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Liu C, Yang J, Guan L, Jing L, Xiao S, Sun L, Xu B, Zhao H. Intersection of Aging and Particulate Matter 2.5 Exposure in Real World: Effects on Inflammation and Endocrine Axis Activities in Rats. Int J Endocrinol 2024; 2024:8501696. [PMID: 38966821 PMCID: PMC11223905 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8501696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is detrimental to multiple organ systems. Given the factor that aging also alters the cellularity and response of immune system and dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, -gonad and -thyroid axes, it is imperative to investigate whether chronic exposure to PM2.5 interacts with aging in these aspects. In this study, two-months-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to real world PM2.5 for 16 months. PM2.5 exposure diminished the relative numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and increased the relative number of B cells in the peripheral blood of male rats. Conversely, only reduced relative number of CD4+ T cells was seen in the blood of female rats. These shifts resulted in elevated levels of proinflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the circulatory systems of both sex, with females also evidencing a rise in interleukin-1β levels. Moreover, heightened interleukin-6 was solely discernible in the hippocampus of female subjects, while increased tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were widespread in female brain regions but confined to the male hypothalamus. Notable hormonal decreases were observed following PM2.5 exposure in both sex. These comprised declines in biomolecules such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone and cortisol, generated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and thyroid-releasing hormone and triiodothyronine, produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hormonal elements such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, derived from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, were also diminished. Exclusive to male rats was a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, whereas a fall in thyroid-stimulating hormone was unique to female rats. Decreases in sex-specific hormones, including testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, were also noted. These findings significantly enrich our comprehension of the potential long-term health repercussions associated with PM2.5 interaction particularly among the aging populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Liu
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Guan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Jing
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Sun
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heng Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lin JJY, Tehrani MW, Chen R, Heaney CD, Rule AM. Characterizing spatiotemporal variability in airborne heavy metal concentration: Changes after 18 Years in Baltimore, MD. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112878. [PMID: 35131327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the impact of changes in local industry, urban development, and proximity to suspected emission sources on airborne metal concentration in Baltimore, Maryland between 2001 and 2019 with particular focus on the urban industrial community of Curtis Bay in South Baltimore. METHODS Integrated PM2.5 and PM10 Harvard Impactors were set up at six locations in the Baltimore City metropolitan area in weeklong sampling sessions from January-July 2019 to assess variation in airborne metal concentration by proximity to suspected metal emission sources. PM2.5 and PM10 were collected on Teflo filters and analyzed for a panel of 12 metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The findings were compared against airborne metal concentrations reported by the Baltimore Supersite in 2001 and 2003 to assess changes over the 18-year period. RESULTS PM2.5 concentrations reported from this study ranged from 3.27 μg/m3 to 36.0 μg/m3 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 9.00 μg/m3 to 30.1 μg/m3 across all sampling sites. Metal concentrations ranged from 1.4 times (Cd) to 4.8 times (Cr) higher in PM10 compared to PM2.5. Compared to the study reference site, median PM2.5 concentrations of Co and Fe were roughly 1.8 times and 2.1 times higher, respectively, at near-road sampling sites indicating significant variability in airborne metal concentration by proximity to local traffic emissions. PM2.5 and PM10 Sb concentrations were 3.4 times and 6.7 times higher at a near incinerator site compared to the reference, consistent with existing evidence of Sb sourcing from municipal incinerators in Baltimore City. Decreases in Cr (-40%), Ni (-73%), Pb (-55%), and Zn (-36%) concentrations were observed over the 18-year period while concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION Declines in airborne Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentration since 2001 appear to coincide with industrial decline highlighting the success of remediation and redevelopment efforts. Remaining spatial variability is related to vehicular traffic and proximity to a municipal incinerator which should be focal areas for future intervention to reduce metal exposure disparities in Baltimore City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Y Lin
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Mina W Tehrani
