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Abbasi Majd S, Kashanian S, Shekarbeygi Z, Babaei M. Simultaneous sensing of carbidopa and levodopa by a novel strategy based on dual-emission ratiometric assay of modified carbon dots. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38728602 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Rapid control of the content of Parkinson's drugs in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations is of great importance because changes in the concentration of these drugs affect their bioavailability and biopharmaceutical properties. Therefore, we presented a simple and convenient method for the ratiometric detection of carbidopa and levodopa for carbon dots (CDs) dual-fluorescent emission. Dual-emission CDs were prepared from chitosan using a microwave method, following which the surface was chemically modified with terephthalaldehyde. CDs had two strong well-separated peaks at 445 and 510 nm. The relative measurement of carbidopa and levodopa was based on the static extinction of CDs at 445 nm and increase at 510 nm, respectively. The linear range for carbidopa measurement was 2.5-300 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.1 nM, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.68%. Further, the linear range for levodopa measurement was equal to 3.0-400 nM, with LOD and RSD% of 2.8 nM and 3.5%, respectively. Also, selectivity of ratiometric sensor in the presence of interferences was investigated, which showed that the recovery of carbidopa and levodopa in serum and urine samples has changed between 96.80% and 116.24% with RSD% 0.11-0.77. CDs also provided good results for the determination of carbidopa and levodopa in real samples, and had high selectivity in the presence of possible interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Abbasi Majd
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Shekarbeygi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Palladino P, Rainetti A, Lettieri M, Pieraccini G, Scarano S, Minunni M. Quantitative Colorimetric Sensing of Carbidopa in Anti-Parkinson Drugs Based on Selective Reaction with Indole-3-Carbaldehyde. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9142. [PMID: 38005530 PMCID: PMC10674578 DOI: 10.3390/s23229142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life of patients affected by Parkinson's disease is improved by medications containing levodopa and carbidopa, restoring the dopamine concentration in the brain. Accordingly, the affordable quality control of such pharmaceuticals is very important. Here is reported the simple and inexpensive colorimetric quantification of carbidopa in anti-Parkinson drugs by the selective condensation reaction between the hydrazine group from carbidopa and the formyl functional group of selected aldehydes in acidified hydroalcoholic solution. An optical assay was developed by using indole-3-carbaldehyde (I3A) giving a yellow aldazine in EtOH:H2O 1:1 (λmax~415 nm) at 70 °C for 4 h, as confirmed by LC-MS analysis. A filter-based plate reader was used for colorimetric data acquisition, providing superior results in terms of analytical performances for I3A, with a sensitivity ~50 L g-1 and LOD ~0.1 mg L-1 in comparison to a previous study based on vanillin, giving, for the same figures of merit values, about 13 L g-1 and 0.2-0.3 mg L-1, respectively. The calibration curves for the standard solution and drugs were almost superimposable, therefore excluding interference from the excipients and additives, with very good reproducibility (avRSD% 2-4%) within the linear dynamic range (10 mg L-1-50 mg L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainetti
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Lettieri
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- CISM Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Lettieri M, Scarano S, Palladino P, Minunni M. Colorimetric determination of carbidopa in anti-Parkinson drugs based on 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldazine formation by reaction with vanillin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6911-6918. [PMID: 35927364 PMCID: PMC9436860 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper is reported the selective colorimetric detection and quantification of carbidopa, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, in the co-presence of levodopa as dopamine precursor in pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The method is based on the selective condensation reaction between the hydrazine group from carbidopa and the formyl functional group of vanillin, a natural flavoring agent, in acidified alcoholic solution. The yellow color development (λmax ~ 420 nm) due to the formation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldazine (HMOB) was observed for carbidopa only, whereas levodopa, lacking the hydrazine group, did not color the solution, as expected. The calibration curves for two tablet formulations of levodopa in combination with carbidopa (4:1) were superimposable with levodopa/carbidopa (4:1), as well as carbidopa alone, in standard solution, i.e., the excipients and additives did not interfere with carbidopa determination, corresponding to a mean recovery about 105%. The linear dynamic range was between 5.00 and 50.0 mg L-1 with very good reproducibility within this range (CVav% about 3-4%) and very good sensitivity, with limits of quantification of about 1 mg L-1. The colorimetric method developed here is very simple, inexpensive, and effective for drug estimation and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Lettieri
