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Sang M, Feng P, Chi LP, Zhang W. The biosynthetic logic and enzymatic machinery of approved fungi-derived pharmaceuticals and agricultural biopesticides. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:565-603. [PMID: 37990930 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023The kingdom Fungi has become a remarkably valuable source of structurally complex natural products (NPs) with diverse bioactivities. Since the revolutionary discovery and application of the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium, a number of fungi-derived NPs have been developed and approved into pharmaceuticals and pesticide agents using traditional "activity-guided" approaches. Although emerging genome mining algorithms and surrogate expression hosts have brought revolutionary approaches to NP discovery, the time and costs involved in developing these into new drugs can still be prohibitively high. Therefore, it is essential to maximize the utility of existing drugs by rational design and systematic production of new chemical structures based on these drugs by synthetic biology. To this purpose, there have been great advances in characterizing the diversified biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the well-known drugs and in understanding the biosynthesis logic mechanisms and enzymatic transformation processes involved in their production. We describe advances made in the heterogeneous reconstruction of complex NP scaffolds using fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), PKS/NRPS hybrids, terpenoids, and indole alkaloids and also discuss mechanistic insights into metabolic engineering, pathway reprogramming, and cell factory development. Moreover, we suggest pathways for expanding access to the fungal chemical repertoire by biosynthesis of representative family members via common platform intermediates and through the rational manipulation of natural biosynthetic machineries for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Peiyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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2
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Boysen JM, Saeed N, Hillmann F. Natural products in the predatory defence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1814-1827. [PMID: 34394757 PMCID: PMC8336654 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kingdom of fungi comprises a large and highly diverse group of organisms that thrive in diverse natural environments. One factor to successfully confront challenges in their natural habitats is the capability to synthesize defensive secondary metabolites. The genetic potential for the production of secondary metabolites in fungi is high and numerous potential secondary metabolite gene clusters have been identified in sequenced fungal genomes. Their production may well be regulated by specific ecological conditions, such as the presence of microbial competitors, symbionts or predators. Here we exemplarily summarize our current knowledge on identified secondary metabolites of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and their defensive function against (microbial) predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Boysen
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nauman Saeed
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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3
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Hoff B, Plassmeier J, Blankschien M, Letzel AC, Kourtz L, Schröder H, Koch W, Zelder O. Unlocking Nature's Biosynthetic Power-Metabolic Engineering for the Fermentative Production of Chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2258-2278. [PMID: 33026132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fermentation as a production method for chemicals is especially attractive, as it is based on cheap renewable raw materials and often exhibits advantages in terms of costs and sustainability. The tremendous development of technology in bioscience has resulted in an exponentially increasing knowledge about biological systems and has become the main driver for innovations in the field of metabolic engineering. Progress in recombinant DNA technology, genomics, and computational methods open new, cheaper, and faster ways to metabolically engineer microorganisms. Existing biosynthetic pathways for natural products, such as vitamins, organic acids, amino acids, or secondary metabolites, can be discovered and optimized efficiently, thereby enabling competitive commercial production processes. Novel biosynthetic routes can now be designed by the rearrangement of nature's unlimited number of enzymes and metabolic pathways in microbial strains. This expands the range of chemicals accessible by biotechnology and has yielded the first commercial products, while new fermentation technologies targeting novel active ingredients, commodity chemicals, and CO2 -fixation methods are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Hoff
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research, BASF SE, building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jens Plassmeier
- Biomaterials, Conagen, Inc., 15 DeAngelo Drive, 01730, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Blankschien
- James R. Randall Research Center, ADM, 1001 North Brush College Road, 62521, Decatur, Il, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Letzel
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research, BASF SE, building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lauralynn Kourtz
- R&D, Allied Microbiota, 1345 Ave of Americas, 10105, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hartwig Schröder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research, BASF SE, building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Walter Koch
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research, BASF SE, building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Oskar Zelder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research, BASF SE, building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Hoff B, Plassmeier J, Blankschien M, Letzel A, Kourtz L, Schröder H, Koch W, Zelder O. Unlocking Nature's Biosynthetic Power—Metabolic Engineering for the Fermentative Production of Chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Hoff
