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Dash PK, Sahu C, Basti S, Sahu SK. Altitude governs the air pollution tolerance and heavy metal accumulation in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1122. [PMID: 37650935 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to changing air pollution is a function of various factors including meteorology, type of pollutants, plant species, soil chemistry, and geography. However, the impact of altitude on plant behavior has received little attention to date. A study was therefore conducted to evaluate the impact of altitude on the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), heavy metal accumulation, and deposition in plant species. The results favor the hypothesis of a definite impact of altitude on biochemical and heavy metal accumulation in plants. While a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the relative water content (RWC), APTI, and heavy metal accumulation with increasing altitude was evident in the studied plant species, the behavior of ascorbic acid, leaf extract pH, chlorophyll content, and the particle heavy metal deposition was erratic and did not display any statistically significant differences. The metal accumulation index was in the following order: Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Co. Similarly, the particle heavy metal deposition on the leaf surface (µg/cm2) displayed significant species variability (p < 0.05) and was in the order: Cu (0.303) > Pb (0.301) > Ni (0.269) > Zn (0.241) > Cd (0.044) > Co (0.025). The accumulated heavy metal and RWC showcased a significant positive correlation with the APTI, suggesting the dominant role of RWC in the plant's tolerance against air pollution in an altitudinal gradient. Future studies on the role of micrometeorological conditions in altering APTI may be fruitful in ascertaining these postulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar Dash
- P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, India, 768019
| | - Chandan Sahu
- P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, India, 768019.
- Gangadhar Meher University, Amruta Vihar, Sambalpur, India, 768004.
| | - Sradhanjali Basti
- P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, India, 768019
| | - Sanjat Kumar Sahu
- P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, India, 768019
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Sarmiento H, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Borillo GC, Godoi AFL, Reis RA, Yamamoto CI, Pauliquevis T, Polezer G, Godoi RHM. BTEX profile and health risk at the largest bulk port in Latin America, Paranaguá Port. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63084-63095. [PMID: 36952154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Port-related activities have a detrimental impact on the air quality both at the point of source and for considerable distances beyond. These activities include, but are not limited to, heavy cargo traffic, onboard, and at-berth emissions. Due to differences in construction, operation, location, and policies at ports, the site-specific air pollution cocktail could result in different human health risks. Thus, monitoring and evaluating such emissions are essential to predict the risk to the community. Environmental agencies often monitor key pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2), but the volatile organic carbons (VOCs) most often are not, due to its analytical challenging. This study intends to fill that gap and evaluate the VOC emissions caused by activities related to the port of Paranaguá - one of the largest bulk ports in Latin America - by characterizing BTEX concentrations at the port and its surroundings. At seven different sites, passive samplers were used to measure the dispersion of BTEX concentrations throughout the port and around the city at weekly intervals from November 2018 to January 2019. The average and uncertainty of BTEX concentrations (µg m-3) were 0.60 ± 0.43, 5.58 ± 3.80, 3.30 ± 2.41, 4.66 ± 3.67, and 2.82 ± 1.95 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene, respectively. Relationships between toluene and benzene and health risk analysis were used to establish the potential effects of BTEX emissions on the population of the city of Paranaguá. Ratio analysis (T/B, B/T, m,p X/Et, and m,p X/B) indicate that the BTEX levels are mainly from fresh emission sources and that photochemical ageing was at minimum. The cancer risk varied across the sampling trajectory, whereas ethylbenzene represented a moderate cancer risk development for the exposed population in some of the locations. This study provided the necessary baseline data to support policymakers on how to change the circumstances of those currently at risk, putting in place a sustainable operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmiento
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Department of Natural Science, Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia L Godoi
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Reis
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Chianese E, Tirimberio G, Appolloni L, Dinoi A, Contini D, Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Cotugno P, Miniero DV, Dusek U, Cammino G, Riccio A. Chemical characterisation of PM 10 from ship emissions: a study on samples from hydrofoil exhaust stacks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17723-17736. [PMID: 34676477 PMCID: PMC8530373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A chemical characterization of PM10 collected at hydrofoil exhaust stacks was performed conducting two on-board measuring campaigns, with the aim of assessing the ship emission impact on PM10 collected in the coastal area of Naples (Southern Italy) and providing information about the characteristics of this important PM emission source.Samples were analysed determining the contribution of different chemical parameters to PM10's mass, which consisted of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (0.10 ± 0.12%), total carbon (61.9% ± 20.0%, with 40.4% of organic carbon, OC, and 21.5% of elemental carbon, EC) and elemental fraction (0.44% ± 1.00%). Differences in terms of composition and chemical parameter profiles were observed between samples collected during offshore navigation (Off) and samples collected during shunting operations (SO), the latter of higher concern on a local scale. For SO samples, lower contributions of OC and EC were observed (39.7% and 19.6% respectively) compared to Off samples (41.5% and 24.2%), and an increase in terms of elements (from 0.32 to 0.51%) and PAHs (from 0.06 to 0.12%) concentrations was observed. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for some elements such as V, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ag and Hg as well as PAHs profile varied significantly between SO and Off. Data presented here were compared with data on chemical composition of PM10 sampled in a tunnel, in a background site and in an urban site in the city of Naples. Results indicated that shipping activities contributed significantly to the emission of V and, in some extent, Zn and Cd; in addition, PAH profiles indicated a greater contribution to urban PM10 from vehicular traffic than shipping emissions. These results can significantly contribute to the correct evaluation of the influence of shipping emission on PM10 generation in urban coastal areas and can be a useful reference for similar studies. The coastal area of Naples is an important example of the coexistence of residential, touristic and natural areas with pollutants emission sources including, among the others, shipping emissions. In this and similar contexts, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each emission source to clearly define environmental control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chianese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Tirimberio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Appolloni
