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Kojok HE, Khalil M, Hage R, Jammoul R, Jammoul A, Darra NE. Microbiological and chemical evaluation of dairy products commercialized in the Lebanese market. Vet World 2022; 15:2575-2586. [PMID: 36590110 PMCID: PMC9798062 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2575-2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cheese is considered an essential component of the Lebanese table, however, several foodborne illnesses have been reported due to cheese consumption. This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and the occurrence of antibiotic and pesticide residues in two traditional Lebanese cheeses, Akkawi and Baladiyeh. In addition, drug resistance of isolated pathogens from the cheese samples was evaluated. Materials and Methods Fifty Akkawi and Baladiyeh cheese samples were obtained in duplicate from 37 different commercial brands in supermarkets and shops from various regions of Lebanon. Samples of different weights were either individually vacuum packed or soaked in brine unpacked where it was placed in plastic bag after being purchased. Samples were homogenized to determine antibiotic and pesticide residues using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and microbiological evaluation was performed according to the International Organization for Standardization reference analytical methods. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics. Results Microbiologically, 17% of Akkawi and 14% of Baladiyeh samples were found to be non-conforming. The bacterial isolates (n = 29) were tested for their susceptibility to 11 different antibiotics commonly prescribed in the Lebanese community or used for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and listeriosis. Each isolate was found to be resistant to at least three antibiotics. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy analysis showed the absence of pesticide residues in all samples. However, sulfamethazine antibiotic residue was found in 14% of the samples. Conclusion The results suggest that the cheese samples tested could cause foodborne illnesses due to the detection of pathogenic bacteria and are a public health concern due to the presence of antibiotic residues and the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiyam El Kojok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Sciences, Tarik El Jedidah - Beirut, P.O. Box: 115020 Riad EL Solh 1107 2809, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Sciences, Tarik El Jedidah - Beirut, P.O. Box: 115020 Riad EL Solh 1107 2809, Lebanon
| | - Rima Hage
- Department of Food, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon P.O. Box 2611, Beirut 1107 2809, Lebanon
| | - Rola Jammoul
- Department of Food, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon P.O. Box 2611, Beirut 1107 2809, Lebanon
| | - Adla Jammoul
- Department of Food, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon P.O. Box 2611, Beirut 1107 2809, Lebanon,Phytopharmacy Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture of Lebanon, Kfarchima, Lebanon
| | - Nada El Darra
- Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tarik El Jedidah - Beirut, P.O. Box: 115020 Riad EL Solh 1107 2809, Lebanon,Corresponding author: Nada El Darra, e-mail: Co-authors: HE: , MK: , RH: , RJ: , AJ:
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2
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Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, Checkley SL, Ghali WA. Comparison of different approaches to antibiotic restriction in food-producing animals: stratified results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001710. [PMID: 31543995 PMCID: PMC6730577 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported, in a systematic review of 181 studies, that restriction of antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with a reduction in antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. While informative, that report did not concretely specify whether different types of restriction are associated with differential effectiveness in reducing resistance. We undertook a sub-analysis of the systematic review to address this question. METHODS We created a classification scheme of different approaches to antibiotic restriction: (1) complete restriction; (2) single antibiotic-class restriction; (3) single antibiotic restriction; (4) all non-therapeutic use restriction; (5) growth promoter and prophylaxis restriction; (6) growth promoter restriction and (7) other/undetermined. All studies in the original systematic review that were amenable to meta-analysis were included into this substudy and coded by intervention type. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models, stratified by intervention type. RESULTS A total of 127 studies were included. The most frequently studied intervention type was complete restriction (n=51), followed by restriction of non-therapeutic (n=33) and growth promoter (n=19) indications. None examined growth promoter and prophylaxis restrictions together. Three and seven studies examined single antibiotic-class and single antibiotic restrictions, respectively; these two intervention types were not significantly associated with reductions in antibiotic resistance. Though complete restrictions were associated with a 15% reduction in antibiotic resistance, less prohibitive approaches also demonstrated reduction in antibiotic resistance of 9%-30%. CONCLUSION Broad interventions that restrict global antibiotic use appear to be more effective in reducing antibiotic resistance compared with restrictions that narrowly target one specific antibiotic or antibiotic class. Importantly, interventions that allow for therapeutic antibiotic use appear similarly effective compared with those that restrict all uses of antibiotics, suggesting that complete bans are not necessary. These findings directly inform the creation of specific policies to restrict antibiotic use in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diego B Nóbrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, Checkley SL, Ghali WA. Examination of unintended consequences of antibiotic use restrictions in food-producing animals: Sub-analysis of a systematic review. One Health 2019; 7:100095. [PMID: 31193679 PMCID: PMC6538949 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is considered one of the greatest threats to global and public health today. The World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the World Organisation for Animal Health, known as the Tripartite Collaboration, have called for urgent action. We have previously published a systematic review of 181 studies, demonstrating that interventions that restrict antibiotic use in food-producing animals are associated with a reduction in antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates in both animals and humans. What remains unknown, however, are whether (and what) unintended consequences may arise from such interventions. We therefore undertook a sub-analysis of the original review to address this research question. A total of 47 studies described potential consequences of antibiotic restrictions. There were no consistent trends to suggest clear harm. There may be increased bacterial contamination of food products, the clinical significance of which remains unclear. There is a need for rigorous evaluation of the unintended consequences of antibiotic restrictions in human health, food availability, and economics, given their possible widespread implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Niamh P. Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Diego B. Nóbrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Paul E. Ronksley
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Alicia J. Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - James D. Kellner
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A8, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, 3030 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - William A. Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Zhu Z, Min T, Zhang X, Wen Y. Microencapsulation of Thymol in Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA): Physical and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1133. [PMID: 30959946 PMCID: PMC6480635 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thymol has been shown to be a safe and effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that can be used as a food preservative. However, its volatile characteristics and strong odor limit its use in food products. The microencapsulation of this essential oil in biopolymers could overcome these disadvantages. In this work, thymol-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles were successfully prepared and the optimal encapsulation efficiency was obtained at 20% (w/w) thymol. Microparticles containing thymol presented a spherical shape and smooth surface. Microencapsulation significantly improved the thermal and storage stability of thymol. In vitro release profiles demonstrated an initial fast release followed by a slow and sustained release. Thymol-loaded microparticles had strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the effectiveness of their antibacterial properties was confirmed in a milk test. Therefore, the thymol-loaded microparticles show great potential for use as an antimicrobial and as preservation additives in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tiantian Min
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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de la Rosa-Hernández MC, Cadena-Ramírez A, Téllez-Jurado A, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Chávez-Urbiola EA, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on Fresh Cheeses from Local Retail Markets in Mexico. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1748-1754. [PMID: 30272999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cheesemaking is one of the most important industries in Mexico. Among all the Mexican cheeses, fresh cheeses are the most popular and most consumed cheese in Mexico and Latin America. However, in Mexico fresh cheese is frequently made with unpasteurized milk and sold in public markets. This may increase the risk for contamination of dairy products with pathogenic bacteria. The presence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in food is an important public health concern. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEPs) are foodborne bacteria. This study investigated the presence of indicator bacteria and multidrug-resistant DEPs in fresh cheeses. A total of 120 fresh cheese samples were collected from public markets in the city of Pachuca, Mexico. The samples were analyzed for presence of fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli, and antibiotic resistant DEPs. FC and E. coli were analyzed using the most-probable-number technique. DEPs were identified using two multiplex PCR methods. Susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was tested for the isolated DEPs strains by the standard assay. The frequency of FC, E. coli, and DEPs in the cheese samples was 50, 40, and 19%, respectively. The identified DEPs included Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC; 8%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; 6%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 5%). All isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least five antibiotics. One, one, two, and three STEC strains were resistant to 14, 12, 11, and 10 antibiotics, respectively. One strain of EPEC was resistant to 11 antibiotics, three EPEC strains to 9, and one strain to 7. One, one, and two strains of ETEC were resistant to 10, 8, and 7 antibiotics, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that fresh cheeses made with unpasteurized milk could be a risk for consumers, both for native people and visitors to Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C de la Rosa-Hernández
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Arturo Cadena-Ramírez
