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Wei LN, Luo L, Wang BZ, Lei HT, Guan T, Shen YD, Wang H, Xu ZL. Biosensors for detection of paralytic shellfish toxins: Recognition elements and transduction technologies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Marampouti C, Buma AGJ, de Boer MK. Mediterranean alien harmful algal blooms: origins and impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3837-3851. [PMID: 32803614 PMCID: PMC7835144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are mostly phytoplankton blooms, which have detrimental environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The Mediterranean Sea due to its enclosed nature is of special concern since it has an enormously rich native biodiversity. Though, it is also the world's most invaded marine ecosystem and is considered at very high risk of future invasions. The aim of this review study is to explore the origins, establishment, environmental, and socioeconomic impacts of HABs caused by nonnative algal species in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on this, it is also discussed whether HABs form an increasing threat in the basin, and what could possibly be done to prevent or to minimize their impacts. The increasing rate of their introduction and the harmful impacts that they have on the environment, economy, and human health makes it important to have accurate knowledge about HABs. Anthropogenic activities and climate change are considered the main contributors of alien invasions but also the main enablers of HAB events. Mediterranean HABs are adequately studied, but there are no studies purposefully concerning invasive microalgae species in the basin. In the present study, 20 species have been identified, and an attempt has been made to collect their introduction information, as well as known or suspected impacts. Future research should be focused on data mining, current legislation updates, and monitoring of Mediterranean coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marampouti
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, AG 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita G J Buma
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, AG 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Karin de Boer
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, AG 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bèta Science Shop, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, AG 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Liu L, Chen J, He X, Hao S, Lian Z, Wang B. First determination of extracellular paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the culture medium of toxigenic dinoflagellates by HILIC-HRMS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111042. [PMID: 32738626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins have received considerable attention in recent years because of their adverse effects on marine breeding industries and human health. In this study, a reliable method for the analysis of extracellular PSP toxins in the culture medium of marine toxic dinoflagellates was developed for the first time using graphitized carbon black-solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of typical PSP toxins in algal culture medium ranged from 0.072 μg/L to 0.151 μg/L under optimal conditions. Satisfactory absolute recoveries (87.5%-102.4%), precision (relative standard deviation ≤ 7.6%), and linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9998) were also achieved. In addition, the proposed method was applied to screen and determine the extracellular PSP toxins of two typical toxigenic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamarense. The total concentrations of the extracellular PSP toxins in A. minutum and A. tamarense over the whole growth period were within 2.0-735.5 and 2.0-19.2 μg/L, respectively. The concentrations of extracellular PSP toxins varied remarkably in the different growth stages of A. minutum and A. tamarense, and the contents of some extracellular PSP toxins were substantially higher than those of intracellular PSP toxins. Therefore, the extracellular PSP toxins released by toxigenic red tide algae cannot be ignored, and their environmental fate, bioavailability, and potential harm to aquatic environment need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuang Hao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ziru Lian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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Gracia Villalobos LL, Tobke JL, Montoya NG, Santinelli NH, Gil MN. Experimental exposure of the mussel Mytilus platensis (d'Orbigny, 1842) to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella from Argentine Patagonia. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:226-235. [PMID: 32026312 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of Mytilus platensis were exposed to Alexandrium catenella to evaluate the accumulation and metabolization of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) over a period of 25 days. Mussels were collected from the intertidal zone of Cerro Avanzado, Argentine Patagonia. After 16 days, the toxins in the tissues of mussels were detected by the methods of mouse bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (HPLC-FDL). The accumulation kinetics of PST toxins in M. platensis fed with A. catenella fitted to a linear function, in which the accumulation rate was 31.2 µg STX eq kg-1 day-1. After 16 days, the PST toxin level in tissues of mussels reached 1178 µg STX eq kg-1 exceeding the safety limit for human consumption (800 µg STX eq kg-1 tissue), whereas the highest PST toxin level was reached at the end of the experimentation (1613 µg STX eq kg-1) at 25 days. Differences in the toxin profile of the dinoflagellates and the tissues of the mussels confirmed biotransformation of PST in the mussel digestive system. The toxin profile of M. platensis was dominated by the gonyautoxins GTX1 and GTX4, while the toxin profile of A. catenella was dominated by the N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin C2. To our knowledge, this is the first experimentation on a laboratory scale of PST toxins accumulation in M. platensis with a native strain of A. catenella of Argentine Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilén L Gracia Villalobos
