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Grilc B, Felicijan T, Parfant TP, Planinšek O. Formulation and Characterization of Buccal Films Containing Valsartan with Additional Support from Image Analysis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:72. [PMID: 36869211 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to the development and characterization of valsartan-containing buccal films with an introduction to a novel technique of image analysis. Visual inspection of the film provided a wealth of information that was difficult to quantify objectively. The obtained images of the films observed under the microscope were embedded in a convolutional neural network (CNN). The results were clustered according to their visual quality and on the basis of data distances. Image analysis proved to be a promising method to characterize buccal films appearance and their visual properties. The differential behavior of film composition was investigated using a reduced combinatorial experimental design. Formulation properties such as dissolution rate, moisture content, valsartan particle size distribution, film thickness, and drug assay were evaluated. In addition, more advanced methods such as Raman microscopy and image analysis were used to characterize the developed product in more detail. The results of dissolution tests using four different dissolution apparatuses showed a significant difference between the formulations containing the active ingredient in different polymorphic states. The dynamic contact angle of a water droplet on the surface of the films was measured, which correlated well with the dissolution times at 80% of the released drug (t80).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Grilc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tjaša Felicijan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timeja Planinšek Parfant
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Odon Planinšek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Effect of pH, Ionic Strength and Agitation Rate on Dissolution Behaviour of 3D-Printed Tablets, Tablets Prepared from Ground Hot-Melt Extruded Filaments and Physical Mixtures. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020375. [PMID: 36830914 PMCID: PMC9953207 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current focus on 3D-printing technologies, it is essential to understand the processes involved in such printing methods and approaches to minimize the variability in dissolution behaviour to achieve better quality control outcomes. For this purpose, two formulations of theophylline tablets were prepared using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and ethyl cellulose (EC). Among the two types of tablets, three different methods (physical mixture (PM), hot-melt extrusion (HME) and 3D-printing fused deposition modelling (FDM)) were applied and their dissolution behaviours were studied under various conditions using a biodissolution tester. This was carried out at pH values of 1.2, 2.2, 5.8, 6.8, 7.2 and 7.5, mimicking the medium in the gastrointestinal tract. Dissolution tests under two dipping rates (10 dpm and 20 dpm) and two ionic strengths (0.2 M and 0.4 M) were conducted to mimic fed and fasting conditions. The dissolution efficiency (DE%), release rate, similarity factor (f2) and difference factor (f1) were calculated. When comparing the DE%, the formulation containing EC showed less sensitivity to changes in the dipping rate and ionic strength compared to the HPC formulation. As for the manufacturing method, 3D-printing FDM could improve the robustness of the dissolution behaviour of both formulations to dipping rate changes. However, for ionic strength changes, the effect of the manufacturing method was dependent on the formulation composition. For example, the 3D-printed tablets of the HPC formulation were more sensitive to changes in ionic strength compared to the EC-containing formulation. The release mechanism also changed after the thermal process, where n values in the Korsmeyer-Peppas model were much higher in the printing and HME methods compared to the PM. Based on the formulation composition, the 3D-printing method could be a good candidate method for tablets with a robust dissolution behaviour in the GI tract. Compared to HPC polymers, using hydrophobic EC polymers in printable formulations can result in a more robust dissolution behaviour in fed and fasting states.
