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Schutte T, Fasel ME, Fokkens JT, Wouters A. The reporting of ethical review and ethical considerations in articles published in medical education journals: A literature review. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 57:870-878. [PMID: 37253633 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health professions education research (HPE-R) must be ethically sound. Ethical review decisions and other ethical considerations should be clearly reported in journal articles to allow readers to assess the ethical soundness of the research. We explored and evaluated how ethical review decisions and ethical considerations for HPE-R are reported in health professions education (HPE) journal articles. METHODS We identified a 1-year sample, for 2020, of eight HPE journals. We systematically assessed the reporting of ethical review and key ethical considerations in the articles in the sample. RESULTS The search yielded 2004 articles, of which 955 articles (47.7%) were eligible and were thus assessed. Most (83.4%) of the assessed articles mentioned a review by an ethical review board (ERB). In the category 'research articles', 92% articles reported the outcome of the ethical review. In the category 'other articles' (e.g. educational case reports), reporting of ethical processes was less common (32%). Overall, the reporting of key ethical considerations was limited, although these considerations were more reported in 'research articles' compared with 'other articles'. CONCLUSIONS ERB assessments and HPE-R approval was reported in most research articles. This finding is an improvement compared with previous evaluations of ethical research practice in HPE-R. All studies, particularly those that are exempted or not fully reviewed, should describe their key ethical considerations clearly to enable the HPE community to assess the ethical soundness. Our review revealed that the reporting of ethical considerations was limited and deserves attention from the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schutte
- Department of Medical oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- the Health Professions Education Research Ethical Review Board of the NVMO (the Netherlands Association for Medical Education), The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Fasel
- the Health Professions Education Research Ethical Review Board of the NVMO (the Netherlands Association for Medical Education), The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke T Fokkens
- the Health Professions Education Research Ethical Review Board of the NVMO (the Netherlands Association for Medical Education), The Netherlands
- Department of Education and Research, Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wouters
- the Health Professions Education Research Ethical Review Board of the NVMO (the Netherlands Association for Medical Education), The Netherlands
- Research in Education, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LEARN! Research Institute for Learning and Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramadan N, Bonmatí-Tomas A, Juvinyà-Canal D, Ghaddar A. Online breast-feeding support groups as a community asset in Lebanon after Beirut explosion. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1-11. [PMID: 35094725 PMCID: PMC9991805 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast-feeding rates are unsatisfactory in Lebanon. Social media groups could play an important role in promoting breast-feeding in normal conditions and post crisis. The aim of this study is to identify breast-feeding challenges, facilitators and assets and to describe how community assets via social media could build community resilience to pandemic's and disaster's effects. DESIGN A two-phase qualitative content analysis was performed on posts and comments collected from a Facebook breast-feeding support group. Data were categorised into themes, categories and subcategories. SETTING Posts and comments retrieved from a Facebook breast-feeding support group in Lebanon during the month of August 2020. PARTICIPANTS Group members: mothers who breastfed, breast-feeding mothers and group admins that are lactation consultants. RESULTS In phase one, breast-feeding 'Challenges' identified were lack of support from peers and family, lack of supportive policies, lack of knowledge and maternal stress related to political instability, COVID-19 and economic crisis. 'Assets and facilitators' included community support and donations. In phase two, analysis revealed how assets were being used on social media platform to build community resilience post crisis, through access to social support in challenging times, community engagement, material resources and transformative potential. CONCLUSION Challenges faced during breast-feeding were diminished due to the support and assets received on a Facebook breast-feeding support group, and social media has been shown to be an important community asset implicated in empowering women to breastfeed and to build community resilience in moments of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabiha Ramadan
- Lebanese International University, Mazraa, Beirut146404, Lebanon
- University of Girona, Girona17003, Spain
| | | | | | - Ali Ghaddar
- Lebanese International University, Mazraa, Beirut146404, Lebanon
- Observatory of Public Policies and Health, Beirut, Lebanon
