1
|
The novel Outer Plug Standardization (OPS) calibration strategy applied in a new method for the high-throughput determination of Cl -, NO 3- and SO 4-2 in rainwater samples. Talanta 2021; 235:122820. [PMID: 34517675 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the Outer Plug Standardization - OPS, a novel technique as an alternative for the classic internal standardization using multiple injection in capillary zone electrophoresis is proposed herein. This technique was applied in a new method for the determination of chloride, nitrate and sulfate in rainwater samples. After the injection accuracy was tested and proved to be a minor error source (average 1.26% RSD), the OPS was applied and it improved the intra-day and inter-day precision of the analytical method by 32.5% and 24.7%, respectively. Using a capillary with effective length of 23.5 cm the electrophoretic separation of the three inorganic anions could be achieved in <1 min, with detection limits of 0.05, 0.09 and 0.11 mg L-1 for chloride, nitrate and sulfate, respectively. Also, the statistical t-test was applied to the results obtained for 82 rainwater samples that were collected and analyzed applying both the method developed in this study and the official APHA 4140 method where no statistical difference was noted within a 95% confidence level.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh AOO. Distribution and Chemical Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environmental Systems: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3026. [PMID: 31438569 PMCID: PMC6747491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PPCPs are found almost everywhere in the environment especially at an alarming rate and at very low concentration in the aquatic systems. Many methods-including pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and micro-assisted extraction (MAE)-have been employed for their extraction from both surface waters and biota. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) proved to be the best extraction method for these polar, non-volatile, and thermally unstable compounds in water. However, ultrasonic extraction works better for their isolation from sediment because it is cheap and consumes less solvent, even though SPE is preferred as a clean-up method for sediment samples. PPCPs are in groups of-acidic (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen), neutral (e.g., caffeine, carbamazepine, fluoxetine), and basic pharmaceuticals, as well as antibiotics and estrogens amongst others. PPCPs which are present in trace levels (ng/L) are more often determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolent (HPLC-UV). Of these, LC-MS and LC-MS-MS are mostly employed for the analysis of this class of compounds, though not without a draw-back of matrix effect. GC-MS and GC-MS-MS are considered as alternative cost-effective methods that can also give better results after derivatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - A O Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - A I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - And O O Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Sun Y, Liu Q. Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Components in Wastewater Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Solid Phase Extraction. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.966377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
Stålberg O, Westerlund D, Rodby UB, Schmidt S. Determination of impurities in remoxipride by capillary electrophoresis using UV-detection and LIF-detection; principles to handle sample overloading effects. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
An overview of method validation and system suitability aspects in capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Al Azzam KM, Saad B, Tat CY, Mat I, Aboul-Enein HY. Stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the analysis of sumatriptan succinate in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:937-43. [PMID: 21873014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaldun M Al Azzam
- Unit Kanser MAKNA-USM, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Suite 121 & 141, EUREKA Complex, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Saberi RS. Glassy carbon electrode modified with a bilayer of multi-walled carbon nanotube and polypyrrole doped with new coccine: Application to the sensitive electrochemical determination of Sumatriptan. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Ravi S, Darwis Y, Khan N. Development and validation of an RP-HPLC-UV method for analysis of sumatriptan succinate in pharmaceutical dosage forms. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.21.2009.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Saka C. Review of Analytical Methods for Identification and Determination of Triptans. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340802569522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
Patterson SC, Ramstad T, Mills KA. Development and validation of a procedure for the determination of minoxidil in hair-regrowth formulations using two variants of capillary zone electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:547-54. [PMID: 15922339 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Revised: 02/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A high performance capillary electrophoresis method was developed and validated for purity assessment of minoxidil bulk drug and for determination of minoxidil in Rogaine. The principal use of the method was in analyzing illicit minoxidil-containing hair-regrowth samples. Although validated for Rogaine, the procedure proved equally viable on illicit minoxidil-containing preparations. The developed method fulfilled the goal of providing an orthogonal technique to HPLC for confirmation of the presence of minoxidil in these imitations. The method was validated on two instruments, one utilizing EK injection, the other gravity injection. It is selective for minoxidil, which is separated from known process impurities and the single degradation impurity. Validation figures of merit for linearity/recovery (accuracy) and precision were in accordance with current expectations for method validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Femenía-Font A, Merino V, Rodilla V, López-Castellano A. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of sumatriptan after in vitro transdermal diffusion studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:621-6. [PMID: 15740926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, accurate, precise and rapid HPLC method with UV detection has been validated in order to determine the in vitro transdermal absorption of sumatriptan succinate. The HPLC method is a modification of that described by Nozal et al. [M.J. Nozal, J.L. Bernal, L. Toribio, M.T. Martin, F.J. Diez, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 30 (2002) 285-291]. Separation was carried out on a 250 mm Kromasil C18 column at room temperature. The detector response, at 282.7 nm, was found to be linear in a concentration range between 0.145 and 145 microM. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.019 microM and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.145 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Femenía-Font
