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Diagnostic accuracy of the interferon-gamma release assay in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with suspected tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Infection 2022; 50:597-606. [PMID: 35249210 PMCID: PMC9151521 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The diagnostic accuracy of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in immunosuppressed patients remains unclear.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed for diagnostic test accuracy of IGRA in tuberculosis (TB) infection among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated using both univariate and bivariate models.
Results
The meta-analysis included 45 of the 1,242 first-screened articles. The total number of PLWHIV was 6,525; 3,467 had TB disease, including 806 cases of LTBI and 2,661 cases of active TB. The overall diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of IGRA in the diagnosis of TB disease was 10.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.59, 25.07), with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.729. The DOR was better for QFT (14.2 (95%CI 4.359, 46.463)) than T-SPOT (10.0 (95%CI 3.866 26.033)). The sensitivity and specificity of QFT and T-SPOT were 0.663 (95%CI 0.471, 0.813), 0.867 (95%CI 0.683 0.942), and 0.604 (95%CI 0.481, 0.715), 0.862 (95%CI 0.654, 0.954), respectively, in the bivariate model. The sensitivity of IGRA in the diagnosis of LTBI was 0.64 (95%CI 0.61, 0.66).
Conclusion
IGRA was useful in the diagnostic of TB disease in PLWHIV, and QFT showed a better tendency of DOR than T-SPOT. IGRA showed a limited effect to rule out LTBI in PLWHIV.
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Niguse S, Desta K, Gebremichael G, Gebrezgeaxier A, Getahun M, Kassa D. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube test for the diagnosis of active and latent tuberculosis in selected health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:293. [PMID: 29751780 PMCID: PMC5948922 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the performance of QuantiFERON-TB IN-Gold for the diagnosis active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis. Results A total of 213 participants (136 tuberculosis suspects, 66 latently infected) were enrolled. Of 213, 21 (15.4%) of the tuberculosis suspects and 3 (4.5%) of the latent tuberculosis groups were human immunodeficiency virus infected. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of QuantiFERON-TB IN-Gold for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis was 70.3% (26/37), 49.5% (49/99), 34.7% (26/75) and 83.1% (49/59) respectively. A kappa value of 0.316 (p = 0.001, 95% CI 1.605–1.609) between QuantiFERON-TB IN-Gold and tuberculin skin test were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selam Niguse
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassu Desta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Atsebeha Gebrezgeaxier
- HIV/AIDS and TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulluwork Getahun
- HIV/AIDS and TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Kassa
- HIV/AIDS and TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Huo ZY, Peng L. Accuracy of the interferon-γ release assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis among HIV-seropositive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:350. [PMID: 27450543 PMCID: PMC4957318 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) has become a widely accepted means for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the role of the IGRA in diagnosing active tuberculosis (ATB) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individuals remains controversial. Previous analyses did not set up rational inclusive criteria for screening articles with strict control groups and a gold standard for ATB diagnosis. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the latest evidence to evaluate the accuracy of IGRA for HIV-seropositive patients. Methods Initially, we searched the EMBASE, Cochrane and MEDLINE databases to find research articles published from January 2000 to October 2015 that used the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay (QFT-IT) or the T-SPOT.TB assay (T-SPOT) to diagnose ATB among HIV-seropositive individuals. We separately calculated the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of indeterminate events and then summarized the results using forest plots to estimate the accuracy of the QFT-IT and T-SPOT assays. Results A total of 1,743 studies were discovered after searching; 11 studies met our selection standards and were included for meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the QFT-IT assay were 69 % (95 % CI, 50–84 %, I2 = 85.22 %) and 76 % (95 % CI, 53–90 %, I2 = 98.16 %), respectively, and the optimum area under the curve (AUC) was 0.78 (95 % CI, 0.74–0.82). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the T-SPOT assay were 89 % (95 % CI, 66–97 %, I2 = 94.48 %) and 87 % (95 % CI, 38–99 %, I2 = 97.92 %), respectively, and the AUC was 0.93 (95 % CI, 0.90–0.95). The pooled ratios of the indeterminate results of the QFT-IT and T-SPOT assays were 0.07 (95 % CI, 0.06–0.09, I2 = 74.8 %) and 0.19 (95 % CI, 0.15–0.24, I2 = 88.3 %), respectively, calculated using the fixed effect model, and 0.08 (95 % CI, 0.06–0.12, I2 = 74.8 %) and 0.10 (95 % CI, 0.03–0.25, I2 = 88.3 %), respectively, calculated using the random effects model. Conclusions The IGRA does not appear to be optimal for the clinical confirmation of ATB cases in HIV-seropositive patients; however, the T-SPOT assay may have greater accuracy in distinguishing ATB cases among HIV-infected individuals than the QFT-IT assay, while the QFT-IT assay appears to reduce the occurrence of indeterminate results. Furthermore, modification and additional trial designs are required to improve diagnostic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Huo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Rd, Chongqing, Yuzhong, 400016, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Youyi Rd, Chongqing, Yuzhong, 400016, China.
