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Saarikoski S, Järvinen A, Markkula L, Aurela M, Kuittinen N, Hoivala J, Barreira LMF, Aakko-Saksa P, Lepistö T, Marjanen P, Timonen H, Hakkarainen H, Jalava P, Rönkkö T. Towards zero pollution vehicles by advanced fuels and exhaust aftertreatment technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123665. [PMID: 38432344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions deteriorate air quality in urban areas notably. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth characterization of gaseous and particle emissions, and their potential to form secondary aerosol emissions, of the cars meeting the most recent emission Euro 6d standards, and to investigate the impact of fuel as well as engine and aftertreatment technologies on pollutants at warm and cold ambient temperatures. Studied vehicles were a diesel car with a diesel particulate filter (DPF), two gasoline cars (with and without a gasoline particulate filter (GPF)), and a car using compressed natural gas (CNG). The impact of fuel aromatic content was examined for the diesel car and the gasoline car without the GPF. The results showed that the utilization of exhaust particulate filter was important both in diesel and gasoline cars. The gasoline car without the GPF emitted relatively high concentrations of particles compared to the other technologies but the implementation of the GPF decreased particle emissions, and the potential to form secondary aerosols in atmospheric processes. The diesel car equipped with the DPF emitted low particle number concentrations except during the DPF regeneration events. Aromatic-free gasoline and diesel fuel efficiently reduced exhaust particles. Since the renewal of vehicle fleet is a relatively slow process, changing the fuel composition can be seen as a faster way to affect traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland.
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Hou W, Liu Z, Yu G, Bie S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma D, Zhang F, Lou C, Hu X, Gui Y, Zhou W. On-board measurements of OC/EC ratio, mixing state, and light absorption of ship-emitted particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166692. [PMID: 37659551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols play important roles in environmental impacts and climate effects. The characteristics of ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols keep unclear under the latest global low sulfur fuel oil policy. This study selected four ocean-going vessels burning low sulfur fuel oils for on-board exhaust testing. The emission factors of ship carbonaceous aerosols were obtained under different engine types (main and auxiliary engines), fuel types, and engine loads. Our results showed that fuel and engine types were both important factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol emissions for ship engines. The emission factors of OC and EC from main engines were 1.18 ± 0.62 and 0.06 ± 0.04 g/kg burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), while 0.52 ± 0.35 and 0.04 ± 0.03 g/kg burning marine gas oil (MGO), respectively. The OC/EC ratios of ship-emitted particles were within a large range of 2 to 23. The OC/EC ratios from the main engines were significantly higher than those from the auxiliary engines by a factor of 6.3. The result of chemical mixing states of ship-emitted particles observed by a single particle mass spectrometer (SPAMS) showed that OC and EC were internally mixed and existed as the ECOC-bonded forms in single particles. The measured light absorption of ship-emitted particles with higher OC/EC ratios showed an evident short-wave absorption enhancement based on the aethalometer AE-33. Our results implied that ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols (especially with high OC/EC ratios) could not be uniformly treated regarding the optical properties to more precisely estimate their potential environmental impacts and climate effects in model systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shujun Bie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dong Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunjing Lou
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yong Gui
- CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China; China Shipbuilding Power Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Weizhong Zhou
- CSSC Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
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Keefe AR, Demers PA, Neis B, Arrandale VH, Davies HW, Gao Z, Hedges K, Holness DL, Koehoorn M, Stock SR, Bornstein S. A scoping review to identify strategies that work to prevent four important occupational diseases. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:490-516. [PMID: 32227359 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being largely preventable, many occupational diseases continue to be highly prevalent and extremely costly. Effective strategies are required to reduce their human, economic, and social impacts. METHODS To better understand which approaches are most likely to lead to progress in preventing noise-related hearing loss, occupational contact dermatitis, occupational cancers, and occupational asthma, we undertook a scoping review and consulted with a number of key informants. RESULTS We examined a total of 404 articles and found that various types of interventions are reported to contribute to occupational disease prevention but each has its limitations and each is often insufficient on its own. Our principal findings included: legislation and regulations can be an effective means of primary prevention, but their impact depends on both the nature of the regulations and the degree of enforcement; measures across the hierarchy of controls can reduce the risk of some of these diseases and reduce exposures; monitoring, surveillance, and screening are effective prevention tools and for evaluating the impact of legislative/policy change; the effect of education and training is context-dependent and influenced by the manner of delivery; and, multifaceted interventions are often more effective than ones consisting of a single activity. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review identifies occupational disease prevention strategies worthy of further exploration by decisionmakers and stakeholders and of future systematic evaluation by researchers. It also identified important gaps, including a lack of studies of precarious workers and the need for more studies that rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya R. Keefe
