Identification and determination of isoflavones in germinated black soybean sprouts by UHPLC−Q-TOF-MS mass spectrometry and HPLC-DAD

Untargeted metabolomics combined with vitro antioxidant to comprehensively evaluate the effect of sodium sulfite immersion on the holistic quality of mung bean sprouts

Mung bean sprouts are widely consumed as a seasonal fresh vegetable, renowned for their affordability and richness in antioxidants and bioactive compounds. This study employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatogram-Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis to comprehensively evaluate the chemical profile of mung bean sprouts following sulfite immersion. The findings revealed a significant alteration in the overall chemical composition of mung bean sprouts following sodium sulfite immersion. Eleven components, including four sulfur-containing compounds, were identified as characteristic markers distinguishing between non-immersed and sodium sulfite-immersed mung bean sprouts. Esterification and addition reactions were inferred to occur during sodium sulfite immersion, leading to the transformation of flavonoid and saponin sulfates. Commercial samples analysis indicated that sulfur-containing compounds were detectable in 9 of 11 commercial mung bean sprouts. Meanwhile, when sodium sulfite concentration exceeded 3.00 mg/mL and immersion time exceeded 360 min, the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid were significantly reduced and the antioxidant activity was adversely influenced.

Deep eutectic solvents as an alternative for extraction of flavonoids from soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and okara: An experimental and computational approach based on COSMO-SAC model

In this study, different Deep Eutectic Solvents based on choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) with carboxylic acids, sugars, and glycerol, were investigated as alternative solvents for the extraction of flavonoids from soybean and okara. Initially, the COSMO-SAC was investigated as a tool in solvent screening for the extraction of flavonoids. Experimental validation was performed using total flavonoid analysis with the solvents that showed greater interaction with the solutes. The extracts obtained from soybean and okara using the DES [Ch]Cl:acetic acid added with 30 % water showed the highest total flavonoid content, 1.05 mg eq. of catechin/g dry soybean and 0.94 mg eq. of catechin /g dry okara, respectively. For phenolic compound extraction, [Ch]Cl: acetic acid DES extracted approximately 1.16 mg GAE/g of soybean and 0.69 mg GAE/g of okara. For antioxidant activity, soybean and okara extracts obtained with [Ch]Cl: acetic acid showed FRAP results of 0.40 mg Trolox/mL of extract and 0.45 mg Trolox/mL of extract, respectively. In addition, the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, glycitein, daidzin, genistin, and glycitin were identified and quantified in the soybean and okara extracts obtained with DES [Ch]Cl: acetic acid with 30% water, totaling 1068.05 and 424.32 µg total isoflavones/g dry sample. Therefore, The COSMO-SAC model was a useful tool in solvent screening, saving time and costs. Also, DES can be an alternative solvent for extracting flavonoids to replace conventional organic solvents, respecting current environmental and human health concerns.

Occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts and strategies to enhance their content: A review

Sprouting is a common strategy to enhance the nutritional value of seeds. Here, all the reports regarding the occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts have been covered for the first time. Isoflavones were detected with concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 101  g/kg in soybean sprouts. Isoflavone concentration depends on the cultivar, germination time, part of the sprout, light, and temperature. Aglycon isoflavones increased during germination, especially in the hypocotyl, while 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-β-glucoside isoflavones decreased in the hypocotyl and increased in the cotyledon and root. Cooking reduced total isoflavone content. Regarding the strategies to enhance isoflavone contents, fermentation with Aspergillus sojae and external irradiation with UV-A or far-infrared were the methods that caused the greatest increases in aglycon, 7-O-β-glucoside, and total isoflavones. However, the largest increases in 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-β-glucoside and 6″-O-acetyl-7-O-β-glucosides isoflavones were detected after treatment with chitohexaose and calcium chloride, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soybean sprouts are widely consumed and provide essential proteins, antioxidants, and minerals. They are rich in isoflavones, which exhibit numerous health benefits, and have been studied as alternative therapies for a range of hormone-dependent conditions, such as cancer, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Despite numerous reports being published to date regarding the occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts, the publications in this field are highly dispersed, and a review has not yet been published. This review aims to (1) highlight the particular isoflavones that have been detected in soybean sprouts and their concentrations, (2) compared the effects of temperature, light, cooking and soybean cultivar affect the isoflavone levels on the different parts of the sprout, and (3) discuss the efficacy of the methods to enhance isoflavone contents. This review will provide a better understanding of the current state of this field of research by comparing the general trends and the different treatments for soybean sprouts.

Antioxidant capacity of 12 major soybean isoflavones and their bioavailability under simulated digestion and in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

Soy isoflavones (SIs) show various health benefits, such as antioxidant and estrogenic effects. It is important to understand the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SIs due to the close relation to their bioactivities. In this study, the antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of 12 SIs were evaluated using radical-scavenging methods, simulations of human digestion, and Caco-2 cells in Transwell, respectively. All SIs were stable (91.1-99.2%) under gastric digestion conditions compared with the control (100%), whereas acetyl and malonyl conjugates were unstable (38.5% and 65.5%, respectively) under small intestinal digestion conditions. SI aglycones showed higher permeability (7-15 times) and cellular accumulation (8.8 times) than their glucosides. A small amount of SI conjugates was intact in the cell and in the basolateral side of each Transwell. These results suggest that SI conjugates, especially malonyl and acetyl forms, have incidental bioactivity after being metabolized to aglycones inside the cell.

