1
|
Simon K, Reichardt P, Luch A, Roloff A, Siewert K, Riedel F. Less efficient skin penetration of the metal allergen Pd 2+ compared to Ni 2+ and Co 2+ from patch test preparations. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 91:11-21. [PMID: 38676576 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrary to Ni2+- and Co2+-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), reactions against Pd2+ are rare. However, Pd2+ activates a larger T cell fraction in vitro, suggesting an inefficient skin penetration. OBJECTIVES This study compares Ni2+, Co2+ and Pd2+ skin penetration from commonly used diagnostic patch test preparations (PTPs) and aqueous metal salt solutions. METHODS Using Franz diffusion cell assays, we applied the metals in PTPs (5% NiSO4, 1% CoCl2, 2% PdCl2 and 3% Na2PdCl4) and in solution to pigskin for 48 h, thereby mirroring the time frame of a patch test. The different compartments were analysed individually by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Metal ions were mainly retained in the upper stratum corneum layers. After application of PTPs, concentrations in the viable skin were lower for Pd2+ (1 and 7 μM) compared to Ni2+ and Co2+ (54 and 17 μM). CONCLUSIONS Ni2+ and Co2+ penetrated the skin more efficiently than Pd2+ and thus may sensitize and elicit ACD more easily. This was observed for ions applied in petrolatum and aqueous solutions. We hypothesize that the differently charged metal complexes are responsible for the varying skin penetration behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Simon
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Reichardt
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Riedel
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alijagic A, Suljević D, Fočak M, Sulejmanović J, Šehović E, Särndahl E, Engwall M. The triple exposure nexus of microplastic particles, plastic-associated chemicals, and environmental pollutants from a human health perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108736. [PMID: 38759545 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics (MPs) is increasing at a dramatic rate globally, posing risks for exposure and subsequent potential adverse effects on human health. Apart from being physical objects, MP particles contain thousands of plastic-associated chemicals (i.e., monomers, chemical additives, and non-intentionally added substances) captured within the polymer matrix. These chemicals are often migrating from MPs and can be found in various environmental matrices and human food chains; increasing the risks for exposure and health effects. In addition to the physical and chemical attributes of MPs, plastic surfaces effectively bind exogenous chemicals, including environmental pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants). Therefore, MPs can act as vectors of environmental pollution across air, drinking water, and food, further amplifying health risks posed by MP exposure. Critically, fragmentation of plastics in the environment increases the risk for interactions with cells, increases the presence of available surfaces to leach plastic-associated chemicals, and adsorb and transfer environmental pollutants. Hence, this review proposes the so-called triple exposure nexus approach to comprehensively map existing knowledge on interconnected health effects of MP particles, plastic-associated chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Based on the available data, there is a large knowledge gap in regard to the interactions and cumulative health effects of the triple exposure nexus. Each component of the triple nexus is known to induce genotoxicity, inflammation, and endocrine disruption, but knowledge about long-term and inter-individual health effects is lacking. Furthermore, MPs are not readily excreted from organisms after ingestion and they have been found accumulated in human blood, cardiac tissue, placenta, etc. Even though the number of studies on MPs-associated health impacts is increasing rapidly, this review underscores that there is a pressing necessity to achieve an integrated assessment of MPs' effects on human health in order to address existing and future knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andi Alijagic
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Damir Suljević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Fočak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Sulejmanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elma Šehović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Eva Särndahl
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simon K, Schneider L, Oberender G, Pirow R, Hutzler C, Luch A, Roloff A. Migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a polymer surrogate through the stratum corneum layer of the skin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115113. [PMID: 37315362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined partition (Ksc/m) and diffusion (Dsc) coefficients of five different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) migrating from squalane into and through the stratum corneum (s.c.) layer of the skin. Carcinogenic PAH have previously been detected in numerous polymer-based consumer products, especially those dyed with carbon black. Upon dermal contact with these products, PAH may penetrate into and through the viable layers of the skin by passing the s.c. and thus may become bioavailable. Squalane, a frequent ingredient in cosmetics, has also been used as a polymer surrogate matrix in previous studies. Ksc/m and Dsc are relevant parameters for risk assessment because they allow estimating the potential of a substance to become bioavailable upon dermal exposure. We developed an analytical method involving incubation of pigskin with naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene in Franz diffusion cell assays under quasi-infinite dose conditions. PAH were subsequently quantified within individual s.c. layers by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The resulting PAH depth profiles in the s.c. were fitted to a solution of Fick's second law of diffusion, yielding Ksc/m and Dsc. The decadic logarithm logKsc/m ranged from -0.43 to +0.69 and showed a trend to higher values for PAH with higher molecular masses. Dsc, on the other hand, was similar for the four higher molecular mass PAH but about 4.6-fold lower than for naphthalene. Moreover, our data suggests that the s.c./viable epidermis boundary layer represents the most relevant barrier for the skin penetration of higher molecular mass PAH. Finally, we empirically derived a mathematical description of the concentration depth profiles that better fits our data. We correlated the resulting parameters to substance specific constants such as the logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient logP, Ksc/m and the removal rate at the s.c./viable epidermis boundary layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Simon
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lidia Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gila Oberender