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alejandro Téllez-Jurado
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Edgar Arturo Chávez-Urbiola
- 3 Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México.,4 Catedrático CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Colonia Crédito Constructor, Delegación Benito Júarez C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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6
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Animal Board Invited Review: Comparing conventional and organic livestock production systems on different aspects of sustainability. Animal 2017; 11:1839-1851. [PMID: 28558861 PMCID: PMC5607874 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111700115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustainably contribute to food security of a growing and richer world population,
livestock production systems are challenged to increase production levels while reducing
environmental impact, being economically viable, and socially responsible. Knowledge about
the sustainability performance of current livestock production systems may help to
formulate strategies for future systems. Our study provides a systematic overview of
differences between conventional and organic livestock production systems on a broad range
of sustainability aspects and animal species available in peer-reviewed literature.
Systems were compared on economy, productivity, environmental impact, animal welfare and
public health. The review was limited to dairy cattle, beef cattle, pigs, broilers and
laying hens, and to Europe, North America and New Zealand. Results per indicators are
presented as in the articles without performing additional calculations. Out of 4171
initial search hits, 179 articles were analysed. Studies varied widely in indicators,
research design, sample size and location and context. Quite some studies used small
samples. No study analysed all aspects of sustainability simultaneously. Conventional
systems had lower labour requirements per unit product, lower income risk per animal,
higher production per animal per time unit, higher reproduction numbers, lower feed
conversion ratio, lower land use, generally lower acidification and eutrophication
potential per unit product, equal or better udder health for cows and equal or lower
microbiological contamination. Organic systems had higher income per animal or full time
employee, lower impact on biodiversity, lower eutrophication and acidification potential
per unit land, equal or lower likelihood of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and higher
beneficial fatty acid levels in cow milk. For most sustainability aspects, sometimes
conventional and sometimes organic systems performed better, except for productivity,
which was consistently higher in conventional systems. For many aspects and animal
species, more data are needed to conclude on a difference between organic and conventional
livestock production systems.
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Kadiroğlu P, Korel F, Ceylan C. Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in white cheese by the improved DNA extraction strategy combined with TaqMan and LNA probe-based qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:92-7. [PMID: 25016130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Four different bacterial DNA extraction strategies and two different qPCR probe chemistries were studied for detection of Stapylococcus aureus from white cheeses. Method employing trypsin treatment followed by a commercial kit application and TaqMan probe-based qPCR was the most sensitive one detecting higher counts than standards in naturally contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Kadiroğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Figen Korel
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Cagatay Ceylan
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
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Millman JM, Waits K, Grande H, Marks AR, Marks JC, Price LB, Hungate BA. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in retail chicken: comparing conventional, organic, kosher, and raised without antibiotics. F1000Res 2013; 2:155. [PMID: 24555073 PMCID: PMC3901448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-155.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retail poultry products are known sources of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli, a major human health concern. Consumers have a range of choices for poultry, including conventional, organic, kosher, and raised without antibiotics (RWA) - designations that are perceived to indicate differences in quality and safety. However, whether these categories vary in the frequency of contamination with antibiotic-resistant E. coli is unknown. We examined the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on raw chicken marketed as conventional, organic, kosher and RWA. From April - June 2012, we purchased 213 samples of raw chicken from 15 locations in the New York City metropolitan area. We screened E. coli isolates from each sample for resistance to 12 common antibiotics. Although the organic and RWA labels restrict the use of antibiotics, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli tended to be only slightly lower for RWA, and organic chicken was statistically indistinguishable from conventional products that have no restrictions. Kosher chicken had the highest frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, nearly twice that of conventional products, a result that belies the historical roots of kosher as a means to ensure food safety. These results indicate that production methods influence the frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on poultry products available to consumers. Future research to identify the specific practices that cause the high frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in kosher chicken could promote efforts to reduce consumer exposure to this potential pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara Waits
