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Saikia D, Kesavan R, Stephen Inbaraj B, Dikkala PK, Nayak PK, Sridhar K. Bioactive Compounds and Health-Promoting Properties of Elephant Apple ( Dillenia indica L.): A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:2993. [PMID: 37627992 PMCID: PMC10453057 DOI: 10.3390/foods12162993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephant apple (Dillenia indica L.) grows wild in Southeast Asia's forests, including in China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Elephant apples are considered essential fruit crops because of their high nutritional value, which includes high levels of vitamin C, carbohydrates, fats, fibre, protein, minerals, and fatty acids. It is important to understand the nutritional value and health benefits of elephant apples in order to increase fruit intake in people's daily diets. The present review paper focuses on elephant apple's phytochemistry, bioactive compounds, therapeutic value, and medicinal capabilities for designing and developing a wide range of food formulations. Proteins, minerals, fats, crude fibre, carbohydrates, vitamin C, tannins, malic acid, and glucose are abundant in the leaves, bark, and fruit of the elephant apple. In addition to nutritional components, many phytochemicals found in elephant apples have been identified as bioactive compounds with a broad range of biological activities, the most prominent of which are antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, elephant apple is a rich, natural source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the production of value-added foods and nutraceuticals for disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanka Saikia
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, India
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Kesavan
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | | | - Praveen Kumar Dikkala
- School of Food Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Prakash Kumar Nayak
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tyrosinase Inhibitory Kinetics, LC-QTOF-MS Based Chemical Profiling and Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals from Dillenia indica L. Barks. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Kuddus SA, Tasnim Z, Shohag MH, Yasmin T, Uddin MS, Hossain MM, Subhan N, Alam MA, Khan F. Dillenia Indica Fruit Extract Suppressed Diet-induced Obesity in Rats by Down-regulating the mRNA Level of Proadipogenic Transcription Factors and Lipid Metabolizing Enzymes. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200901173319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Dillenia indica (Family: Dilleniaceae) is an antioxidant-rich edible fruitbearing
medicinal plant. The fruit of this plant (known as elephant apple) has many uses in traditional
medicine.
Objective:
By considering its antioxidant content and ameliorating effects, this study aimed to evaluate
the anti-adipogenic effects of D. indica fruit extract (DIFE) on high-fat diet (HFD) fed obese
rats.
Methods:
Male Wistar rats were fed with a standard diet (SD), or high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD
with 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg DIFE for 8 weeks. The fruit extract was given orally
by feeding gavage. The body weight, liver weight, visceral fat weight, plasma lipids, and oxidative
stress-related parameters were measured. The mRNA level of different adipogenesis related transcription
factors, lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes was also evaluated.
Results:
Consumption of DIFE daily (400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of
high-fat diet-induced body weight, liver weight, visceral fat weight, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol
level. High-fat diet-mediated elevation of oxidative stress markers was also lowered,
with a parallel augmentation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, due to 400 mg/kg DIFE feeding.
DIFE also down-regulated the mRNA level of important pro-adipogenic factors like PPARγ,
LXRα, and SREBP1c which consequently downregulated the transcript levels of lipogenic enzymes:
ACC, FAS, HMGCR, and DGAT. The transcript level of lipolytic enzyme, HSL was also
down-regulated in 400 mg/kg DIFE-fed rats.
Conclusion:
These findings indicate that the antioxidant-rich ethanolic extract of D. indica fruit
can down-regulate the gene expression of pro-adipogenic transcription factors and lipid metabolizing
enzymes and thus can suppress diet-induced obesity in Wistar rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A. Kuddus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zarin Tasnim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hasanuzzaman Shohag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad M. Hossain
- North South University, Genome Research Institute (NGRI), Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Subhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdous Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
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Ultra-sonicated vacuum drying's effect on antioxidant activity, TPC, TFC and color of elephant apple slices. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kamboj P, Talukdar NC, Banerjee SK. Therapeutic Benefit of Dillenia indica in Diabetes and Its Associated Complications. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:4632491. [PMID: 31871947 PMCID: PMC6906818 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4632491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated fasting blood glucose levels, affects nearly 8% of the world population and was predicted that it would be the top seven leading cause of death in the next ten years. The incidence of diabetes and its morbidity are increasing rapidly in developing countries due to lifestyle change and intake of high-calorie diet occurring with urbanization. Medicinal plants and their products have been proven to be effective, less expensive, and safe for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Although several medicinal plants known for the antidiabetic property are reported in the ancient medical textbook, there is always a scope to identify and validate less explored medicinal plants that are still practiced regularly by local and tribal people since ancient times. Here, in the present article, we would like to review a less explored medicinal plant, Dillenia indica, which has promising effects in treating diabetes and other diabetic-associated complications. In spite of its wide use in the Northeast region of India as traditional medicine, there is only one clinical study where the antidiabetic potential of the fruit powder has been shown. Further well-designed animal and human studies are needed to confirm the role of Dillenia indica in diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kamboj
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), -121001, Faridabad, India
| | - Narayan C. Talukdar
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, -781035, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay K. Banerjee
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), -121001, Faridabad, India
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Nayak PK, Rayaguru K. Design, development and performance evaluation of elephant apple core cutter. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:4060-4066. [PMID: 29085149 PMCID: PMC5643825 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study a hand operated elephant apple cutter was developed and the machine parameters (capacity, machine efficiency, and loss percentage, etc.) were studied. The cost and performance of the designed cutter was compared to that of the traditional cutter. The comparative performance evaluation of the designed cutter with that of traditional method indicates that the cutter offered higher sepal yield (82.73 ± 1.5%) and capacity (100-120 kg h-1) than the traditional cutter offered sepal yield (63.01 ± 3.3.4%) and capacity (12-15 kg h-1) with uniform coring of the finished product. The cutter could process around 235-240 number of fruits against around 30-35 by traditional in a time period of 1 h. Core cutter can be used by the farmers or rural entrepreneurs for elephant apple processing and value addition for commercial and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Nayak
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Central Institute of Technology (CIT), Kokrajhar, BTAD, Assam 783370 India
| | - Kalpana Rayaguru
- Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001 India
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Mohanty AS, Jena BS. Innate catalytic and free radical scavenging activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Dillenia indica bark extract. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 496:513-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sabandar CW, Jalil J, Ahmat N, Aladdin NA. Medicinal uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Dillenia species (Dilleniaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 134:6-25. [PMID: 27889244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Dillenia is comprised of about 100 species of evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs of disjunct distribution in the seasonal tropics of Madagascar through South and South East Asia, Malaysia, North Australia, and Fiji. Species from this genus have been widely used in medicinal folklore to treat cancers, wounds, jaundice, fever, cough, diabetes mellitus, and diarrhea as well as hair tonics. The plants of the genus also produce edible fruits and are cultivated as ornamental plants. Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and miscellaneous compounds have been identified in the genus. Their extracts and pure compounds have been reported for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antidiabetes, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and antiprotozoal activities. Mucilage from their fruits is used in drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla W Sabandar
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norizan Ahmat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor-Ashila Aladdin
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jaiswal S, Mansa N, Prasad MP, Jena BS, Negi PS. Antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of Dillenia indica extracts. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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