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Waghule T, Laxmi Swetha K, Roy A, Narayan Saha R, Singhvi G. Exploring temozolomide encapsulated PEGylated liposomes and lyotropic liquid crystals for effective treatment of glioblastoma: in-vitro, cell line, and pharmacokinetic studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:18-29. [PMID: 36924995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is one of the best choices for treating glioblastoma. However, due to the short plasma half-life, only 20-30 % brain bioavailability can be achieved using traditional formulations. In the present study, PEGylated liposomes and lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) were developed and investigated to prolong the plasma circulation time of TMZ. Industrially feasible membrane extrusion and modified hot melt emulsification techniques were utilized during the formulation. Liposomes and LLCs in the particle size range of 80-120 nm were obtained with up to 50 % entrapment efficiency. The nanocarriers were found to show a prolonged release of up to 72 h. The cytotoxicity studies in glioblastoma cell lines revealed a ∼1.6-fold increased cytotoxicity compared to free TMZ. PEGylated liposomes and PEGylated LLCs were found to show a 3.47 and 3.18-fold less cell uptake in macrophage cell lines than uncoated liposomes and LLCs, respectively. A 1.25 and 2-fold increase in the plasma t1/2 was observed with PEGylated liposomes and PEGylated LLCs, respectively, compared to the TMZ when administered intravenously. Extending plasma circulation time of TMZ led to significant increase in brain bioavailability. Overall, the observed improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of TMZ revealed the potential of these PEGylated nanocarriers in the efficient treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Waghule
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - K Laxmi Swetha
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, India.
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Donthi MR, Munnangi SR, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010164. [PMID: 36678794 PMCID: PMC9863395 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-emulgel is an emerging drug delivery system intended to enhance the therapeutic profile of lipophilic drugs. Lipophilic formulations have a variety of limitations, which includes poor solubility, unpredictable absorption, and low oral bioavailability. Nano-emulgel, an amalgamated preparation of different systems aims to deal with these limitations. The novel system prepared by the incorporation of nano-emulsion into gel improves stability and enables drug delivery for both immediate and controlled release. The focus on nano-emulgel has also increased due to its ability to achieve targeted delivery, ease of application, absence of gastrointestinal degradation or the first pass metabolism, and safety profile. This review focuses on the formulation components of nano-emulgel for topical drug delivery, pharmacokinetics and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Reddy Donthi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
- R&D Healthcare Division Emami Ltd., 13, BT Road, Kolkata 700056, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-8239703734
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Dutra JAP, Luiz MT, Tavares Junior AG, Di Filippo LD, Carvalho SG, Chorilli M. Temozolomide: an Overview of Biological Properties, Drug Delivery Nanosystems, and Analytical Methods. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2073-2088. [PMID: 35658888 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220603152918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an imidazotetrazine prodrug used to treat glioblastoma multiforme. Its physicochemical prop-erties and small size confer the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The antitumor activity depends on pH-dependent hydrolysis of the methyldiazonium cation, which is capable of methylating purine bases (O6-guanine; N7-guanine, and N3-adenine) and causing DNA damage and cell death. TMZ is more stable in acidic media (pH ≤ 5.0) than in basic media (pH ≥ 7.0) due to the protonated form that minimizes the catalytic process. Because of this, TMZ has high oral bioavailability, but it has a half-life of 1.8 h and low brain distribution (17.8%), requiring a repeated dos-ing regimen that limits its efficacy and increases adverse events. Drug delivery Nanosystems (DDNs) improve the phys-icochemical properties of TMZ and may provide controlled and targeted delivery. Therefore, DDNs can increase the efficacy and safety of TMZ. In this context, to ensure the efficiency of DDNs, analytical methods are used to evaluate TMZ pharmacokinetic parameters, encapsulation efficiency, and the release profile of DDNs. Among the methods, high-performance liquid chromatography is the most used due to its detection sensitivity in complex matrices such as tissues and plasma. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography features fast analysis and no sample pretreatment. Spec-trophotometric methods are still used to determine encapsulation efficiency due to their low cost, despite their low sen-sitivity. This review summarizes the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of free TMZ and TMZ-loaded DDNs. In addition, this review addresses the main analytical methods employed to characterize TMZ in different ma-trices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Bra-zil
| | | | | | - Suzana Gonçalves Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Shervington LA, Ingham O. Investigating the Stability of Six Phenolic TMZ Ester Analogues, Incubated in the Presence of Porcine Liver Esterase and Monitored by HPLC. Molecules 2022; 27:2958. [PMID: 35566308 PMCID: PMC9103334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous published data from our group showed the encouraging in vitro activities of six phenolic temozolomide (TMZ) ester analogues (ES8-ES12 and ES14) with up to a five-fold increase in potency compared to TMZ against glioblastoma multiform cell lines and TMZ-resistant O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase (MGMT)-positive primary cells. This study investigated the stabilities of the six phenolic TMZ ester analogues in the presence of porcine liver esterase (PLE) as a hydrolytic enzyme, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), monitored by a diode-array detector (DAD). Determining the rates of hydrolysis of the esters provided a useful insight into the feasibility of progressing them to the next phase of drug development. Fifty percent of TMZ esters consisting of para nitro, chloro, phenyl and tolyl groups (ES9, ES10, ES12 and ES14) were hydrolysed within the first 4.2 min of PLE exposure, while the TMZ esters consisting of para methoxy and nitrile groups (ES8 and ES11) demonstrated increased stability, with 50% hydrolysis achieved in 7.3 and 13.7 min, respectively. In conclusion, the survival of these phenolic TMZ esters on route to the target site of a brain tumor would be a challenge, mainly due to the undesirable rapid rate of hydrolysis. These findings therefore pose a question regarding the effectiveness of these esters in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy A. Shervington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Oliver Ingham