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Gilio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gennaro Cammino
- Autorità Di Sistema Portuale del Mar Tirreno Centrale, Piazzale Pisacane 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
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Review of Top-Down Method to Determine Atmospheric Emissions in Port. Case of Study: Port of Veracruz, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Indicators of environmental policies in force in Mexico, fossil fuels will continue to be used in industrial sectors, especially marine fuels, such as marine diesel oil, in port systems for some time. Considering this, we have evaluated several methods corresponding to a top-down system for determining fuel consumption and sulfur dioxide atmospheric emissions for the port of Veracruz in 2020 by type of ship on a daily resolution, considering a sulfur content of 0.5% mass by mass in marine fuel. After analyzing seven methods for determining sulfur dioxide atmospheric emission levels, Goldsworthy’s method was found to be the best option to characterize this port. The port system has two maritime zones, one of which is in expansion, which represented 55.66% of fuel consumption and 23.05% of atmospheric emissions according to the typology of vessels. We found that higher fuel consumption corresponded to container vessels, and tanker vessels represented higher atmospheric emission levels in the berthing position. The main differences that we found in the analysis of the seven methods of the top-down system corresponded to the load factor parameter, main and auxiliary engine power, and estimation of fuel consumption by type of vessel.
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Fuentes García G, Baldasano Recio JM, Sosa Echeverría R, Granados Hernández E, Zamora Vargas E, Antonio Duran R, Kahl JW. Estimation of atmospheric emissions from maritime activity in the Veracruz port, Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:934-948. [PMID: 33709877 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1902421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The port of Veracruz is one of the most important ports in Mexico and is currently in the process of a major expansion. The new port area, "Bahía Norte", will be three times larger than the current port, "Bahía Sur". Atmospheric emissions from the Veracruz port system, specifically from the engines of ships undergoing maneuvering and hotelling operations, were determined on a daily basis from 2018 to 2019 for sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), particles (PM), particles smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10), particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A bottom-up method was used to estimate the atmospheric emissions, based on official data from the European Environment Agency. The method utilizes on technical information on the type of ship, the power of the main engine (ME) and auxiliary engine (AE), load factor, specific fuel consumption, and spent time in the maneuvering and hotelling phases. The highest atmospheric emissions occurred in the hotelling phase. For the "Bahía Sur" emissions (Mg/year) were 328.6, 993.3, 122.3, 30.6, 22.9, 19.1, 18.5 and 52,723.4 for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2, respectively. For "Bahía Norte" the corresponding emissions were 43.9, 132.7, 16.3, 4.1, 3.1, 2.5, 2.3 and 7,040.9, also in the hotelling phase. The average combined of the atmospheric emissions from maneuvering and hotelling phases (Mg/year) were 1.18, 3.49, 0.44, 0.13, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, and 189.23 for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM, PM10, PM2.5 and CO2, respectively. During the 2018-2019 period of the study the "Bahía Sur" contributed ~87% and the "Bahía Norte" ~13% of the atmospheric emissions.Implications: The atmospheric emissions reported in this study can be used for the simulation of air quality considering environmental or photochemical pollution models, since atmospheric emissions are reported on a daily basis and compliance with air quality can be monitored considering the reference-concentration established by the Official Mexican Standards in order to propose prevention, minimization and control measures. In addition, the analysis of the information that was carried out in this study may be applied to other port systems in Mexico that are located on the Pacific coast and the Gulf-Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Fuentes García
- Department of Earth Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Baldasano Recio
- Department of Earth Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Engineering Design, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Sección de Contaminación Ambiental (UNAM-CCA-SCA), Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Elías Granados Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Tecnológico-FES Aragón, Laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental, Nezahualcóyotl, México
| | - Eduardo Zamora Vargas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Rafael Antonio Duran
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Jonathan W Kahl
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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6
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Selecting Suitable, Green Port Crane Equipment for International Commercial Ports. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Responding to the increasing global need for environmental protection, a green port balances economic vibrancy with environmental protection. However, because exhaust emissions (e.g., CO2 or sulfide) are difficult to monitor around ports, data on such emissions are often incomplete, which hinders research on this topic. The present study aimed to fill this gap in this topic. To remedy this problem, this study formulated a new data envelopment analysis (DEA) method for collecting CO2 emissions data at their source. This method was applied to collect real-world operating data from a large container-handling company in Taiwan. Specifically, we provide a real example using a novel green energy index to account for undesirable outputs. Our main objective was to formulate two methods that combine: (1) data envelopment analysis based on a modified slack-based measure, and (2) a multi-choice goal programming approach. The contributions of this paper included the finding that rubber-tired gantry cranes are the greenest and should be used in ports. Finally, our findings aid port managers in selecting port equipment that provides the best balance between environmental protection and profitability.