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pazourek J, Revilla AL, Gajdosová D, Havel J. Validation of a Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method for Determination of Rimantadine Hydrochloride in Rimantadin100 Tablets and the Method Application to Dissolution Test Monitoring. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2004; 30:125-34. [PMID: 15089046 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120028707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoretic method with indirect UV-detection for determination of rimantadine, an antiviral drug against influenza A, in tablets was validated. Instrumental precision, the method precision, accuracy, calibration curve linearity, selectivity, robustness, and time stability of the sample and the standard were tested. The method was also applied to monitor dissolution tests of the tablets. The possibility of addition of an internal standard for improvement of the method precision was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pazourek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bebawy LI, Moustafa AA, Abo-Talib NF. Stability-indicating methods for the determination of sumatriptan succinate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:1123-33. [PMID: 12907255 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four stability-indicating methods were developed for the determination of sumatriptan succinate in the presence of its degradation products. The first method depends on the quantitative densitometric evaluation of thin-layer chromatography of sumatriptan succinate in the presence of its degradation products without any interference. Cyclohexane-dichloromethane-diethylamine (50:40:10 v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase and the chromatogram was scanned at 228 nm. This method determines sumatriptan succinate in the concentration range l-8 microg per spot with mean percentage recovery 100.52+/-1.23%. The second and third methods depend on the use of first-derivative (D(1)) and second-derivative (D(2)) spectrophotometry at 234 and 238 nm, respectively. These methods determine the drug in the concentration range 1.25-10 microg x ml(-1) with mean percentage recovery 99.91+/-1.01% and 99.96+/-1.13% for (D(1)) and (D(2)), respectively. The fourth method depends on the use of ratio derivative spectrophotometric technique. The amplitude in the first derivative of the ratio spectra at 235 nm was selected to determine the cited drug in the presence of its degradation products. Calibration graph is linear in the concentration range 1.25-10 microg x ml(-1) with mean percentage recovery 100.19+/-1.19%. The suggested methods were successfully applied for determining sumatriptan succinate in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms (Imigran tablet) with good accuracy and precision. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the reported method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L I Bebawy
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 6 Hussen Kamal el Deen, Ben-el-sariat, Dokki, 12311, Giza, Egyp.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nozal MJ, Bernal JL, Toribio L, Martín MT, Diez FJ. Development and validation of an LC assay for sumatriptan succinate residues on surfaces in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:285-91. [PMID: 12191714 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the assay of sumatriptan succinate residues in swabs collected from manufacturing equipment surfaces was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. The swabbing procedure using two cotton swabs moistened with water was validated applying a wipe-test and a HPLC method developed to determine low quantities of the drug. The HPLC method involves a C18 column at 25 degrees C, a mixture of ammonium phosphate monobasic (0.05 M)-acetonitrile (84:16, v/v) as a mobile phase and UV detection at 228 nm. Using the proposed method, the average recoveries obtained are of 88.5% for vinyl, 94.2% for glass and 95.2% for stainless steel plates with RSD of 5.5 (n=36), 2.3 (n=36), 2.2% (n=36), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the assay of real swab samples collected from the equipment surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Nozal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Capillary electrokinetic separation techniques offer high efficiency and peak capacity, and can be very useful for the analysis of samples containing a large variety of (unknown) compounds. Such samples are frequently met in impurity profiling of drugs (detection of potential impurities in a pharmaceutical substance or product) and in general sample profiling (determination of differences or similarities between samples). In this paper, the potential, merits, and limitations of electrokinetic separation techniques for profiling purposes are evaluated using examples from literature. A distinction is made between impurity profiling, forensic profiling and profiling of natural products, and the application of capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography in these fields is discussed. Attention is devoted to important aspects such as selectivity, resolution enhancement, applicability, detection, and compound confirmation and quantification. The specific properties of the various electrokinetic techniques are discussed and compared with more conventional techniques as liquid chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hilhorst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nozal MJ, Bernal JL, Toribio L, Martín MT, Diez FJ. Validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride residues on surfaces in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2001; 919:87-93. [PMID: 11459315 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method for determination of the residues of ranitidine hydrochloride on various surfaces employed in drug manufacture is described. Cotton swabs, moistened with a methanol-water (1:1, v/v) mixture were used to remove any residues of drugs from glass, vinyl, and stainless steel surfaces, and gave recoveries of 85%, 78% and 90%, respectively. Residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column at 25 degrees C with methanol-ammonium acetate (40:60 v/v) pH 6.7 as the mobile phase and detection at 320 nm. The method was validated over a concentration range of 20-10 000 ng/ml and had a detection limit of 2 ng/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Nozal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rodríguez VG, Lucangioli SE, Fernández Otero GC, Carducci CN. Determination of