How to characterize three caryophyllaceous species by the mean of the ratio of two glucuronide prosaponins?

An updated overview of Gypsophila species: Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations

Medicinal plants and their consituents play a crucial role in disease prevention and treatment. The genus Gypsophila (Caryophyllaceae family), comprising approximately 150 species of flowering plants, holds significant value in both ornamental and therapeutic fields. Traditional uses in various cultures highlight their potential in treating a range of conditions, such as liver disorders, diabetes, and kidney stones. These resilient plants, known for their delicate blooms and adaptability to diverse environments, are rich in chemical compounds, including non-volatile constituents such as phenolic compounds (e.g., flavonoids), terpenoids, saponins, cyclopeptides, and alkaloids. Additionally, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, the primary volatile constituents, exhibit significant insecticidal properties. Gypsophila species show a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity properties. This review underscores the promising therapeutic potential of Gypsophila and advocates for further research, particularly clinical trials, to thoroughly assess their efficacy and safety. By consolidating existing knowledge, it sheds light on the potential of Gypsophila species as valuable resources for human health and underscores the need for continued exploration to uncover novel treatments and interventions.

Antiproliferative quillaic acid and gypsogenin saponins from Saponaria officinalis L. roots

Nine quillaic acid and five gypsogenin bisdesmosides were isolated from roots of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). Seven of the quillaic acid saponins possessed a 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl unit, but differed from each other in oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester. The five gypsogenin saponins isolated from the roots all possessed the 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl unit, with their oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester differing. Structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The saponins were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity in two human cancer cell lines and hemolytic activity in sheep red blood cells.