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Fu Y, Li B, Yun J, Xu J, Meng Q, Li X, Chen R. lncRNA SOX2-OT ceRNA network enhances the malignancy of long-term PM 2.5-exposed human bronchial epithelia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112242. [PMID: 33895495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in outdoor air is carcinogenic and associated with the development of lung cancer; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, the profiles of lncRNA, microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human bronchial epithelia (HBE) following exposure to PM2.5, diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), or aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were explored by microarray to reveal the lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA network participating in the malignant transformation of HBE cells following long-term PM2.5 exposure. The results showed that lncRNA SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2-OT) was significantly induced in HBE cells exposed to PM2.5, DEPs, or Al2O3 NPs, acting as a sponge to microRNA-345-5p, which subsequently increased the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR is a therapeutic target in non-small cell lung cancer. Here, we found that SOX2-OT is an upstream trigger of EGFR in HBE cells during long-term PM2.5 exposure. Importantly, SOX2-OT knockdown effectively reduced the colony formation and migration capacities of HBE cells, compared to the wild type control. Collectively, SOX2-OT/microRNA-345-5p/EGFR is a ceRNA mechanism underlying the malignant transformation of bronchial epithelia exposed to PM2.5, which improves our understanding of the association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jun Yun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Datta A, Saha A, Zamora ML, Buehler C, Hao L, Xiong F, Gentner DR, Koehler K. Statistical field calibration of a low-cost PM 2.5 monitoring network in Baltimore. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 242:117761. [PMID: 32922146 PMCID: PMC7480820 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost air pollution monitors are increasingly being deployed to enrich knowledge about ambient air-pollution at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, unlike regulatory-grade (FEM or FRM) instruments, universal quality standards for low-cost sensors are yet to be established and their data quality varies widely. This mandates thorough evaluation and calibration before any responsible use of such data. This study presents evaluation and field-calibration of the PM2.5 data from a network of low-cost monitors currently operating in Baltimore, MD, which has only one regulatory PM2.5 monitoring site within city limits. Co-location analysis at this regulatory site in Oldtown, Baltimore revealed high variability and significant overestimation of PM2.5 levels by the raw data from these monitors. Universal laboratory corrections reduced the bias in the data, but only partially mitigated the high variability. Eight months of field co-location data at Oldtown were used to develop a gain-offset calibration model, recast as a multiple linear regression. The statistical model offered substantial improvement in prediction quality over the raw or lab-corrected data. The results were robust to the choice of the low-cost monitor used for field-calibration, as well as to different seasonal choices of training period. The raw, lab-corrected and statistically-calibrated data were evaluated for a period of two months following the training period. The statistical model had the highest agreement with the reference data, producing a 24-hour average root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of around 2 μg m -3. To assess transferability of the calibration equations to other monitors in the network, a cross-site evaluation was conducted at a second co-location site in suburban Essex, MD. The statistically calibrated data once again produced the lowest RMSE. The calibrated PM2.5 readings from the monitors in the low-cost network provided insights into the intra-urban spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 in Baltimore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University
| | | | - Misti Levy Zamora
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Colby Buehler
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Lei Hao
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Fulizi Xiong
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Drew R Gentner
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Li X, Zhang Y, Li B, Yang H, Cui J, Li X, Zhang X, Sun H, Meng Q, Wu S, Li S, Wang J, Aschner M, Chen R. Activation of NLRP3 in microglia exacerbates diesel exhaust particles-induced impairment in learning and memory in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105487. [PMID: 31999974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major components of traffic pollution particulate matter, diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), are airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs). DEPs can enter the central nervous system (CNS), where they may cause neurotoxicity. METHODS We established murine models with intranasal DEPs instillation in male C57BL/6 and Nlrp3 knock-out (Nlrp3-/-) mice to investigate the effects of DEPs exposure on murine neurobehaviors and related mechanisms. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to evaluate the learning and memory behaviors of mice following DEPs instillation. Metabolomics were assessed using an gas chromatography system coupled to a mass spectrometer. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry assays were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of target genes. Murine microglia, BV2 cells were employed to assay the effects of DEPs exposure in vitro. RESULTS Intranasal administration of DEPs in mice led to impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Moreover, this phenotype was linked to increased number of Iba-1+ microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as suppression of mitochondrial gene expression in the hippocampus of mice exposed to DEPs. Nlrp3-/- mice were resistant to DEPs-induced learning and memory impairment, concomitant with protection against the suppression of mitochondrial gene expression. Murine microglia cells (BV2) were exposed to DEPs in vitro and taurine was identified as one of the significantly suppressed metabolites in DEPs-treated microglia by metabolomics analysis. Supplementation with taurine efficiently rescued learning, memory and mitochondrial gene expression levels in the hippocampus of DEPs-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistically, our