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Heidi Grande
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Ann R Marks
- Horace Mann Bronx Campus, Bronx NY, 10471, USA
| | - Jane C Marks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, 86011, USA
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9
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Millman JM, Waits K, Grande H, Marks AR, Marks JC, Price LB, Hungate BA. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in retail chicken: comparing conventional, organic, kosher, and raised without antibiotics. F1000Res 2013; 2:155. [PMID: 24555073 PMCID: PMC3901448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-155.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retail poultry products are known sources of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli, a major human health concern. Consumers have a range of choices for poultry, including conventional, organic, kosher, and raised without antibiotics (RWA) - designations that are perceived to indicate differences in quality and safety. However, whether these categories vary in the frequency of contamination with antibiotic-resistant E. coli is unknown. We examined the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on raw chicken marketed as conventional, organic, kosher and RWA. From April - June 2012, we purchased 213 samples of raw chicken from 15 locations in the New York City metropolitan area. We screened E. coli isolates from each sample for resistance to 12 common antibiotics. Although the organic and RWA labels restrict the use of antibiotics, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli tended to be only slightly lower for RWA, and organic chicken was statistically indistinguishable from conventional products that have no restrictions. Kosher chicken had the highest frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, nearly twice that of conventional products, a result that belies the historical roots of kosher as a means to ensure food safety. These results indicate that production methods influence the frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on poultry products available to consumers. Future research to identify the specific practices that cause the high frequency of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in kosher chicken could promote efforts to reduce consumer exposure to this potential pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara Waits
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Heidi Grande
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Ann R Marks
- Horace Mann Bronx Campus, Bronx NY, 10471, USA
| | - Jane C Marks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, 86011, USA
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Martínez B, Miranda J, Nebot C, Rodriguez J, Cepeda A, Franco C. Differentiation of Farmed and Wild Turbot (Psetta maxima): Proximate Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, Trace Minerals and Antimicrobial Resistance of Contaminant Bacteria. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2010; 16:435-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013210367819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proximate, cholesterol, fatty acid and trace mineral compositions in the flesh of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima) were evaluated. Additionally, the potential influence of the use of antimicrobial agents in the bacteria carried by farmed turbot was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 144 Pseudomonas spp. and 127 Aeromonas spp. were isolated and tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials by a disk diffusion method. Farmed turbot contained higher fat, cholesterol and calories as well as lower moisture content than its wild counterpart. The fatty acid profile of farmed turbot included higher levels of myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, gadoleic, cetoleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearidonic, eicosadienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, and lower levels of stearic, arachidonic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids than its wild counterpart. The proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios were higher in wild turbot than in farmed turbot. With respect to trace minerals, no toxic levels were found, and higher amounts of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, as well as lower amounts of Cr, were found in farmed turbot relative to wild turbot. The antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. were quite similar, with only the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from farmed turbot being higher than those isolated from wild turbot. In the case of ampicillin, Pseudomonas spp. isolated from wild turbot showed higher resistance levels than those of their counterparts isolated from farmed turbot. In conclusion, the nutritional parameters of wild turbot are more adequate with respect to nutritional recommendations, while no differences were observed in food safety derived from trace mineral concentrations or the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from wild and farmed turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n. 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - J.M. Miranda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n. 27002 Lugo, Spain,
| | - C. Nebot
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n. 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - J.L. Rodriguez
- Dpto. de Bioquíímica y Biologíía Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - A. Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n. 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - C.M. Franco
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Dpto. de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n. 27002 Lugo, Spain
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