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Wind Direction Data from a Coastal HF Radar System in the Gulf of Naples (Central Mediterranean Sea). REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13071333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Results on the accuracy of SeaSonde High Frequency (HF) radar wind direction measurements in the Gulf of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) are here presented. The investigation was carried out for a winter period (2 February–6 March) and for one summer month (August) of the reference year 2009. HF radar measurements were compared with in situ recordings from a weather station and with model data, with the aim of resolving both small scale and large scale dynamics. The analysis of the overall performance of the HF radar system in the Gulf of Naples shows that the data are reliable when the wind speed exceeds a 5 m/s threshold. Despite such a limitation, this study confirms the potentialities of these systems as monitoring platforms in coastal areas and suggests further efforts towards their improvement.
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Feng X, Shen J, Yang H, Wang K, Wang Q, Zhou Z. Time-Frequency Analysis of Particulate Matter (PM 10) Concentration in Dry Bulk Ports Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165754. [PMID: 32784870 PMCID: PMC7460512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the time–frequency characteristics of the particulate matter (PM10) concentration, data series measured at dry bulk ports were used to determine the contribution of various factors during different periods to the PM10 concentration level so as to support the formulation of air quality improvement plans around port areas. In this study, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) method was used to analyze the time–frequency characteristics of the PM10 concentration data series measured at three different sites at the Xinglong Port of Zhenjiang, China, over three months. The HHT method consists of two main stages, namely, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectrum analysis (HSA), where the EMD technique is used to pre-process the HSA in order to determine the intrinsic mode function (IMF) components of the raw data series. The results show that the periods of the IMF components exhibit significant differences, and the short-period IMF component provides a modest contribution to all IMF components. Using HSA technology for these IMF components, we discovered that the variations in the amplitude of the PM10 concentration over time and frequency are discrete, and the range of this variation is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency band. We inferred that long-term influencing factors determine the PM10 concentration level in the port, and short-term influencing factors determine the difference in concentration data at different sites. Therefore, when formulating PM10 emission mitigation strategies, targeted measures must be implemented according to the period of the different influencing factors. The results of this study can help guide recommendations for port authorities when formulating the optimal layout of measurement devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Feng
- College of Habour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China; (X.F.); (K.W.)
| | - Jinxing Shen
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Haoming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No.219, Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Kang Wang
- College of Habour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China; (X.F.); (K.W.)
| | - Qiming Wang
- College of Science, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongguo Zhou
- College of Science, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China; (Q.W.); (Z.Z.)