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Gülmezoğlu E, Yıldız Türkyılmaz G, Karasulu HY. Preparation and evaluation of a lipid-based drug delivery system to ımprove valsartan oral bioavailability: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:727-736. [PMID: 36594276 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2164588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antihypertensive treatment reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with high mortality with hypertension. Valsartan is highly selective antihypertensive that is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, but its oral bioavailability is only 25%. It is absorbed from the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract but is less soluble in this acidic environment. We aimed to develop a lipid-based formulation to produce a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for valsartan. Solubility studies were performed to identify the components of the SEDDS that provided the best dissolution of valsartan. Ternary phase diagrams were drawn using the titration method with oil, surfactants and co-surfactants in which valsartan was highly soluble, and microemulsion formulations with the highest area were determined. Characterization and in vitro release studies were performed to optimize the formulation. In vitro release profiles of commercial and SEDDS formulations showed the F2 formulation release rate increased at pH 1.2 fasted state simulated gastric fluid. After oral administration, plasma drug concentrations in rats indicate that the F2 formulation provided a 4.2-fold greater AUC for valsartan than the commercial formulaiton, resulting in an 8.5-fold greater Cmax. These findings suggest the F2 formulation increases valsartan solubility, resulting in an improved oral pharmacokinetic profile. According to the pharmacodynamic study, the F2 formulation is more effective than the commercial formulation in restoring systolic and diastolic blood pressure within a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Gülmezoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülbeyaz Yıldız Türkyılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Center For Drug R&D and Pharmacokinetic Applications (Argefar), Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H Yeşim Karasulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Water Interaction with Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels: Role of Ionic Strength, pH, Drug Loading and Hydrogel Network Characteristics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050574. [PMID: 34069533 PMCID: PMC8161260 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Water plays a primary role in the functionality of biomedical polymers such as hydrogels. The state of water, defined as bound, intermediate, or free, and its molecular organization within hydrogels is an important factor governing biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Here, we present a systematic study of water states in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels designed for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. We demonstrate that increasing ionic strength of the swelling media correlated with the proportion of non-freezable bound water. We attribute this to the capability of ions to create ion–dipole bonds with both the polymer and water, thereby reinforcing the first layer of polymer hydration. Both pH and ionic strength impacted the mesh size, having potential implications for drug delivery applications. The mechanical properties of GelMA hydrogels were largely unaffected by variations in ionic strength or pH. Loading of cefazolin, a small polar antibiotic molecule, led to a dose-dependent increase of non-freezable bound water, attributed to the drug’s capacity to form hydrogen bonds with water, which helped recruit water molecules in the hydrogels’ first hydration layer. This work enables a deeper understanding of water states and molecular arrangement at the hydrogel–polymer interface and how environmental cues influence them.
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Hamed R, Kamal A. Strength-Dependent and Strength-Independent Dissolution Patterns of Poorly-Soluble Drugs. Case Example: Valsartan. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang R, Guo S. Phytic acid and its interactions: Contributions to protein functionality, food processing, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2081-2105. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruican Wang
- Department of Food Science University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Shuntang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Cereal Processing, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Karatza E, Karalis V. Delay differential equations for the description of Irbesartan pharmacokinetics: A population approach to model absorption complexities leading to dual peaks. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105498. [PMID: 32736091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irbesartan is a poorly soluble BCS class II compound with weak acidic properties. After oral administration, dual peaks are noted in its concentration (C) - time (t) profile, a phenomenon that may be attributed to enterohepatic recirculation, gastric emptying and/or other absorption complexities related to its pH- and buffer capacity-dependent dissolution behavior. A population pharmacokinetic model, encompassing delay differential equations, was found the most appropriate approach to describe dual peaks in irbesartan's C-t profiles. Parameters estimated were: the absorption rate constant in the central compartment (ka = 0.304 h-1), the constant time delay between the administration and the absorption (T=1.68 h), the apparent volume of distribution of the central (V1/F = 13.8 L) and peripheral (V2/F = 85.8 L) compartment, the apparent clearance from the central compartment (CL/F = 13.5 L/h), and the inter-compartmental clearance (Q/F = 17.7 L/h). Using simulations, it was made evident that changing the time delay results in significant changes of peak plasma concentrations but not of its blood pressure-lowering effect. In conclusion, delay differential equations may be useful to model dual peaks arising from absorption complexities, while changes of the time delay that reflect physiological processes that take place before absorption may have significant implications in proving bioequivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Karatza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM) / Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH).
