and its herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrated Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Meenu M, Sharma A, Guha P, Mishra S. A Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photodiode Array Detection Method to Determine Phenolic Compounds in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Meenu
- Agrionics Division, AcSIR—Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupma Sharma
- Agrionics Division, CSIR—Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India
| | - Paramita Guha
- Agrionics Division, CSIR—Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunita Mishra
- Agrionics Division, CSIR—Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India
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