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Tomassetti L, Torre M, Tratzi P, Paolini V, Rizza V, Segreto M, Petracchini F. Evaluation of air quality and mobility policies in 14 large Italian cities from 2006 to 2016. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:886-902. [PMID: 32295485 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1752070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite a connection between road traffic and air pollution has been clearly identified, few integrated analyses on air quality and mobility policies are currently available worldwide. Aim of this work is to build a framework for the evaluation of the impact of mobility policies on air quality in 14 major Italian cities, on a long-time scale (2006-2016). Air quality data was collected from all PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 monitoring stations, installed in compliance with the European directive 2008/50/EC. A large dataset was collected, including public transport, environmental, and fuel categorization of the private vehicular fleet, low emissions zones and modal split. In the analyzed time period, both public transportation use and private motorization decreased. Considering the environmental classification standards of vehicles, Northern cities are more readily switching to newer and less polluting cars (e.g. Euro 5 and Euro 6). There has been a general reduction in PM and NO2 concentration. Nevertheless, exceedances are still above the targeted limit value, mainly in some Northern cities who made major investments in sustainable and shared mobility: this highlights a strong influence of climatic conditions and other sources. Dramatic variations in the CO/NO ratio were observed in Turin, while smaller changes are observed in Milan, Rome and Palermo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomassetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Torre
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Tratzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Paolini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Rizza
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Segreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Sorte S, Rodrigues V, Borrego C, Monteiro A. Impact of harbour activities on local air quality: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113542. [PMID: 31733971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several harbour activities cause negative environmental impacts in the harbours' surrounding areas, namely the degradation of air quality. This paper intends to comprehensively review the status of the air quality measured in harbour areas. The published studies show a limited number of available air quality monitoring data in harbours areas, mostly located in Europe (71%). Measured concentrations of the main air pollutants were compiled and intercompared, for different countries worldwide allowing a large spatial representativeness. The higher NO2 and PM10 concentrations were found in Europe - ranging between 12 and 107 μg/m3 and 2-50 μg/m3, respectively, while the higher concentrations of PM2.5 were found in Asia (25-70 μg/m3). In addition, the lower levels of SO2 monitored in recent years suggest that current mitigation strategies adopted across Europe were very efficient in promoting the reduction of SO2 concentrations. Part of the reviewed studies also estimated the contributions from ship emissions to PM concentration through the application of source apportionment methods, with an average of 5-15%. In some specific harbour areas in Asia, ships can contribute up to 7-26% to the local fine particulate matter concentrations. This review confirms that emissions from the maritime transport sector should be considered as a significant source of particulate matter in harbour areas, since this pollutant concentrations are frequently exceeding the established standard legal limit values. Therefore, the results from this review boost the implementation of mitigation measures, aiming to reduce, in particular, particulate matter emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sorte
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vera Rodrigues
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Borrego
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Monteiro
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Mocerino L, Murena F, Quaranta F, Toscano D. A methodology for the design of an effective air quality monitoring network in port areas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:300. [PMID: 31941929 PMCID: PMC6962330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the impact of ship emissions is generally realised by a network of receptors at ground level inside the port area or in the nearby urban canopy. Another possibility is the use of dispersion models capable of providing maps of concentrations to the ground taking into account ship emissions and weather conditions. In this work traffic data of passengers ships in the port of Naples were used to estimate pollutant emissions starting from EMEP/EEA (European Environment Agency/European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) methodology and real data of power engines. In this way, a hourly file of emission rates was produced and input to CALPUFF together with meteorological data. Then SO2 concentrations at different heights (0-60 m) in correspondence of selected points within the port area were evaluated. Results are compared with data measured at ground level in monitoring campaigns showing how is possible to better identify and quantify the air pollution from ships in port by positioning the receptors inside the port area at different heights from ground-level. The results obtained give useful information for designing an optimum on-site air quality monitoring network able to quantify the emissions of pollutants due to naval traffic and to individuate the contribution of single ships or ships' categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Mocerino
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Murena
- DICMAPI - Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Quaranta
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenico Toscano
- DICMAPI - Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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PM10 and PM2.5 Qualitative Source Apportionment Using Selective Wind Direction Sampling in a Port-Industrial Area in Civitavecchia, Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to discriminate between different emission sources and between natural and anthropogenic contributions is a key issue for planning efficient air pollution reduction and mitigation strategies. Moreover, the knowledge of the particulate matter (PM) chemical composition for the different size fractions is recognized as increasingly important, in particular with respect to health effects of exposed population. This study is focused on the characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 main sources located in the Civitavecchia harbor-industrial area (Central Italy), namely a large coal-fired power plant, a natural gas power plant, the harbor area, the vehicular traffic (due to both the local traffic and the highway crossing the area) and small industrial activities. The approach was based on PM10/PM2.5 samples monthly collected for one year and a further relative chemical characterization of organic and inorganic fractions. Wind-select sensors, allowing a selective PM10 and PM2.5 sampling downwind to specific emission sources, were used for the overall sampling. This methodology manages to explain specific emission patterns and to assess the concentration levels of the micro pollutants emitted by local sources and particularly toxic for health. A descriptive statistical analysis of data was performed, also verifying the occurrence of legislative threshold exceedances. Moreover, in order to highlight the contribution of specific sources, the differences in the measured micro pollutants concentrations between wind directions, PM size fractions and sampling sites have been investigated, as well as the seasonal trends of pollutants concentrations. These results allow to highlight that the applied methodology represents a valid support in source apportionment studies.
