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Zhao J, Gao Y, Zhou S, Yan C, Hu X, Song F, Hu S, Wang Y, Kong F. Impact of relative and absolute values on orienting attention in time. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s00426-024-01965-6. [PMID: 38632161 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Reward has been known to render the reward-associated stimulus more salient to block effective attentional orienting in space. However, whether and how reward influences goal-directed attention in time remains unclear. Here, we used a modified attentional cueing paradigm to explore the effect of reward on temporal attention, in which the valid targets were given a low monetary reward and invalid targets were given a high monetary reward. The results showed that the temporal cue validity effect was significantly smaller when the competitive reward structure was employed (Experiment 1), and we ruled out the possibility that the results were due to the practice effect (Experiment 2a) or a reward-promoting effect (Experiment 2b). When further strengthening the intensity of the reward from 1:10 to 1:100 (Experiment 3), we found a similar pattern of results to those in Experiment 1. These results suggest that reward information which was based on relative instead of absolute values can weaken, but not reverse, the orienting attention in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Sicen Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Yan
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangxing Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Saisai Hu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China.
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China.
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Yu G, Liu C, Liu X, Wang A, Zhang M. Reward reduces the fission illusion in the sound-induced flash illusion. Perception 2022; 51:388-402. [DOI: 10.1177/03010066221093479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pairing a single visual stimulus with multiple auditory stimuli will lead to the illusory perception of multiple visual stimuli, which is known as sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI). The present study adopted the classic SIFI paradigm to investigate whether value-associated tasks could affect the SIFI. By adjusting the sequence of reward and nonreward conditions, we also examined the effect of reward history on SIFI. The results showed that the fission illusion was reduced when associated with momentary reward, demonstrating significantly higher accuracy and discriminability than the nonreward condition. However, the fusion illusion was not affected by the momentary reward, and the explanation was that the fusion illusion was not as stable as the fission illusion and disappeared across different trials and conditions. Moreover, the robustness of reward history in the present study was not as strong as previous studies have suggested, indicating that the effect of sound on the perceptual representation of visual stimuli is strong and robust to reward history. These findings demonstrated that the reward could reduce the SIFI and broaden the existing dichotomy of SIFI. New evidence for the operation of value-driven attention mechanisms is also provided, suggesting that the underlying value-driven attention operates across multiple sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Yu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Constructive Laboratory for Big Data of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Xiaole Liu
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering In Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering In Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Massar SAA, Sasmita K, Lim J, Chee MWL. Motivation alters implicit temporal attention through sustained and transient mechanisms: A behavioral and pupillometric study. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13275. [PMID: 30120780 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporal expectations aid performance by allowing the optimization of attentional readiness at moment of highest target probability. Reward enhances cognitive performance through its action on preparatory and reactive attentional processes. To elucidate how motivation interacts with mechanisms of implicit temporal attention, we studied healthy young adult participants (N = 73) performing a sustained attention task with simultaneous pupillometric recording, under different reward conditions (baseline: 0 c; reward: 10 c/fast response). Target timing was temporally unpredictable (variable foreperiod: 2-10 s, uniformly distributed), in which case implicitly formed timing expectations. Trials were binned according to current foreperiod (FPn ; short: 2-6 s; long: 6-10 s) and preceding foreperiod (FPn-1 ; short: 2-6 s; long: 6-10 s). Overall, performance data showed the expected temporal attention effects, with slower responses after shorter FPn s, particularly when they followed longer FPn-1 s. Moreover, these temporal effects were significantly reduced in the reward condition. While performance improved in all trial types, the largest benefit appeared in trials that were normally most disadvantaged by invalid temporal expectation. Furthermore, reward motivation was accompanied by an increase in sustained (prestimulus) and transient (poststimulus response) pupil diameter. The latter effect was particularly evident following short FPn s. The current findings suggest that reward motivation can improve overall attentional performance and reduce implicit temporal bias, both through preparatory and reactive attentional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn A A Massar
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen Sasmita
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian Lim
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Visual attention enables us to selectively prioritize or suppress information in the environment. Prominent models concerned with the control of visual attention differentiate between goal-directed, top-down and stimulus-driven, bottom-up control, with the former determined by current selection goals and the latter determined by physical salience. In the current review, we discuss recent studies that demonstrate that attentional selection does not need to be the result of top-down or bottom-up processing but, instead, is often driven by lingering biases due to the "history" of former attention deployments. This review mainly focuses on reward-based history effects; yet other types of history effects such as (intertrial) priming, statistical learning and affective conditioning are also discussed. We argue that evidence from behavioral, eye-movement and neuroimaging studies supports the idea that selection history modulates the topographical landscape of spatial "priority" maps, such that attention is biased toward locations having the highest activation on this map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Failing
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Infanti E, Hickey C, Menghi N, Turatto M. Reward-priming impacts visual working memory maintenance: Evidence from human electrophysiology. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1365790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Infanti
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Clayton Hickey
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicholas Menghi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Massimo Turatto
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Thomaschke R, Hoffmann J, Haering C, Kiesel A. Time-Based Expectancy for Task Relevant Stimulus Features. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When a particular target stimulus appears more frequently after a certain interval than after another one, participants adapt to such regularity, as evidenced by faster responses to frequent interval-target combinations than to infrequent ones. This phenomenon is known as time-based expectancy. Previous research has suggested that time-based expectancy is primarily motor-based, in the sense that participants learn to prepare a particular response after a specific interval. Perceptual time-based expectancy — in the sense of learning to perceive a certain stimulus after specific interval — has previously not been observed. We conducted a Two-Alternative-Forced-Choice experiment with four stimuli differing in shape and orientation. A subset of the stimuli was frequently paired with a certain interval, while the other subset was uncorrelated with interval. We varied the response relevance of the interval-correlated stimuli, and investigated under which conditions time-based expectancy transfers from trials with interval-correlated stimuli to trials with interval-uncorrelated stimuli. Transfer was observed only where transfer of perceptual expectancy and transfer of response expectancy predicted the same behavioral pattern, not when they predicted opposite patterns. The results indicate that participants formed time-based expectancy for stimuli as well as for responses. However, alternative interpretations are also discussed.
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Anderson BA. The attention habit: how reward learning shapes attentional selection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1369:24-39. [PMID: 26595376 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing consensus that reward plays an important role in the control of attention. Until recently, reward was thought to influence attention indirectly by modulating task-specific motivation and its effects on voluntary control over selection. Such an account was consistent with the goal-directed (endogenous) versus stimulus-driven (exogenous) framework that had long dominated the field of attention research. Now, a different perspective is emerging. Demonstrations that previously reward-associated stimuli can automatically capture attention even when physically inconspicuous and task-irrelevant challenge previously held assumptions about attentional control. The idea that attentional selection can be value driven, reflecting a distinct and previously unrecognized control mechanism, has gained traction. Since these early demonstrations, the influence of reward learning on attention has rapidly become an area of intense investigation, sparking many new insights. The result is an emerging picture of how the reward system of the brain automatically biases information processing. Here, I review the progress that has been made in this area, synthesizing a wealth of recent evidence to provide an integrated, up-to-date account of value-driven attention and some of its broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Anderson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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