study revealed that microglia-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a deleterious role in DEPs-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial gene expression. These results shed novel light on the potential value of nutritional supplementation against DEPs-induced neurotoxicity in individuals exposed to severe airborne traffic-related air pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbao Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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Reyes-Caballero H, Rao X, Sun Q, Warmoes MO, Lin P, Sussan TE, Park B, Fan TWM, Maiseyeu A, Rajagopalan S, Girnun GD, Biswal S. Air pollution-derived particulate matter dysregulates hepatic Krebs cycle, glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17423. [PMID: 31757983 PMCID: PMC6874681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) is well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Both epidemiologic and controlled exposure studies in humans and animals have demonstrated an association between air pollution exposure and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Given the central role of the liver in peripheral glucose homeostasis, we exposed mice to filtered air or PM2.5 for 16 weeks and examined its effect on hepatic metabolic pathways using stable isotope resolved metabolomics (SIRM) following a bolus of 13C6-glucose. Livers were analyzed for the incorporation of 13C into different metabolic pools by IC-FTMS or GC-MS. The relative abundance of 13C-glycolytic intermediates was reduced, suggesting attenuated glycolysis, a feature found in diabetes. Decreased 13C-Krebs cycle intermediates suggested that PM2.5 exposure led to a reduction in the Krebs cycle capacity. In contrast to decreased glycolysis, we observed an increase in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and 13C incorporations suggestive of enhanced capacity for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine 13C6-glucose utilization in the liver following PM2.5 exposure, prior to the onset of insulin resistance (IR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermes Reyes-Caballero
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 1095V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 1095V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 1095V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tom E Sussan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 1095V.A. Drive, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Girnun
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, BST 8-140, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
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Morris-Schaffer K, Merrill AK, Wong C, Jew K, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta DA. Limited developmental neurotoxicity from neonatal inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust particles in C57BL/6 mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 30612575 PMCID: PMC6322252 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological studies indicate early-life exposure to pollution particulate is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The need is arising to evaluate the risks conferred by individual components and sources of air pollution to provide a framework for the regulation of the most relevant components for public health protection. Previous studies in rodent models have shown diesel particulate matter has neurotoxic potential and could be a health concern for neurodevelopment. The present study shows an evaluation of pathological and protracted behavioral alterations following neonatal exposure to aerosolized diesel exhaust particles (NIST SRM 1650b). The particular behavioral focus was on temporal control learning, a broad and fundamental cognitive domain in which reward delivery is contingent on a fixed interval schedule. For this purpose, C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to aerosolized NIST SRM 1650b, a well-characterized diesel particulate material, from postnatal days 4–7 and 10–13, for four hours per day. Pathological features, including glial fibrillary-acidic protein, myelin basic protein expression in the corpus callosum, and ventriculomegaly, as well as learning alterations were measured to determine the extent to which NIST SRM 1650b would induce developmental neurotoxicity. Results Twenty-four hours following exposure significant increases in glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the corpus callosum and cortex of exposed male mice were present. Additionally, the body weights of juvenile and early adult diesel particle exposed males were lower than controls, although the difference was not statistically significant. No treatment-related differences in males or females on overall locomotor activity or temporal learning during adulthood were observed in response to diesel particulate exposure. Conclusion While some sex and regional-specific pathological alterations in GFAP immunoreactivity suggestive of an inflammatory reaction to SRM 1650b were observed, the lack of protracted behavioral and pathological deficits suggests further clarity is needed on the developmental effects of diesel emissions prior to enacting regulatory guidelines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0287-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Morris-Schaffer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Alyssa K Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Candace Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katrina Jew