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Mozersky J, Friedrich AB, DuBois JM. A Content Analysis of 100 Qualitative Health Research Articles to Examine Researcher-Participant Relationships and Implications for Data Sharing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUALITATIVE METHODS 2022; 21:10.1177/16094069221105074. [PMID: 38404360 PMCID: PMC10888521 DOI: 10.1177/16094069221105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a qualitative content analysis of health science literature (N = 100) involving qualitative interviews or focus groups. Given recent data sharing mandates, our goal was to characterize the nature of relationships between the researchers and participants to inform ethical deliberations regarding qualitative data sharing and secondary analyses. Specifically, some researchers worry that data sharing might harm relationships, while others claim that data cannot be analyzed absent meaningful relationships with participants. We found little evidence of relationship building with participants. The majority of studies involve single encounters (95%), lasting less than 60 min (59%), with less than half of authors involved in primary data collection. Our findings suggest that relationships with participants might not pose a barrier to sharing some qualitative data collected in the health sciences and speak to the feasibility in principle of secondary analyses of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mozersky
- Bioethics Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Annie B. Friedrich
- Bioethics Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James M. DuBois
- Bioethics Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Breastfeeding Communication Strategies, Challenges and Opportunities in the Twitter-Verse: Perspectives of Influencers and Social Network Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126181. [PMID: 34201000 PMCID: PMC8230232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using social media is one important strategy to communicate research and public health guidelines to the scientific community and general public. Empirical evidence about which communication strategies are effective around breastfeeding messaging is scarce. To fill this gap, we aimed to identify influencers in the largest available Twitter database using social network analysis (n = 10,694 users), inductively analyze tweets, and explore communication strategies, motivations, and challenges via semi-structured interviews. Influencers had diverse backgrounds within and beyond the scientific health community (SHC; 42.7%): 54.7% were from the general public and 3% were companies. SHC contributed to most of the tweets (n = 798 tweets), disseminating guidelines and research findings more frequently than others (p < 0.001). Influencers from the general community mostly tweeted opinions regarding the current state of breastfeeding research and advocacy. Interviewees provided practical strategies (e.g., preferred visuals, tone, and writing style) to achieve personal and societal goals including career opportunities, community support, and improved breastfeeding practices. Complex challenges that need to be addressed were identified. Ideological differences regarding infant feeding may be hampering constructive communication, including differences in influencers’ interpretation of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and in perspectives regarding which social media interactions encompass conflict of interest.
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Boss M, Saxby N, Pritchard D, Pérez-Escamilla R, Clifford R. Interventions supporting medical practitioners in the provision of lactation care: A systematic review and narrative analysis. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13160. [PMID: 33590635 PMCID: PMC8189190 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most children globally are not breastfed to recommendations. Medical practitioners are frequently visited in the first 6 months post‐partum, and the interaction at such visits significantly influences subsequent infant feeding decisions. Medical practitioners report that clinical practice in lactation is often disproportionately reliant on personal experience. This systematic review synthesises the literature on lactation health interventions used to support clinical decision making by medical practitioners. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched for peer‐reviewed empirical studies published after 2000. Two reviewers independently screened and then assessed full‐text articles against inclusion criteria. Quality of reporting and risk of bias were independently assessed using three validated tools. No conclusions can be made regarding the success or failure of implementation strategies used or the outcomes of putting them into effect due to problems with study methodology, intervention reporting and risk of bias. Good‐quality research, which follows proven implementation frameworks, is needed to guide and sustain the incorporation of evidence‐based decision support into medical practitioners' care of breastfeeding mothers and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Boss
- School of Allied Health, Division of Pharmacy, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Saxby
- Women's and Children's Services, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Douglas Pritchard
- School of Medicine, Division of General Practice, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rhonda Clifford