- SafetyNet Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Research, Memorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Barbara Neis
- SafetyNet Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Research, Memorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | | | - Hugh W. Davies
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of MedicineMemorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Kevin Hedges
- Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - D. Linn Holness
- Department of Medicine and Public Health SciencesSt. Michael's Hospital/University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mieke Koehoorn
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Susan R. Stock
- Division of Biological Risks and Occupational HealthInstitut national de santé publique du Québec (Quebec Institute of Public Health) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive MedicineSchool of Public Health, Université de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Stephen Bornstein
- SafetyNet Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Research, Memorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada
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Mölders N, Edwin SG. Review of Black Carbon in the Arctic—Origin, Measurement Methods, and Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojap.2018.72010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu Z, Kang S, Li C, Yan F, Chen P, Gao S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sillanpää M. Light absorption of biomass burning and vehicle emission-sourced carbonaceous aerosols of the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15369-15378. [PMID: 28502054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau originate primarily from biomass burning and vehicle emissions (BB and VEs, respectively). The light absorption characteristics of these carbonaceous aerosols are closely correlated with the burning conditions and represent key factors that influence climate forcing. In this study, the light absorption characteristics of elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 (fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm) generated from BB and VEs were investigated over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results showed that the organic carbon (OC)/EC ratios from BB- and VE-sourced PM2.5 were 17.62 ± 10.19 and 1.19 ± 0.36, respectively. These values were higher than the ratios in other regions, which was primarily because of the diminished amount of oxygen over the TP. The mass absorption cross section of EC (MACEC) at 632 nm for the BB-sourced PM2.5 (6.10 ± 1.21 m2.g-1) was lower than that of the VE-sourced PM2.5 (8.10 ± 0.98 m2.g-1), indicating that the EC content of the BB-sourced PM2.5 was overestimated because of the high OC/EC ratio. The respective absorption per mass (α/ρ) values at 365 nm for the VE- and BB-sourced PM2.5 were 0.71 ± 0.17 m2.g-1 and 0.91 ± 0.18 m2.g-1. The α/ρ value of the VEs was loaded between that of gasoline and diesel emissions, indicating that the VE-sourced PM2.5 originated from both types of emissions. Because OC and WSOC accounts for most of the carbonaceous aerosols at remote area of the TP, the radiative forcing contributed by the WSOC should be high, and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Fangping Yan
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, -33174, USA
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Low Carbon-Oriented Optimal Reliability Design with Interval Product Failure Analysis and Grey Correlation Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Temporal variations of black carbon during haze and non-haze days in Beijing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33331. [PMID: 27634102 PMCID: PMC5025889 DOI: 10.1038/srep33331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol has been identified as one of key factors responsible for air quality in Beijing. BC emissions abatement could help slow regional climate change while providing benefits for public health. In order to quantify its variations and contribution to air pollution, we systematically studied real-time measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) in PM2.5 aerosols at an urban site in Beijing from 2010 to 2014. Equivalent black carbon (eBC) is used instead of black carbon (BC) for data derived from Aethalometer-31 measurement. Equivalent BC concentrations showed significant temporal variations with seasonal mean concentration varying between 2.13 and 5.97 μg m−3. The highest concentrations of eBC were found during autumn and winter, and the lowest concentrations occurred in spring. We assessed the temporal variations of eBC concentration during haze days versus non-haze days and found significantly lower eBC fractions in PM2.5 on haze days compared to those on non-haze days. Finally, we observed a clear inverse relationship between eBC and wind speed. Our results show that wind disperses PM2.5 more efficiently than eBC; so, secondary aerosols are not formed to the same degree as primary aerosols over the same transport distance during windy conditions.
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