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR)-CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - Jésica L Tobke
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR)-CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Nora G Montoya
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Escollera Norte, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Norma H Santinelli
- Instituto de Investigación de Hidrobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Gales 48, U9100CKN, Trelew, Argentina
| | - Mónica N Gil
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR)-CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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Che Y, Ding L, Qiu J, Ji Y, Li A. Conversion and Stability of New Metabolites of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins under Different Temperature and pH Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1427-1435. [PMID: 31913622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of new C-11 hydroxyl metabolites (so-called M-toxins) of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) have been discovered in contaminated shellfish, and trace amounts have also been detected in some strains of PST-producing microalgae. To investigate the chemical conversion and stability of M-toxins, mussel extracts were purified with solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB) and Biogel P-2 resin columns and four partially purified M-toxin fractions were stored at different temperatures (-20, 4, and 20 °C) and pH values (3, 4, and 5). The concentrations and profiles of M-toxins in these fractions were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for 27 weeks. Results further confirmed the chemical conversion pathway M1 → M3 → M5 and determined for the first time two new transformation pathways: M2 → M4 → M6 and neosaxitoxin (NEO) → M10. The half-lives of M1, M2, M4, and M10 were calculated using a first-order degradation kinetics model, which indicated that the degradation of all M-toxins was dependent upon the temperature and pH, increasing with rising temperature and pH. In comparison to M4 and M10, M1 was more sensitive to the temperature, followed by M2. Results suggest that M-toxins should be maintained at a low temperature (-20 °C) and low pH (3) for their prolonged storage. M-toxins were less stable than all of the common analogues of PSTs, which may be beneficial for shellfish to achieve rapid detoxification through transformation of PSTs to M-toxins. These new findings are of significance because they enable further understanding of the metabolism of PSTs and their detoxification mechanisms in contaminated shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Che
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , Shandong 266100 , People's Republic of China
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Gracia Villalobos L, Santinelli NH, Sastre AV, Marino G, Almandoz GO. Spatiotemporal distribution of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish from Argentine Patagonian coast. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01979. [PMID: 31294122 PMCID: PMC6595239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been recorded in the Chubut Province, Argentina, since 1980, mainly associated with the occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium. PSP events in this area impact on fisheries management and are also responsible for severe human intoxications by contaminated shellfish. Within the framework of a HAB monitoring program carried out at several coastal sites along the Chubut Province, we analyzed spatiotemporal patterns of PSP toxicity in shellfish during 2000-2011. The highest frequency of mouse bioassays exceeding the regulatory limit for human consumption was detected in spring and summer, with average values of up to ≈70% and 50%, respectively. By contrast, a lower percentage of positive bioassays (2-8%) or no toxicity at all was usually detected during autumn and winter. The most intense PSP events were usually observed between November and January, with values of up to 4,000 μg STX eq 100 g-1, and showed a marked interannual variability both in their magnitude and location. In addition, a severe PSP outbreak was recorded during autumn, 2009, at Camarones Bay, with toxicity values of up to 14,000 μg STX eq 100 g-1. The scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus showed significantly higher toxicity values compared to other shellfish species in SJG and SMG, suggesting a lower detoxification capacity. Our results contribute to the understanding of HABs dynamics on the Argentine Patagonian coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilén Gracia Villalobos
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915 (U9120ACD), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Norma H Santinelli
- Instituto de Investigación de Hidrobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Gales 48 (U9100CKN), Trelew, Argentina
| | - Alicia V Sastre
- Instituto de Investigación de Hidrobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Gales 48 (U9100CKN), Trelew, Argentina
| | - Germán Marino
- Dirección Provincial de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia del Chubut, Ricardo Berwin 226 (U9100CXF), Trelew, Argentina
| | - Gastón O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAV), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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