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Lettieri M, Emanuele R, Scarano S, Palladino P, Minunni M. Melanochrome-based colorimetric assay for quantitative detection of levodopa in co-presence of carbidopa and its application to relevant anti-Parkinson drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1713-1722. [PMID: 34842945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper is reported the selective detection and quantification of levodopa in co-presence of carbidopa. The method took advantage of the spontaneous oxidation and color development of levodopa at basic pH here driven by alkaline earth cations and co-solvent in solution. We have shown for the first time the generation and stabilization of the purple melanochrome from levodopa, by using magnesium acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide, which was here exploited for the development of a quantitative colorimetric assay for the active principle ingredient in commercial drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The calibration curves of levodopa in the two tablet formulations, containing carbidopa as decarboxylase inhibitor, showed a common linear trend between 10 mg L-1 and 40 mg L-1 with levodopa alone or in combination with carbidopa in standard solutions, with very good reproducibility (CVav%, 3.3% for both brand and generic drug) and very good sensitivity, with limit of quantification about 0.6 mg L-1 in any case. The colorimetric method here developed is very simple and effective, appearing as a rapid and low-cost alternative to other methodologies, involving large and expensive instrumentations, for drug estimation and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Lettieri
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Roberta Emanuele
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Andrade ÂL, Cardoso TD, Thomasi SS, Alvarenga ME, da Silva MAN, Magalhães EJ, Duarte HA, de Almeida KJ. A simple and efficient method for simultaneous quantification of levodopa and carbidopa based on controlled oxidation process. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bui VT, Doan CS, Tong TTV, Le DC. Development and Validation of a Simple, Green Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Quantitation of Sildenafil Citrate in Siloflam Tablets of Unknown Manufacturing Formula. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6616728. [PMID: 33628575 PMCID: PMC7896866 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6616728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, easy-to-implement, and green infrared spectroscopic method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of sildenafil citrate in tablets of unknown manufacturing formula. Homogenized tablet powder with known mass content (%, m/m) of sildenafil citrate was mixed with paracetamol to form standard mixtures with different percentages of sildenafil citrate on the total quantity of sildenafil citrate and paracetamol (designated as R). Unknown tablet samples were finely ground and mixed with paracetamol to form test mixtures having R values about 50%. Infrared spectra of standard mixtures, measured in attenuated total reflectance mode, in the wavenumber zone from 1800 cm-1 to 1300 cm-1 were selected and processed by partial least square regression to form the calibration model for quantitation of sildenafil citrate in unknown samples. Spectral responses of test mixtures and the calibration model were used to determine the exact mass content (%, m/m) of sildenafil citrate in the powder of unknown tablet samples. The method was fully validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy according to the requirements of current guidelines and was proved as reliable and suitable for the intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Trung Bui
- National Institute of Drug Quality Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cao Son Doan
- National Institute of Drug Quality Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thanh Vuong Tong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Chi Le
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Carissimi G, Montalbán MG, Víllora G, Barth A. Direct Quantification of Drug Loading Content in Polymeric Nanoparticles by Infrared Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E912. [PMID: 32977658 PMCID: PMC7598274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has enabled the development of novel therapeutic strategies such as targeted nanodrug delivery systems, control and stimulus-responsive release mechanisms, and the production of theranostic agents. As a prerequisite for the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems, the amount of loaded drug must be precisely quantified, a task for which two approaches are currently used. However, both approaches suffer from the inefficiencies of drug extraction and of the solid-liquid separation process, as well as from dilution errors. This work describes a new, reliable, and simple method for direct drug quantification in polymeric nanoparticles using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which can be adapted for a wide variety of drug delivery systems. Silk fibroin nanoparticles and naringenin were used as model polymeric nanoparticle carrier and drug, respectively. The specificity, linearity, detection limit, precision, and accuracy of the spectroscopic approach were determined in order to validate the method. A good linear relation was observed within 0.00 to 7.89% of naringenin relative mass with an R2 of 0.973. The accuracy was determined by the spike and recovery method. The results showed an average 104% recovery. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the drug loading content were determined to be 0.3 and 1.0%, respectively. The method's robustness is demonstrated by the notable similarities between the calibrations carried out using two different equipment setups at two different institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Carissimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.C.); (M.G.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Mercedes G. Montalbán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.C.); (M.G.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Gloria Víllora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.C.); (M.G.M.); (G.V.)