- Kindeva Drug Delivery, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RB, UK;
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Beg S, Panda SS, Singh KK. Chemometrics-assisted development of a validated LC method for simultaneous estimation of temozolomide and γ-linolenic acid: greenness assessment and application to lipidic nanoparticles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1200:123261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Steffens Reinhardt L, Moira Morás A, Gustavo Henn J, Ricardo Arantes P, Bernardes Ferro M, Braganhol E, Oliveira de Souza P, de Oliveira Merib J, Ramos Borges G, Silveira Dalanhol C, Cox Holanda de Barros Dias M, Nugent M, Jaqueline Moura D. Nek1-inhibitor and temozolomide-loaded microfibers as a co-therapy strategy for glioblastoma treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121584. [PMID: 35202726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glioblastoma (GB) is the predominant primary brain tumour in adults, but despite the efforts towards novel therapies, the median survival of GB patients has not significantly improved in the last decades. Therefore, localised approaches that treat GB straight into the tumour site provide an alternative to enhance chemotherapy bioavailability and efficacy, reducing systemic toxicity. Likewise, the discovery of protein targets, such as the NIMA-related kinase 1 (Nek1), which was previously shown to be associated with temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in GB, has stimulated the clinical development of target therapy approaches to treat GB patients. In this study, we report an electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microfiber (MF) brain-implant prepared for the controlled release of Nek1 protein inhibitor (iNek1) and TMZ or TMZ-loaded nanoparticles. The formulations revealed adequate stability and drug loading, which prolonged the drugs' release allowing a sustained exposure of the GB cells to the treatment and enhancing the drugs' therapeutic effects. TMZ-loaded MF provided the highest concentration of TMZ within the brain of tumour-bearing rats, and it was statistically significant when compared to TMZ via intraperitoneal (IP). All animals treated with either co-therapy formulation (TMZ + iNek1 MF or TMZ nanoparticles + iNek1 MF) survived until the endpoint (60 days), whereas the Blank MF (drug-unloaded), TMZ MF and TMZ IP-treated rats' median survival was found to be 16, 31 and 25 days, respectively. The tumour/brain area ratio of the rats implanted with either MF co-therapy was found to be reduced by 5-fold when compared to Blank MF-implanted rats. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Nek1 is an important GB oncotarget and the inhibition of Nek1's activity significantly decreases GB cells' viability and tumour size when combined with TMZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Steffens Reinhardt
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biosciences Graduation Course, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ana Moira Morás
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biosciences Graduation Course, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Gustavo Henn
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biosciences Graduation Course, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Matheus Bernardes Ferro
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Biosciences Graduation Course, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Nugent
- Materials Research Institute, TUS, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
| | - Dinara Jaqueline Moura
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Wadhwa G, Krishna KV, Taliyan R, Tandon N, Yadav SS, Katiyar C, Dubey SK. Pre-clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling study of 4-hydroxyisoleucine using validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5525-5532. [PMID: 35497432 PMCID: PMC9049328 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method has been developed for the estimation of 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-HI), a potent insulinotropic and hypolipidemic agent. The extraction of 4-HI from plasma was accomplished by the protein precipitation technique using l-isoleucine as an internal standard. The separation of analytes was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in an isocratic flow system on a BEH Shield RP-18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). 4-HI and l-isoleucine were detected using an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source, using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of 4-HI and l-isoleucine were found at m/z values of 148.19 > 74.02 and 132.17 > 69.04, respectively. As per the guidelines for bioanalytical methods, all validation parameter results were within the acceptable range. The method exhibited a robust and reproducible linearity range of 1–5000 ng mL−1 with a coefficient of regression of 0.9999. The method was successfully applied for the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of 4-HI (10 mg kg−1) in Wistar rats, by using Thoth Pro (version: 4.3) software. Herein, the two-compartment model was statistically fitted based on AIC and SBC values for evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 4-HI. Pharmacodynamic studies were also performed by measuring the levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol, and showed that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of 4-HI correlated with each other. A reliable and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS based method has been developed for the estimation of 4-hydroxyisoleucine, a potent insulinotropic and hypolipidemic agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI)
- Pilani Campus
- Rajasthan-333031
- India
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI)
- Pilani Campus
- Rajasthan-333031
- India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI)
- Pilani Campus
- Rajasthan-333031
- India
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Divisions of Publications & Information and Medicinal Plants
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
- New Delhi-110029
- India
| | - Satyapal Singh Yadav
- Medicinal Plants Division
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
- New Delhi-110029
- India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI)
- Pilani Campus
- Rajasthan-333031
- India
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