- School of Allied Health, Division of Pharmacy, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Moukarzel S, Rehm M, del Fresno M, Daly AJ. Diffusing science through social networks: The case of breastfeeding communication on Twitter. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237471. [PMID: 32790712 PMCID: PMC7425887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is one of many health practices known to support the survival and health of mother and infant, yet low breastfeeding rates persist globally. These rates may be influenced by limited diffusion of evidence-based research and guidelines from the scientific community (SC). As recently highlighted by the National Academy of Sciences, there is a need for the SC to diffuse its findings to the public more effectively online, as means to counteract the spread of misinformation. In response to this call, we gathered data from Twitter for one month from major breastfeeding hashtags resulting in an interconnected social network (n = 3,798 users). We then identified 59 influencers who disproportionately influenced information flow using social network analysis. These influencers were from the SC (e.g. academics, researchers, health care practitioners), as well as interested citizens (IC) and companies. We then conducted an ego-network analysis of influencer networks, developed ego maps, and compared diffusion metrics across the SC, IC and company influencers. We also qualitatively analyzed their tweets (n = 711) to understand the type of information being diffused. SC influencers were the least efficient communicators. Although having the highest tweeting activity (80% of tweets), they did not reach more individuals compared to IC and companies (two-step ego size: 220± 99, 188 ± 124, 169 ± 97 respectively, P = 0.28). Content analysis of tweets suggest IC are more active than the SC in diffusing evidence-based breastfeeding knowledge, with 35% of their tweets around recent research findings compared to only 12% by the SC. Nonetheless, in terms of outreach to the general public, the two-step networks of SC influences were more heterogenous than ICs (55.7 ± 5.07, 50.9 ± 12.0, respectively, P<0.001). Collectively, these findings suggest SC influencers may possess latent potential to diffuse research and evidence- based practices. However, the research suggests specific ways to enhance diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moukarzel
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Education Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Rehm
- Institute of Educational Consulting, University of Education Weingarten, Weingarten, Germany
| | - Miguel del Fresno
- Department of Social Work, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan J. Daly
- Department of Education Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Moukarzel S, Rehm M, Daly AJ. Breastfeeding promotion on Twitter: A social network and content analysis approach. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e13053. [PMID: 32638522 PMCID: PMC7507587 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The importance of breastfeeding for maternal and infant health is well‐established, yet complex and intertwined sociocultural barriers contribute to suboptimal breastfeeding rates in most countries. Large‐scale campaigns for evidence dissemination and promotion through targeted interventions on social media may help overcome some of these barriers. To date, most breastfeeding research on social media only focuses on content analysis, and there remains limited knowledge about the social networks of online communities (who interacts with whom), influencers in the breastfeeding space and the diffusion of evidence‐based knowledge. This study, grounded in social network theory, aims to better understand the breastfeeding communication landscape on Twitter including determining the presence of a breastfeeding network, communities and key influencers. Further, we characterize influencer interactions, roles and the content being shared. The study revealed an overall breastfeeding social network of 3,798 unique individuals (users) and 3,972 tweets with commonly used hashtags (e.g., #breastfeeding and #normalizebreastfeeding). Around one third of users (n = 1,324, 34%) exchanged pornographic content (PC) that sexualized breastfeeding. The non‐PC network (n = 2,474 users) formed 144 unique communities, and content flowing within the network was disproportionately influenced by 59 key influencers. However, these influencers had mostly inward‐oriented interaction (% composition, E‐I index: 47% professionals, −0.18; 41% interested citizens, −0.67; 12% companies, −0.18), limiting opportunities for evidence‐based dissemination to the lay public. Although more tweets about peer‐reviewed research findings were sent compared with tweets about nonevidence‐based lay recommendations, our findings suggest that it is the lay public who often communicated findings, which may be overcome through a targeted social network‐based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moukarzel
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Education Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Rehm
- Institute of Educational Consulting, University of Education Weingarten, Weingarten, Germany
| | - Alan J Daly
- Department of Education Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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