bile acids in pharmaceutical formulations using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:375-81. [PMID: 10933529 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method (MEKC) has been developed and validated for the determination of bile acids (BA) such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), dehydrocholic acid (DHCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) in pharmaceuticals for quality control purpose. The background electrolyte consisted of 20 mM borate-phosphate buffer containing 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and acetonitrile as additive. UV detection was set at 185 nm. Selectivity, linearity, range, repeatability, intermediate precision and accuracy showed good results. Comparison of the values obtained by MEKC and HPLC methods were in close agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chou CC, Brown MP, Merritt KA. Capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of atovaquone in serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:441-5. [PMID: 10901150 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method has been developed for the determination of atovaquone in serum. The drug was extracted from equine serum-chloroform (1:3, v/v) at greater than 80% recovery and assayed in buffer containing 25 mM sodium borate (pH 9.1) and 25% acetonitrile. A 100 microm I.D. fused-silica capillary was used and the detection was by UV-diode array at 254 nm; the migration time was approximately 8 min. Intra- and inter-assay variabilities were less than 7.8% and 5.8%, respectively, and the accuracy of the assay (expressed as % bias) ranged from 4.5 to -5.2%. The working assay range was from 2 to 100 microg/ml. This sensitivity could be increased by concentrating during the extraction procedure. Replacement of acetonitrile with 75 mM surfactant 3-(dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate gave similar sensitivity and provided an additional option to facilitate the separation of atovaquone on multiple-drug samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Chou
- Department of Large Animal and Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
2.8. Determination of drug related impurities by capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(00)80019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
22
|
Haque A, Xu X, Stewart JT. Determination of ephedrine, theophylline and phenobarbital in a tablet dosage form by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:1063-7. [PMID: 10703975 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate and quantitate ephedrine (ED), theophylline (TP) and phenobarbital (PB) in a tablet dosage form. Tablets were ground and extracted with methanol using ultrasonication. Aliquots of standard stock solution were hydrodynamically injected for 5 s at the anodic end. Separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (72 cm x 50 microm i.d.; 50 cm to detector) at an applied voltage of 20 kV with a phosphate run buffer (pH 8.0, 50 mM). Analysis was performed at ambient temperature (23+/-1 degrees C) and the total run time was 9 min with detection at 220 nm. Calibration curves were prepared for ED, TP and PB with methyl p-hydroxy benzoate as internal standard. For each analyte, the correlation coefficients were >0.999 (n = 4). The RSD% of ten replicate injections for each analyte were <1%. The method was applied to the quantitation of ED, TP and PB in a commercial tablet dosage form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2352, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Porrà R, Farina A, Cotichini V, Lecce R. Analysis of ceftazidime and related compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:241-8. [PMID: 9863964 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of ceftazidime, its delta2-isomer and pyridine (two ceftazidime related impurities) was developed and validated. Optimised conditions were obtained using an electrolyte system consisting of 25 mM sodium tetraborate, at pH 9.2, and 75 mM sodium dodecylsulphate. A limit of detection of 0.2 microg ml(-1) and a limit of quantitation of 0.6 microg ml(-1) were estimated for pyridine and delta2-isomer: this means that levels of < 0.1% of pyridine and delta2-isomer in ceftazidime can be determined. Calibration curves for all analytes were linear over the studied ranges with correlation coefficients >0.999. Good reproducibility for migration times and corrected peak areas were achieved (RSD % 0.3 and 1.0, respectively). The results demonstrate that the method is reproducible, accurate and appropriate for ceftazidime assay in pharmaceutical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Porrà
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Laboratorio di Chimica del Farmaco, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Performance of instruments and aspects of methodology and validation in quantitative capillary electrophoresis an update. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
Rodríguez VG, Lucangioll SE, Otero GCF, Carducci CN. Purity testing of drugs by capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240191212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine drug-related impurities is becoming established within industrial pharmaceutical analysis laboratories. Increasingly CE is being viewed as an alternative for, and complement to, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This paper comprehensively reviews the progress of CE in drug impurity determinations subdividing the reports into low pH, high pH and MECC applications. The section covering method performance and validation clearly shows that CE methods are capable of validation in this area and can often give equivalent performance to HPLC methods. Possible benefits of adopting CE for this testing include reductions in costs and improved robustness. Potential developments are covered including the use of electrolyte additives, instrumental developments and the increased implementation of electrochromatography. It is concluded that the current status of CE is sufficiently strong to allow the analyst to view CE as a viable and attractive alternative to HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Analytical Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Herts, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Improved reproducibility in capillary electrophoresis through the use of mobility and migration time ratios. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Qi S, Huang A, Sun Y. Compensation of Two Kinds of Bias in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Its Use in Internal Normalization Quantitation. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac950907t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shize Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PRC
| | - Aijin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PRC
| | - Yiliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PRC