| | - Vangelis Karalis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM) / Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
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Ruiz-Picazo A, Colón-Useche S, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Bermejo M, Langguth P. Effect of thickener on disintegration, dissolution and permeability of common drug products for elderly patients. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:168-176. [PMID: 32561342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia is a very common problem suffered by elderly patients. The use of thickeners during administration in these patients helps to prevent difficulties with swallowing larger solid dosage forms. However, there are several indications when the thickeners may influence disintegration and dissolution processes of solid dosage forms, potentially affecting therapeutic efficacy. In this paper the effects of a commonly used thickener on tablet disintegration, dissolution and subsequent absorption of 6 formulated drugs frequently used in elderly patients (Aspirin, Atenolol, Acenocumarol, Candesartan, Ramipril and Valsartan) in two different administration conditions (intact tablet and crushed tablet) are reported. Disintegration times were determined using a modified disintegration test device. The presence of thickener leads to a pseudoplastic behavior with clearly increased viscosity values. The thickener was also shown to significantly affect the release processes (dissolution and disintegration), but not the permeability of the studied drugs. When tablets are crushed the effect of the thickener on drug dissolution is avoided. Consequently, crushing the tablets would be a recommendation for these drugs if the use of a thickener is necessary in patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - Sarin Colón-Useche
- Analysis and Control Department, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain.
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Spain
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Mudie DM, Samiei N, Marshall DJ, Amidon GE, Bergström CAS. Selection of In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Media Using Drug Substance and Physiological Properties. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:34. [PMID: 31989343 PMCID: PMC6985051 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rate and extent of drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are highly dependent upon drug physicochemical properties and GI fluid properties. Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM), which aim to facilitate in vitro prediction of in vivo dissolution performance, have evolved with our understanding of GI physiology. However, BDM with a variety of properties and compositions are available, making the choice of dissolution medium challenging. In this tutorial, we describe a simple and quantitative methodology for selecting practical, yet physiologically relevant BDM representative of fasted humans for evaluating dissolution of immediate release formulations. Specifically, this methodology describes selection of pH, buffer species, and concentration and evaluates the importance of including bile salts and phospholipids in the BDM based upon drug substance log D, pKa, and intrinsic solubility. The methodology is based upon a mechanistic understanding of how three main factors affect dissolution, including (1) drug ionization at gastrointestinal pH, (2) alteration of surface pH by charged drug species, and (3) drug solubilization in mixed lipidic aggregates comprising bile salts and phospholipids. Assessment of this methodology through testing and comparison with literature reports showed that the recommendations correctly identified when a biorelevant buffer capacity or the addition of bile salts and phospholipids to the medium would appreciably change the drug dissolution profile. This methodology can enable informed decisions about when a time, complexity, and/or cost-saving buffer is expected to lead to physiologically meaningful in vitro dissolution testing, versus when a more complex buffer would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Mudie
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.
| | - Nasim Samiei
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derrick J Marshall
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.,Pivotal Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02141, USA
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48103, USA
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hajba-Horváth E, Biró E, Mirankó M, Fodor-Kardos A, Trif L, Feczkó T. Preparation and in vitro characterization of valsartan-loaded ethyl cellulose and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43915-43926. [PMID: 35517152 PMCID: PMC9058329 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Valsartan is an antihypertensive drug used primarily orally, however, due to its hydrophobic nature it has got low bio-availability thus requiring higher dosage/frequency and causing more side effects. The aim of our work was to prepare valsartan-loaded nanoparticles by using ethyl cellulose and poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers which can be administered orally and to investigate the preparation conditions and their significance as potential drug carriers for valsartan delivery by in vitro release studies. Ethyl cellulose and poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers were used for the preparation of nanoparticles by single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The formation of drug-loaded nanoparticles was designed by experimental design for size and encapsulation efficiency, in addition the prepared nanosuspensions were nano spray dried in order to gain a powder form that is easy to handle and store. Both of the nano spray dried formulations had an amorphous structure in contrast to the pure drug according to differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis, which can be advantageous in drug absorption. The originally processed ethyl cellulose-valsartan nanoparticles increased the solubility of the drug in the model intestinal medium, while poly(methyl methacrylate)-valsartan nanoparticles enabled substantially prolonged drug release. The release kinetics of both types of nanoparticles could be described by the Weibull model. Valsartan-loaded ethyl cellulose and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were prepared and nano spray-dried. The active agent was structurally changed in the nanoparticles, which could be advantageous in the intestinal absorption.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Hajba-Horváth
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Pannonia
- Veszprém
- Hungary
| | - Emese Biró
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Mirella Mirankó
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Pannonia
- Veszprém
- Hungary
| | - Andrea Fodor-Kardos
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Pannonia
- Veszprém
- Hungary
| | - László Trif
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Tivadar Feczkó
- Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Pannonia
- Veszprém
- Hungary
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