| | - Andreas Barth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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The Determination of Parkinson's Drugs in Human Urine by Applying Chemometric Methods. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:7834362. [PMID: 31360168 PMCID: PMC6652062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7834362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrophotometric-chemometric analysis of levodopa and carbidopa that are used for Parkinson's disease was analyzed without any prior reservation. Parkinson's drugs in the urine sample of a healthy person (never used drugs in his life) were analyzed at the same time spectrophotometrically. The chemometric methods used were partial least squares regression (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). PLS and PCR were successfully applied as chemometric determination of levodopa and carbidopa in human urine samples. A concentration set including binary mixtures of levodopa and carbidopa in 15 different combinations was randomly prepared in acetate buffer (pH 3.5).). UV spectrophotometry is a relatively inexpensive, reliable, and less time-consuming method. Minitab program was used for absorbance and concentration values. The normalization values for each active substance were good (r2>0.9997). Additionally, experimental data were validated statistically. The results of the analyses of the results revealed high recoveries and low standard deviations. Hence, the results encouraged us to apply the method to drug analysis. The proposed methods are highly sensitive and precise, and therefore they were implemented for the determination of the active substances in the urine sample of a healthy person in triumph.
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Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Anwar Z. Multicomponent spectrometric analysis of drugs and their preparations. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 44:379-413. [PMID: 31029223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical preparations may contain a single ingredient or multi-ingredients as well as excipients. In multicomponent systems, specific analytical methods are required to determine the concentrations of individual components in the presence of interfering substances. Ultraviolet and visible spectrometric methods have widely been developed for the analysis of drugs in mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations. These methods are based on ultraviolet and visible multicomponent analysis and chemometrics (multivariate data analysis). The commonly used chemometric methods include principal component analysis (PCA); regression involving classical least squares (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), inverse least squares (ILS), principal component regression (PCR), multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural networks (ANNs); soft independent modeling of class anthology (SIMCA), PLS-discriminant analysis (DA); and functional data analysis (FDA). In this chapter, the applications of multicomponent ultraviolet and visible, derivative, infrared and mass spectrometric and spectrofluorimetric methods to the analysis of multi-ingredient pharmaceutical preparations, biological samples and the kinetics of drug degradation have been reviewed. Chemometric methods provide an efficient solution to calibration problems in the analysis of spectral data for the simultaneous determination of drugs in multicomponent systems. These methods facilitate the assessment of product quality and enhance the efficiency of quality control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Mantena BPV, Rao SV, Rao KMCA, Ramakrishna K, Reddy RS. Rapid Separation Technique for the Determination of Potential Impurities Present in Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Entacapone in Fixed Dose Combination Drug Product Using Trifunctionally Bonded Phase Ethylene Bridged Sorbent Column with Smaller Ion-Pair Reagent. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskara P. V. Mantena
- APL Research Center (a Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumathi V. Rao
- APL Research Center (a Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K. M. Ch. Appa Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R. Srikanth Reddy
- APL Research Center (a Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Taylor M, Elhissi AMA. Predicting the physical properties of tablets from ATR-FTIR spectra using partial least squares regression. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:110-7. [PMID: 20100067 DOI: 10.3109/10837450903499374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The formulation of a new tablet is a time-consuming activity involving the preparation and testing of many different formulations with the aim of identifying one with the desired properties. In complex formulations it may not be clear which excipient is responsible for eliciting a particular property. OBJECTIVE To investigate partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra of tablets as a predictive and investigative tool in the formulation of novel tablet formulations. MATERIALS Magnesium stearate, lactose, acetylsalicylic acid and Ac-Di-Sol. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ATR-FTIR spectra of a simple aspirin tablet formulation with varying amounts of the lubricant magnesium stearate were obtained. PLS models were built using the spectral data as the multivariate variable and various physical properties of the tablets as the univariate variables. PLS models that allowed good predications to be made for samples not included in the training set were obtained for tablet hardness and disintegration time. It was clear from PLS model regression coefficients that magnesium stearate was responsible for the variation in the tablets' physical properties. CONCLUSION PLS regression in combination with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has been shown to be a useful approach for the prediction of the physical properties of tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taylor
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
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