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wenclawiak B, Wollmann M. Separation of platinum(II) anti-tumour drugs by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Smith JT, Vinjamoori DV. Rapid determination of logarithmic partition coefficients between n-octanol and water using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 669:59-66. [PMID: 7581888 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00082-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) was evaluated as a rapid screening tool for the determination of logarithmic partition coefficients between n-octanol-water (log P(OW)). The technique is performed by electrochromatographing a mixture of standards of known log P(OW). The logarithmic capacity factor of each standard was plotted against its log P(OW) to form a linear calibration curve for a given set of chromatographic conditions. The log P(OW) of an unknown is calculated by using its chromatographically determined capacity factor and extracting the log P(OW) value from the calibration curve. The method was evaluated with a set of model compounds with known log P(OW). The accuracy of the method was examined and found to be within the limits required for screening purposes. The correlation of log P(OW) values determined using HPLC and MECC for some novel compounds was examined. This technique allows the screening of log P(OW) at a rate of four samples per hour with minimal sample requirements (< microgram) and with extremely small solvent waste generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- Analytical Sciences Center, Monsanto Corporate Research, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quaglia MG, Farina A, Bossu E, Dell'Aquila C. Analysis of non-benzodiazepinic anxiolytic agents by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:505-9. [PMID: 9696563 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(95)01340-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the analysis of a new generation of serotonergic anxiolytics and their related substances: zalospirone, gepirone, ipsapirone and buspirone. All compounds run in a Tris/phosphate buffer at pH 3 as cations and the experimental conditions allowed good resolution of four drugs and their principal impurities. The analyses were made using two different kinds of capillary. The suitability of CZE and HPLC methods for the analysis of these non-benzodiazepinic anxiolytic agents and their impurities was compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Quaglia
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università, La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Taylor RB, Reid RG. Analysis of basic antimalarial drugs by CZE; Part 2. Validation and application to bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1995; 13:21-6. [PMID: 7718629 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)00127-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This report describes some of the quantitative aspects of the CZE separation of proguanil, chloroquine and their respective metabolites, the separations of which, by CE and MEKC, were reported in Part 1. Results obtained on the precision of migration time and peak areas using the alternative injection methods of vacuum and electrokinetic are described and discussed. The increase in concentration sensitivity using electrokinetic injection with an organic injection solvent reported in Part 1 is confirmed and the resultant limits of detection in urine reported. An assay method for these compounds in urine is described which incorporates a pretreatment stage of solid phase extraction and the main analytical parameters used in the validation of such an assay are reported. The limitation of the sample pretreatment used when applied to matrices of plasma and saliva are reported and discussed in the context of the electrokinetic injection method used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Galceran MT, Carneiro MC, Puignou L. Capillary electrophoresis of quaternary ammonium ion herbicides: Paraquat, diquat and difenzoquat. Chromatographia 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02268283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
An inter-company cross-validation exercise on capillary electrophoresis testing of dose uniformity of paracetamol content in formulations. Chromatographia 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Thomas BR, Fang XG, Chen X, Tyrrell RJ, Ghodbane S. Validated micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for quality control of the drug substances hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 657:383-94. [PMID: 7952103 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)e0057-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A stability-indicating, quality control analysis method was developed and validated for the diuretic drug substances hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and chlorothiazide (CTZ). Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography employing the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate at 30 mM in 20 mM sodium borate buffer pH 9.5 was utilized to separate and quantify the active drug substance HCTZ from CTZ and the common impurity, 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide (DSA). A 100 microns I.D. uncoated fused-silica capillary was necessary to provide the sensitivity, i.e. 1 microgram/ml, for quantification of the DSA impurity. In this study, the linearity, precision, selectivity, accuracy, reproducibility and limit of quantitation for the method were investigated for HCTZ, CTZ and DSA. As the first validation of a drug substance method by capillary electrophoresis in this laboratory, unusual care was taken to insure reliability and ruggedness with multiple instruments, capillaries and analysts. Precision and reproducibility in the range of 1% R.S.D. was achieved by controlling subtle injection factors. These included minimizing the time in which the capillary ends were not immersed in buffer or sample during the injection process and minimizing the number of assays for each anode or inlet buffer vial. Stacking induced by differences in ionic strength between sample and capillary buffer was reduced by using a sample buffer concentration similar to that of the capillary buffer. Although stacking accomplished by using lower sample buffer concentrations increased sensitivity, reproducibility was decreased. Achievement of the 1% R.S.D. precision level means that many quality control assays for drugs with good absorbance characteristics can be validated with HPLC reproducibility and CE efficiency. These micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography methods conform to the USA and European Pharmacopoeial validation guidelines.
Collapse
|
37
|
Quantitative aspects of the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and drug related impurities. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83337-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|