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Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. Effect of O 3, PM 10 and PM 2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32645-32665. [PMID: 31576506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, both tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM) are among the most threatening air pollutants for human health in cities. The air pollution effects over public health include increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases even when air pollutant concentrations are below European and international standards. The aim of this study was to (i) estimate the burden of mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM2.5, PM10 and O3 in nine selected cities in France, Iran and Italy in 2015 and 2016 and to (ii) compare estimated burdens at current O3 and PM levels with pre-industrial levels. The selected Mediterranean cities are among the most affected by the air pollution in Europe, in particular by rising O3 while the selected Iranian cities rank as the most polluted by PM in the world. The software AirQ+ was used to estimate the short-term health effects, in terms of mortality and morbidity by using in situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Compared to pre-industrial levels, long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5, PM10 and O3 have substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions in selected cities: about 8200 deaths for non-accidental causes, 2400 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 540 deaths for respiratory diseases, 220 deaths for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases as well as 18,800 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 3400 for respiratory diseases were reported in 2015. The study supports the need of city-specific epidemiological data and urgent strategies to mitigate the health burden of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sandra Perez
- University Côte d'Azur, UMR 7300 ESPACE, Nice, France
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
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Capo A, Pennacchio A, Varriale A, D'Auria S, Staiano M. The porcine odorant-binding protein as molecular probe for benzene detection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202630. [PMID: 30183769 PMCID: PMC6124761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, air pollution has been a subject of great scientific and public interests for the strong impact on human health. Air pollution is due to the presence in the atmosphere of polluting substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, particulates and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), derived predominantly from various combustion processes. Benzene is a VOC belonging to group-I carcinogens with a toxicity widely demonstrated. The emission limit values and the daily exposure time to benzene (TLV-TWA) are 5μg/m3 (0.00157 ppm) and 1.6mg/m3 (0.5 ppm), respectively. Currently, expensive and time-consuming analytical methods are used for detection of benzene. These methods require to perform a few preliminary steps such as sampling, and matrices pre-treatments. In addition, it is also needed the support of specialized personnel. Recently, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) gas sensors with a limit detection (LOD) of 20 ppm were developed for benzene detection. Other innovative bioassay, called bio-report systems, were proposed. They use a whole cell (Pseudomona putida or Escherichia coli) as molecular recognition element and exhibit a LOD of about 10 μM. Here, we report on the design of a highly sensitive fluorescence assay for monitoring atmospheric level of benzene. For this purpose, we used as molecular recognition element the porcine odorant-binding protein (pOBP). 1-Aminoanthracene was selected as extrinsic fluorescence probe for designing a competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for benzene detection. The detection limit of our assay was 3.9μg/m3, a value lower than the actual emission limit value of benzene as regulated by European law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Capo
- Institute of Food Science, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
| | - Angela Pennacchio
- Institute of Food Science, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Food Science, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Food Science, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Staiano
- Institute of Food Science, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
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Romagnoli P, Vichi F, Balducci C, Imperiali A, Perilli M, Paciucci L, Petracchini F, Cecinato A. Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25260-25275. [PMID: 28929369 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and gaseous pollutants were collected from the harbor and the urban area of Crotone (Southern Italy) in October 2015. The atmospheric concentrations of organic substances associated to PM10 were determined daily, while gaseous pollutants (BTEX, O3, SO2, NOx, NO2, and NH3) were monitored on monthly basis by means of diffusive sampling. Total PAHs reached, on the average, 1.56 ± 0.72, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.59 ± 0.37 ng/m3 at the urban monitoring stations (Fiore, Fermi) and at the harbor, respectively. The percent distribution and diagnostic concentration ratios of PAHs were similar at Fermi and harbor, whereas differences were found through comparison with Fiore site. Biogenic n-alkanes (n-C29, and n-C31) were the most abundant components, indicating the important impact of terrestrial higher plants in all sites. On the other hand, n-C23-n-C25 homologs originated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel were not negligible (CPI2.5 = 2.4) in harbor, confirming the role of anthropogenic sources there. Inside the harbor, SO2 concentrations ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 μg/m3 showing the maximum value within the old part of the harbor (touristic port). A statistical significant difference between the harbor and the surroundings was indeed observed for this pollutant, which is a specific marker of ship emissions. The other gaseous species monitored did not exhibit the same distribution, with exception of NH3 and benzene, whose concentration values ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 μg/m3 and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/m3, respectively, and peaked at the same harbor site. Similarities were found in NOx, NO2, and O3 concentration distributions, showing high values in the New Port area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vichi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea Imperiali
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Lucia Paciucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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