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Cai R, Chen J, Guan L, Sun M, Sun Y, Shen Y, Zhang R, Liu L, Lu H. Relationship between T-SPOT.TB responses and numbers of circulating CD4+ T-cells in HIV infected patients with active tuberculosis. Biosci Trends 2015; 8:163-8. [PMID: 25030851 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2014.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the performance of the T-SPOT.TB assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. One hundred confirmed HIV-infected patients with active TB and known T-SPOT.TB and CD4+ T-cell counts were enrolled in this clinical retrospective study. We found that patients with lower CD4+ T-cell counts (11-50 cells/μL) had the lowest T-SPOT.TB positive rates (50%), and patients with higher CD4+ T-cell counts (50-100 cells/μL) had the highest T-SPOT.TB positive rates (75%). However, there were no significant differences between the T-SPOT.TB positive rates of patients with different CD4+ T-cell counts (< 10, 11-50, 51-100 and > 100 cells/μL) (χ(2) = 3.7747, p = 0.287). The patients with positive TB culture results had significantly higher T-SPOT.TB positive rates (78.9%) than patients that were culture-negative (44.3%) (χ(2) = 12.8303, p < 0.001). Other variables, including gender, age, TB disease classification, HIV RNA level, and highly reactive antiretroviral therapy (HAART), had no significant effects on T-SPOT.TB positive rates. The number of spot-forming cells (SFCs) reactive with ESAT-6, CFP-10 and ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific T cells detected by T-SPOT.TB were positively is strongly related to the degree of immunodeficiency, while the T-SPOT.TB positive rates are less dependent on the level of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV infection and active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentian Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University
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New Advances in Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Review Article. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Trajman A, Steffen RE, Menzies D. Interferon-Gamma Release Assays versus Tuberculin Skin Testing for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Overview of the Evidence. Pulm Med 2013; 2013:601737. [PMID: 23476763 PMCID: PMC3582085 DOI: 10.1155/2013/601737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A profusion of articles have been published on the accuracy and uses of interferon-gamma releasing assays. Here we review the clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays and provide an overview of the most recent systematic reviews conducted for different indications for the use of these tests. We conclude that both tests are accurate to detect latent tuberculosis, although interferon-gamma release assays have higher specificity than tuberculin skin testing in BCG-vaccinated populations, particularly if BCG is received after infancy. However, both tests perform poorly to predict risk for progression to active tuberculosis. Interferon-gamma release assays have significant limitations in serial testing because of spontaneous variability and lack of a validated definition of conversion and reversion, making it difficult for clinicians to interpret changes in category (conversions and reversions). So far, the most important clinical evidence, that is, that isoniazid preventive therapy reduces the risk for progression to disease, has been produced only in tuberculin skin test-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Trajman
- Gama Filho University, 20740-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H2X 2P4
| | - R. E. Steffen
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D. Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H2X 2P4
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Santin M, Muñoz L, Rigau D. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32482. [PMID: 22403663 PMCID: PMC3293815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), their role in diagnosing tuberculosis and targeting preventive therapy in HIV-infected patients remains unclear. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review to contribute to the evidence-based practice in HIV-infected people. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Biomedicine databases to identify articles published between January 2005 and July 2011 that assessed QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT®.TB (T-SPOT.TB) in HIV-infected adults. We assessed their accuracy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and incident active tuberculosis, and the proportion of indeterminate results. The search identified 38 evaluable studies covering a total of 6514 HIV-infected participants. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for tuberculosis were 61% and 72% for QFT-GIT, and 65% and 70% for T-SPOT.TB. The cumulative incidence of subsequent active tuberculosis was 8.3% for QFT-GIT and 10% for T-SPOT.TB in patients tested positive (one study each), and 0% for QFT-GIT (two studies) and T-SPOT.TB (one study) respectively in those tested negative. Pooled indeterminate rates were 8.2% for QFT-GIT and 5.9% for T-SPOT.TB. Rates were higher in high burden settings (12.0% for QFT-GIT and 7.7% for T-SPOT.TB) than in low-intermediate burden settings (3.9% for QFT-GIT and 4.3% for T-SPOT.TB). They were also higher in patients with CD4(+) T-cell count <200 (11.6% for QFT-GIT and 11.4% for T-SPOT.TB) than in those with CD4(+) T-cell count ≥ 200 (3.1% for QFT-GIT and 7.9% for T-SPOT.TB). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE IGRAs have suboptimal accuracy for confirming or ruling out active tuberculosis disease in HIV-infected adults. While their predictive value for incident active tuberculosis is modest, a negative QFT-GIT implies a very low short- to medium-term risk. Identifying the factors associated with indeterminate results will help to optimize the use of IGRAs in clinical practice, particularly in resource-limited countries with a high prevalence of HIV-coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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Waghmare PJ, Wankhade G, Anindita M, Wandile K, Badole CM, Harinath BC. SEVA TB ELISA – Multi antigen and antibody assays for serodiagnosis of suspected cases of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis in tertiary care hospital –A retrospective study. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, Cattamanchi A, Huang L, Hopewell PC, Pai M. Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 4:S1120-9. [PMID: 21996694 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic value of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) for active tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries is unclear. METHODS We searched multiple databases for studies published through May 2010 that evaluated the diagnostic performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT) among adults with suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis or patients with confirmed cases in low- and middle-income countries. We summarized test performance characteristics with use of forest plots, hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curves, and bivariate random effects models. RESULTS Our search identified 789 citations, of which 27 observational studies (17 QFT-GIT and 10 T-SPOT) evaluating 590 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected and 844 HIV-infected individuals met inclusion criteria. Among HIV-infected patients, HSROC/bivariate pooled sensitivity estimates (highest quality data) were 76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45%-92%) for T-SPOT and 60% (95% CI, 34%-82%) for QFT-GIT. HSROC/bivariate pooled specificity estimates were low for both IGRA platforms among all participants (T-SPOT, 61% [95% CI, 40%-79%]; QFT-GIT, 52% [95% CI, 41%-62%]) and among HIV-infected persons (T-SPOT, 52% [95% CI, 40%-63%]; QFT-GIT, 50% [95% CI, 35%-65%]). There was no consistent evidence that either IGRA was more sensitive than the tuberculin skin test for active tuberculosis diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS In low- and middle-income countries, neither the tuberculin skin test nor IGRAs have value for active tuberculosis diagnosis in adults, especially in the context of HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Z Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cattamanchi A, Smith R, Steingart KR, Metcalfe JZ, Date A, Coleman C, Marston BJ, Huang L, Hopewell PC, Pai M. Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56:230-8. [PMID: 21239993 PMCID: PMC3383328 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31820b07ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) improve the identification of HIV-infected individuals who could benefit from latent tuberculosis infection therapy. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched multiple databases through May 2010 for studies evaluating the performance of the newest commercial IGRAs (QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube [QFT-GIT] and T-SPOT.TB [TSPOT]) in HIV-infected individuals. We assessed the quality of all studies included in the review, summarized results in prespecified subgroups using forest plots, and where appropriate, calculated pooled estimates using random effects models. RESULTS The search identified 37 studies that included 5736 HIV-infected individuals. In three longitudinal studies, the risk of active tuberculosis was higher in HIV-infected individuals with positive versus negative IGRA results. However, the risk difference was not statistically significant in the two studies that reported IGRA results according to manufacturer-recommended criteria. In persons with active tuberculosis (a surrogate reference standard for latent tuberculosis infection), pooled sensitivity estimates were heterogeneous but higher for TSPOT (72%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 62-81%) than for QFT-GIT (61%; 95% CI, 47-75%) in low-/middle-income countries. However, neither IGRA was consistently more sensitive than the tuberculin skin test in head-to-head comparisons. Although TSPOT appeared to be less affected by immunosuppression than QFT-GIT and the tuberculin skin test, overall, differences among the three tests were small or inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that IGRAs perform similarly to the tuberculin skin test at identifying HIV-infected individuals with latent tuberculosis infection. Given that both tests have modest predictive value and suboptimal sensitivity, the decision to use either test should be based on country guidelines and resource and logistic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rachel Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Karen R. Steingart
- Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - John Z. Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anand Date
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Courtney Coleman
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Barbara J. Marston
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Philip C. Hopewell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Madhukar Pai
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Santín Cerezales M, Benítez JD. Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection using interferon-γ-based assays. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29 Suppl 1:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(11)70015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A. Evidence-based comparison of commercial interferon-gamma release assays for detecting active TB: a metaanalysis. Chest 2009; 137:952-68. [PMID: 20022968 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Test accuracy of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for diagnosing TB differs when using older or precommercial tools and inconsistent diagnostic criteria. This metaanalysis critically appraises studies investigating sensitivity and specificity of the commercial T-Spot.TB and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Assay (QFT-IT) among definitely confirmed TB cases. We searched Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane bibliographies of relevant articles. Sensitivities, specificities, and indeterminate rates were pooled using a fixed effect model. Sensitivity of the tuberculin skin test (TST) was evaluated in the context of IGRA studies. In addition, the rates of indeterminates of both IGRAs were assessed. The pooled sensitivity of TST was 70% (95% CI, 0.67-0.72) compared with 81% (95% CI, 0.78-0.83) for the QFT-IT and 88% (95% CI, 0.85-0.90) for the T-Spot.TB. Sensitivity increased to 84% (95%CI, 0.81-0.87) and 89% (95% CI, 0.86-0.91) for the QFT-IT and T-Spot.TB, respectively, when restricted to performance in developed countries. In contrast, specificity of the QFT-IT was 99% (95% CI, 0.98-1.00) vs 86% for the T-Spot.TB (95% CI, 0.81-0.90). The pooled rate of indeterminate results was low, 2.1% (95% CI, 0.02-0.023) for the QFT-IT and 3.8% (95% CI, 0.035-0.042) for the T-Spot.TB, increasing to 4.4% (95% CI, 0.039-0.05) and 6.1% (95% CI, 0.052-0.071), respectively, among immunosuppressed hosts. The newest commercial IGRAs are superior, in comparison with the TST, for detecting confirmed active TB disease, especially when performed in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Diel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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