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Zhu J, Gilbert RG. Starch molecular structure and diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122525. [PMID: 39218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing foods. Diabetes, which is of epidemic proportions in many countries, is related to the rate of starch digestion in foods. Isoforms of three biosynthesis enzymes, starch synthase, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes, control the CLDs of starch, which can be measured by methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Fitting observed CLDs to biosynthesis-based models based on the ratios of the activities of those isoforms yields biosynthesis-related parameters describing CLD features. This review examines CLD measurement, fitting CLDs to models, relations between CLDs, the occurrence and management of diabetes, and how plant breeders can develop varieties to optimize digestibility and palatability together, to develop starch-based foods with both a lower risk of diabetes and acceptable taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Zeng Y, Ali MK, Du J, Li X, Yang X, Yang J, Pu X, Yang L, Hong J, Mou B, Li L, Zhou Y. Resistant Starch in Rice: Its Biosynthesis and Mechanism of Action Against Diabetes-Related Diseases. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2024221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zeng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Kazim Ali
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juan Du
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li’E Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jingan Hong
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Mou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Zhu J, Zhang CQ, Xu J, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. Identification of Structure-Controlling Rice Biosynthesis Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2148-2159. [PMID: 33914519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main enzymes controlling the chain-length distributions (CLDs) of starches are starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (SBEs), and debranching enzymes (DBEs), which have various isoforms, denoted as SSI, SSII-1, etc. Different isozymes dominate the CLD in different ranges of degrees of polymerization (DPs). Models have been developed for the CLDs in terms of the activities of isoforms of these enzymes, in terms of two parameters: βi, which is the ratio of the activity of SBE to that of SS in set i, and hi, which is the relative activity of SS in that set. These provide good fits to data but without specifying which isozymes are in set i. Here, CLDs for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice endosperm are explored. Molecular weight distributions of the different chains formed in 87 rice varieties were obtained using size-exclusion chromatography following enzymatic debranching (converting a complex branched macromolecule to linear polymers), and fitted by the biosynthesis-based models. The mutants of each isoform among tested rice varieties were identified by amino-acid mutations in coding sequences based on the extraction and analysis of whole gene sequences. The significant differences between mutant groups of different isoforms indicate that SSI, SSII-3, SSIII-1, SSIII-2, and SBEI as well as GBSSI (an isozyme of granule-bound starch synthase) belong to the enzymes sets that control amylose biosynthesis. Further, GBSSI is in the enzyme sets that control amylopectin chains. This enables specification of all isozymes and the DP range, which they dominate, over the entire DP range. As the CLD controls many functional properties of rice, this can help breeders target and develop improved rice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 9 100081, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Teng B, Xi M, Du S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Wu W. Structural and functional properties of indica rice starch as influenced by late-stage nitrogen fertilization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1872620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Teng
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Min Xi
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Du
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuexiong Zhang
- Institute of Rice Research, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Luo
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Wenge Wu
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
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Bao J, Ying Y, Zhou X, Xu Y, Wu P, Xu F, Pang Y. Relationships among starch biosynthesizing protein content, fine structure and functionality in rice. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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