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Jens Plassmeier
- Biomaterials Conagen, Inc. 15 DeAngelo Drive 01730 Bedford, MA USA
| | - Matthew Blankschien
- James R. Randall Research Center ADM 1001 North Brush College Road 62521 Decatur, Il USA
| | - Anne‐Catrin Letzel
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Lauralynn Kourtz
- R&D Allied Microbiota 1345 Ave of Americas 10105 New York, NY USA
| | - Hartwig Schröder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Walter Koch
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Oskar Zelder
- RBW, White Biotechnology Research BASF SE building: A30, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
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Ying YM, Huang L, Tian T, Li CY, Wang SL, Ma LF, Shan WG, Wang JW, Zhan ZJ. Studies on the Chemical Diversities of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Neosartorya fischeri via the OSMAC Method. Molecules 2018; 23:E2772. [PMID: 30366473 PMCID: PMC6278566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) method was applied to explore the chemical diversities of secondary metabolites produced by Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181. Four pyripyropenes 1⁻4, eight steroids 5⁻11, and four prenylated indole alkaloids 12⁻15, were obtained from the fungus cultured in petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). 1,7,11-trideacetylpyripyropene A (1) and 1,11-dideacetyl pyripyropene A (2) were obtained and spectroscopically characterized (1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS) from a natural source for the first time. It offered a sustainable source of these two compounds, which were usually used as starting materials in preparing pyripyropene derivatives. In addition, as compared with all the other naturally occurring pyripyropenes, 1 and 2 possessed unique acetylation patterns that did not follow the established late-step biosynthetic rules of pyripyropenes. The natural occurrence of 1 and 2 in the fungus implied that the timing and order of hydroxylation and acetylation in the late-step biosynthetic pathway of pyripyropenes remained to be revealed. The isolation and identification of 1⁻15 indicated that the OSMAC method could remarkably alter the metabolic profile and enrich the chemical diversities of fungal metabolites. Compounds 1⁻4 exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 as compared with taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Min Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Ting Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Cui-Yu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shi-Lei Wang
- College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Lie-Feng Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Wei-Guang Shan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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6
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Meng S, Tang GL, Pan HX. Enzymatic Formation of Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2002-2022. [PMID: 30039582 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing heterocycles are widely encountered in natural products that display diverse pharmacological properties and have potential benefits to human health. The formation of O-heterocycles catalyzed by different types of enzymes in the biosynthesis of natural products not only contributes to the structural diversity of these compounds, but also enriches our understanding of nature's ability to construct complex molecules. This minireview focuses on the various modes of enzymatic O-heterocyclization identified in natural product biosynthesis and summarizes the possible mechanisms involved in ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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Bignell E, Cairns TC, Throckmorton K, Nierman WC, Keller NP. Secondary metabolite arsenal of an opportunistic pathogenic fungus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2016.0023. [PMID: 28080993 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a versatile fungus able to successfully exploit diverse environments from mammalian lungs to agricultural waste products. Among its many fitness attributes are dozens of genetic loci containing biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) producing bioactive small molecules (often referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products) that provide growth advantages to the fungus dependent on environment. Here we summarize the current knowledge of these BGCs-18 of which can be named to product-their expression profiles in vivo, and which BGCs may enhance virulence of this opportunistic human pathogen. Furthermore, we find extensive evidence for the presence of many of these BGCs, or similar BGCs, in distantly related genera including the emerging pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats, and suggest such BGCs may be predictive of pathogenic potential in other fungi.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, 2.24 Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Timothy C Cairns
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Throckmorton
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Covering: up to September 2015. Meroterpenoids are hybrid natural products that partially originate from the terpenoid pathway. The meroterpenoids derived from fungi display quite diverse structures, with a wide range of biological properties. This review summarizes the molecular bases for their biosyntheses, which were recently elucidated with modern techniques, and also discusses the plausible biosynthetic pathways of other related natural products lacking genetic information. (Complementary to the coverage of literature by Geris and Simpson in Nat. Prod. Rep., 2009, 26, 1063-1094.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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