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Yuan CS, Lu CC, Shen HZ, Li TC. Metallic characteristics of PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 for clustered Aeolian Dust Episodes occurred in an extensive fluvial basin during rainy season. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:1085-1102. [PMID: 29701507 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1469554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aeolian dust episodes (ADEs) have been an emergency disaster in the Kaoping River Valley during the rainy season (May-September), which can severely deteriorate ambient particulate air quality in the region surrounding the Kaoping River. Thus, this study aims to characterize the metallic fingerprint of Aeolian dust (AD) and investigate the effects of ADEs on ambient particulate air quality along the Kaoping River Valley. Four manual sampling sites adjacent to the riverside were selected to collect fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) aerosol samples during and after the ADEs in the periods of six events. A total of 13 metallic elements were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer. With metallic elements analysis and nonparametric statistical methods of Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test, this study successfully derived the metallic indicators of ADEs. The mass ratios of crustal elements (Fe, Ca, or Al) to reference element (Cd) obtained during the ADEs were much higher than those obtained after the ADEs. High mass ratios of Fe/Cd, Ca/Cd, and Al/Cd in PM2.5-10 were observed on the influenced areas of ADEs. Among them, (Fe/Cd)2.5-10 was proven as the best indicator which can be applied to effectively validate the existence of ADEs and evaluate their influences on ambient air quality. Moreover, PM2.5 concentrations during the ADEs were 3-3.6 fold higher than those after the ADEs. PM2.5 should be a contributor to AD, even though the mass ratios of PM2.5/PM10 ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 during the ADEs. Our findings provide valuable information regarding the characteristics of the AD during the ADEs in the Kaoping River. IMPLICATIONS Indicators of (Fe/Cd)2.5-10 are approximately applied to observe the effects of ADEs. Local governments could realize the mechanisms of S- and NW-type aeolian dust episodes (ADEs). They can cause deterioration in different ways for the regional air quality surrounding Kaoping River Valley. Residents who have been living in the influenced areas can take precautions to prevent damage from aeolian dust. Strategies for curbing ADEs must reduce the area of bare lands by artificial measures in the long period of the sunny days during the rainy season. Future research should examine physical conditions of topsoils and other chemical composition in aeolian dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shin Yuan
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chung Lu
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhen Shen
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Chang Li
- a Institute of Environmental Engineering , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan, Republic of China
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Battaglia MA, Douglas S, Hennigan CJ. Effect of the Urban Heat Island on Aerosol pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13095-13103. [PMID: 29048890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The urban heat island (UHI) is a widely observed phenomenon whereby urban environments have higher temperatures and different relative humidities than surrounding suburban and rural areas. Temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) strongly affect the partitioning of semivolatile species found in the atmosphere, such as nitric acid, ammonia, and water. These species are inherently tied to aerosol pH, which is a key parameter driving some atmospheric chemical processes and environmental effects of aerosols. In this study, we characterized the effect of the UHI on aerosol pH in Baltimore, MD, and Chicago, IL. The T and RH differences that define the UHI lead to substantial differences in aerosol liquid water (ALW) content. The ALW differences produce urban aerosol pH that is systematically lower (more acidic) than rural aerosol pH for identical atmospheric composition. The UHI in Baltimore and Chicago are most intense during the summer and at night, with urban-rural aerosol pH differences in excess of 0.8 and 0.65 pH units, respectively. The UHI has been observed in cities of all sizes: the similarity of our results for cities with different climatologies and aerosol compositions suggests that these results have broad implications for chemistry occurring in and around urban atmospheres globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Battaglia
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Sarah Douglas
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Cui Y, Sun Q, Liu Z. Ambient particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular diseases: a focus on progenitor and stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:782-93. [PMID: 26988063 PMCID: PMC4831366 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a major challenge to public health. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM) is the key component for air pollution, and associated with significant mortality. The majority of the mortality following PM exposure is related to cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms for the adverse effects of PM exposure on cardiovascular system remain largely unknown and under active investigation. Endothelial dysfunction or injury is considered one of the major factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of vasculature. Particulate matter exposure significantly suppressed the number and function of EPCs in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms for the detrimental effects of PM on EPCs remain to be fully defined. One of the important mechanisms might be related to increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Bone marrow (BM) is a major source of EPCs. Thus, the number and function of EPCs could be intimately associated with the population and functional status of stem cells (SCs) in the BM. Bone marrow stem cells and other SCs have the potential for cardiovascular regeneration and repair. The present review is focused on summarizing the detrimental effects of PM exposure on EPCs and SCs, and potential mechanisms including ROS formation as well as clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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