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simon K, Oberender G, Roloff A. Continuous Removal of Single Cell Layers by Tape Stripping the Stratum Corneum - a Histological Study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00110-8. [PMID: 37149231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the penetration of toxicologically or pharmaceutically relevant substances through the skin and, more specifically, through the stratum corneum (s.c.) often rely on the well-established method of tape stripping. Tape stripping involves the removal of skin layers by means of adhesive tape, which is usually followed by quantification of dermally applied substances in these layers. However, the amount of s.c. removed by each individual tape strip is still a matter of scientific debate. While some studies imply that the amount of s.c. adhering to each tape strip decreases with increasing depth into the s.c., others observed a constant removal rate. All these studies rely on the quantification of the amount of s.c. captured on individual or pooled tape strips. Here, we present an approach whereby we measured the amount of s.c. remaining on excised porcine skin in the process of tape stripping. Staining and bloating of the s.c. allowed to measure its thickness and to count individual s.c. layers, respectively. Histologically, we show that the s.c. remaining on the skin decreased linearly as a function of strips taken. We found that each tape strip removes about 0.4µm of s.c., which corresponds to approximately one cellular layer. With a high coefficient of determination (r2>0.95), we were able to linearly correlate the thickness of the remaining s.c., the number of remaining cell layers and the number of tape strips applied. Furthermore, we elaborate on possible reasons for the discrepancies reported in the scientific literature regarding the amount of s.c. removed by each tape strip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Simon
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gila Oberender
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fan Y, Pan D, Yang M, Wang X. Radiolabelling and in vivo radionuclide imaging tracking of emerging pollutants in environmental toxicology: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161412. [PMID: 36621508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) have become a global concern, attracting tremendous attention because of serious threats to human and animal health. EP diversity emanates from their behaviour and ability to enter the body via multiple pathways and exhibit completely different distribution, transport, and excretion. To better understand the in vivo behaviour of EPs, we reviewed radiolabelling and in vivo radionuclide imaging tracking of various EPs, including micro- and nano-plastics, perfluoroalkyl substances, metal oxides, pharmaceutical and personal care products, and so on. Because this accurate and quantitative imaging approach requires the labelling of radionuclides onto EPs, the main strategies for radiolabelling were reviewed, such as synthesis with radioactive precursors, element exchange, proton beam activation, and modification. Spatial and temporal biodistribution of various EPs was summarised in a heat map, revealing that the absorption, transport, and excretion of EPs are markedly related to their type, size, and pathway into the body. These findings implicate the potential toxicity of diverse EPs in organs and tissues. Finally, we discussed the potential and challenges of radionuclide imaging tracking of EPs, which can be considered in future EPs studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, PR China
| | - Donghui Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pfaendner R. Restabilization – 30 years of research for quality improvement of recycled plastics review. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
7
|
Gopinath PM, Parvathi VD, Yoghalakshmi N, Kumar SM, Athulya PA, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Plastic particles in medicine: A systematic review of exposure and effects to human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135227. [PMID: 35671817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastics (SUPs) have become an essential constituent of our daily life. It is being exploited in numerous pharmaceutical and healthcare applications. Despite their advantages and widespread use in the pharma and medical sectors, the potential clinical problems of plastics, especially the release of micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) and additives from medical plastics (e.g. bags, containers, and administrative sets) and sorption of drugs remain understudied. Certainly, the MNPs are multifaceted stressors that cause detrimental effects to the ecosystem and human health. The origin and persistence of MNPs in pharmaceutical products, their administration to humans, endurance and possible health implication, translocation, and excretion have not been reviewed in detail. The prime focus of this article is to conduct a systematic review on the leaching of MNPs and additives from pharmaceutical containers/administrative sets and their interaction with the pharmaceutical constituents. This review also explores the primary and secondary routes of MNPs entry from healthcare plastic products and their potential health hazards to humans. Furthermore, the fate of plastic waste generated in hospitals, their disposal, and associated MNPs release to the environment, along with preventive, and alternative measures are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Venkatachalam Deepa Parvathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, SRIHER: Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Yoghalakshmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, SRIHER: Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Madhan Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, SRIHER: Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rubio L, Marcos R, Hernández A. Potential adverse health effects of ingested micro- and nanoplastics on humans. Lessons learned from in vivo and in vitro mammalian models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:51-68. [PMID: 31822207 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing global attention has focused on "microplastics" (MPs) and "nanoplastics" (NPs) resulting in many studies on the effects of these compounds on ecological and environmental aspects. These tiny particles (<5000 µm), predominantly derived from the degradation of plastics, pollute the marine and terrestrial ecosystems with the ability to enter into the food chain. In this manner, human consumption of food contaminated with MPs or NPs is unavoidable, but the related consequences remain to be determined. The aim of this review is to complement previous reviews on this topic by providing new studies related to exposure, absorption, and toxicity in mammalian in vivo and in vitro systems. With respect to novel information, gaps and limitations hindering attainment of firm conclusions as well as preparation of a reliable risk assessment are identified. Subsequently, recommendations for in vivo and in vitro testing methods are presented in order to perform further relevant and targeted research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, PUCMM, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|