A Comparative and Comprehensive Characterization of Polyphenols of Selected Fruits from the Rosaceae Family

The present research presents a comprehensive characterization of polyphenols from peach, pear, and plum using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), followed by the determination of their antioxidant potential. Plums showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC; 0.62 mg GAE/g), while peaches showed the highest total flavonoid content (TFC; 0.29 mg QE/g), also corresponding to their high scavenging activities (i.e., DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and TAC). In all three fruit samples, a total of 51 polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified and were mainly characterized from hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxyphenylpentanoic acids, flavanols, flavonols, and isoflavonoids subclasses. Twenty targeted phenolic compounds were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). The plum cultivar showed the highest content of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, 11.86 mg/100 g), whereas peach samples showed the highest concentration of flavonoids (catechin, 7.31 mg/100 g), as compared to pear. Based on these findings, the present research contributes and complements the current characterization data of these fruits presented in the literature, as well as ensures and encourages the utilization of these fruits in different food, feed, and nutraceutical industries.

Comprehensive profiling of bioactive compounds in germinated black soybeans via UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their anti-Alzheimer's activity

Black soybeans contain several bioactive compounds and commonly consumed due to their health-related activities but rarely cultivated as edible sprouts. The present study investigated the changes that occurred during germination in two new genotypes black soybeans. Raw and germinated seeds were tested against in vitro Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, including oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and cholinesterase enzymes as well as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Sprouts significantly inhibited the cholinesterase enzymes and inflammatory factors (protein denaturation, proteinase and lipoxygenase) than seeds. An increase in phenolic, flavonoid and GABA (10-folds) content and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) was observed in germinated seeds. However, anthocyanin content was decreased in sprouts. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 metabolites profiling approach identified 22 compounds including amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, and polyphenols. Among identified compounds, daidzein, genistein, gallic acid, spermidine, L-asparagine, and L-lysine exhibited the highest increase after germination. The current study reveals that germination of black soybeans have promising potential to inhibit/prevent AD and can be used to develop functional foods.

Caviunin glycoside (CAFG) from Dalbergia sissoo attenuates osteoarthritis by modulating chondrogenic and matrix regulating proteins

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dalbergia sissoo DC. (Indian rosewood or Sheesham) is a traditional medicinal plant, reported since time immemorial for its analgesic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-modulatory properties. D. sissoo DC (DS). is being used traditionally to cure joint inflammation and joint pain.

AIM

To study the potential of DS leaves and its derived novel compound CAFG to treat the clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) and its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The chemical profile of DS extract (DSE) with isoflavonoids and isoflvaonoid glycosides from the DS was established by UHPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS/MS. Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was injected into the knee joint to develop the OA model in rats. DSE was given orally for 28 days daily at 250 and 500 mg.kg^-1day^-1. For in-vitro experiments, chondrocytes isolated from joint articular cartilage were negatively induced with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and CAFG was given to the cells as a co-treatment.

RESULTS

Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis following inflammation and proteoglycan synthesis affected in MIA injected knees. DSE administration prevented these effects as assessed by H&E and Toluidine blue staining. Micro-CT analysis showed that subchondral bone loss was restored. DSE decreased elevated serum levels of cartilage-bone degradation (CTX-I, CTX-II, and COMP), inflammation markers IL-1β, and matrix-degrading MMP-3 and 13. The effects of IL-1β on gene expression of chondrocytes were reversed by CAFG treatment at 1 μM.

CONCLUSION

Data showed that DSE protected joint cartilage and deterioration in subchondral bone in vivo while in in-vitro, its active ingredient CAFG prevented interleukin-1β induced effects and inhibited OA. This finding suggest that DSE and CAFG could be used as a possible therapeutic to treat osteoarthritis.

A brief history and spectroscopic analysis of soy isoflavones

The production of soybean continues to increase worldwide. People are showing more interest in the beneficial health effects of soybeans than before. However, the origin and history of soybeans are still being discussed among many researchers. Chromatographic methods enable the desirable separation of a variety of isoflavones from soybeans. The structures of isolated soy isoflavones have been successfully identified in tandem with spectroscopic analytical instruments and technologies such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The theoretical background behind spectroscopy may help improve the understanding for the analysis of isoflavones in soybeans and soy-derived foods. This review covers the origin of the English name of soybean and its scientific name, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, based on the evidence reported to date. Moreover, the reports of soy isoflavones discovered over a period of about 100 years have been briefly reviewed.

Metabolite Identification and Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Isoflavones from Black Soybean in Rats Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Linear-Ion-Trap-Orbitrap and Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Black soybeans are rich in isoflavones, which have several beneficial health effects. In this study, a validated method based on UHPLC-MS/MS was developed to screen black-soybean metabolites in rat urine, bile, and plasma and to quantify the compounds (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, and daidzin) and their metabolites (daidzein-4'-β-d-glucuronide, genistein-7-β-d-glucuronide, and genistein-4'-β-d-glucuronide) in plasma. Thirty-seven compounds were tentatively detected in the biological samples. The method was fully validated in quantitative experiments, including in assessments of linearity (2.5-100 ng/mL for daidzein, genistein, and glycitein; 10-100 ng/mL for daidzin; 5-3125 ng/mL for genistein-7-β-d-glucuronide; and 5-1562.5 ng/mL for daidzein-4'-β-d-glucuronide and genistein-4'-β-d-glucuronide), matrix effects (85-115%), recovery (80-105%), precision (<10%), and accuracy (<10%). The compounds were stable throughout sample storage, treatment, and analysis. The method was first applied to detect IFs and metabolites in rats after oral administration of black-soybean extract. These results support the potential of this method for successful application in pharmacokinetic studies.