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Liu Y, Tang B, Wang H, Lu M. Otud6b induces pulmonary arterial hypertension by mediating the Calpain-1/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:258. [PMID: 38878112 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is a cardiopulmonary disease in which pulmonary artery pressure continues to rise, leading to right heart failure and death. Otud6b is a member of the ubiquitin family and is involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. The aim of this study was to understand the role and mechanism of Otud6b in PAH. C57BL/6 and Calpain-1 knockout (KO) mice were exposed to a PAH model induced by 10% oxygen. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPACEs) and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were exposed to 3% oxygen to establish an in vitro model. Proteomics was used to determine the role of Otud6b and its relationship to Calpain-1/HIF-1α signaling. The increased expression of Otud6b is associated with the progression of PAH. ROtud6b activates Otud6b, induces HIF-1α activation, increases the production of ET-1 and VEGF, and further aggravates endothelial injury. Reducing Otud6b expression by tracheal infusion of siOtud6b has the opposite effect, improving hemodynamic and cardiac response to PAH, reducing the release of Calpain-1 and HIF-1α, and eliminating the pro-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of Otud6b. At the same time, we also found that blocking Calpain-1 reduced the effect of Otud6b on HIF-1α, and inhibiting HIF-1α reduced the expression of Calpain-1 and Otud6b. Our study shows that increased Otud6b expression during hypoxia promotes the development of PAH models through a positive feedback loop between HIF-1α and Calpain-1. Therefore, we use Otud6b as a biomarker of PAH severity, and regulating Otud6b expression may be an effective target for the treatment of PAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Calpain/metabolism
- Calpain/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Tongji Medical College of Basic Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
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2
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Berkholz J, Schmitt A, Fragasso A, Schmid AC, Munz B. Smyd1: Implications for novel approaches in rhabdomyosarcoma therapy. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113863. [PMID: 38097153 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a tumor that consists of poorly differentiated skeletal muscle cells, is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children. Despite considerable progress within the last decades, therapeutic options are still limited, warranting the need for novel approaches. Recent data suggest deregulation of the Smyd1 protein, a sumoylation target as well as H3K4me2/3 methyltransferase and transcriptional regulator in myogenesis, and its binding partner skNAC, in RMS cells. Here, we show that despite the fact that most RMS cells express at least low levels of Smyd1 and skNAC, failure to upregulate expression of these genes in reaction to differentiation-promoting signals can always be observed. While overexpression of the Smyd1 gene enhances many aspects of RMS cell differentiation and inhibits proliferation rate and metastatic potential of these cells, functional integrity of the putative Smyd1 sumoylation motif and its SET domain, the latter being crucial for HMT activity, appear to be prerequisites for most of these effects. Based on these findings, we explored the potential for novel RMS therapeutic strategies, employing small-molecule compounds to enhance Smyd1 activity. In particular, we tested manipulation of (a) Smyd1 sumoylation, (b) stability of H3K4me2/3 marks, and (c) calpain activity, with calpains being important targets of Smyd1 in myogenesis. We found that specifically the last strategy might represent a promising approach, given that suitable small-molecule compounds will be available for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Berkholz
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt
- University Hospital Tübingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annunziata Fragasso
- University Hospital Tübingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Celina Schmid
- University Hospital Tübingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- University Hospital Tübingen, Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 6, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, D-72074 / D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Zhao R, Teng X, Yang Y. Calpain as a Therapeutic Target for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:533-540. [PMID: 37642934 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a complex pathophysiological process with multiple links and factors. It involves the interaction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism, and results in acute and even long-term brain damage and impairment of brain function. Calpain is a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that regulate cellular function. Calpain activation is involved in cerebral ischemic injury, and this involvement is achieved by the interaction among Ca2+, substrates, organelles, and multiple proteases in the neuronal necrosis and apoptosis pathways after cerebral ischemia. Many calpain inhibitors have been developed and tested in the biochemical and biomedical fields. This study reviewed the potential role of calpain in the treatment of HIE and related mechanism, providing new insights for future research on HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiufei Teng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanchao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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García-Trevijano ER, Ortiz-Zapater E, Gimeno A, Viña JR, Zaragozá R. Calpains, the proteases of two faces controlling the epithelial homeostasis in mammary gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1249317. [PMID: 37795261 PMCID: PMC10546029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1249317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are calcium-dependent Cys-proteases ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues with a processive, rather than degradative activity. They are crucial for physiological mammary gland homeostasis as well as for breast cancer progression. A growing number of evidences indicate that their pleiotropic functions depend on the cell type, tissue and biological context where they are expressed or dysregulated. This review considers these standpoints to cover the paradoxical role of calpain-1 and -2 in the mammary tissue either, under the physiological conditions of the postlactational mammary gland regression or the pathological context of breast cancer. The role of both calpains will be examined and discussed in both conditions, followed by a brief snapshot on the present and future challenges for calpains, the two-gateway proteases towards tissue homeostasis or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. García-Trevijano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Gimeno
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- INLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lai R, Fang Q, Wu F, Pan S, Haque K, Sha SH. Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss by calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 is associated with upregulation of PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1199656. [PMID: 37484825 PMCID: PMC10359991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1199656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Noise-induced calcium overload in sensory hair cells has been well documented as an early step in the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Alterations in cellular calcium homeostasis mediate a series of cellular events, including activation of calcium-dependent protein kinases and phosphatases. Using cell-membrane- and blood-brain-barrier-permeable calpain-1 (μ-calpain) and calpain-2 (m-calpain) inhibitor MDL-28170, we tested the involvement of calpains, a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, and the potential of MDL-28170 in preventing NIHL. Methods CBA/J mice at the age of 12 weeks were exposed to broadband noise with a frequency spectrum from 2-20 kHz for 2 h at 101 dB sound pressure level to induce permanent hearing loss as measured by auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Morphological damage was assessed by quantification of remaining sensory hair cells and inner hair cell synapses 2 weeks after the exposure. Results MDL-28170 treatment by intraperitoneal injection significantly attenuated noise-induced functional deficits and cochlear pathologies. MDL-28170 treatment also prevented noise-induced cleavage of alpha-fodrin, a substrate for calpain-1. Furthermore, MDL-28170 treatment prevented reduction of PI3K/Akt signaling after exposure to noise and upregulated p85α and p-Akt (S473) in outer hair cells. Discussion These results indicate that noise-induced calpain activation negatively regulates PI3K/Akt downstream signaling, and that prevention of NIHL by treatment with MDL-28170 is associated with upregulation of PI3K/Akt survival signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosha Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Song Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Khujista Haque
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Su-Hua Sha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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6
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Knaryan VH, Sarukhanyan FP. [Ca2+-regulated enzymes calpain and calcineurin in neurodegenerative processes and prospects for neuroprotective pharmacotherapy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:32-40. [PMID: 37490663 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312307132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-regulated enzymes calpain and calcineurin are the key molecules of signaling mechanisms in neurons and ensure the normal course of intracellular neurochemical and neurophysiological processes. The imbalance and increase in the intracellular level of Ca2+ correlates with the activation of calpain and calcineurin. Inactivation of endogenous inhibitors and/or absence of exogenous pharmacological inhibitors of these enzymes may induce a cascade of intracellular mechanisms that are detrimental to the structural integrity and functional activity of neurons. The interrelated processes of Ca2+ imbalance, dysregulation of calpain and calcineurin are directly related to the development of intracellular pathophysiological reactions leading to the degeneration and death of selective neuronal populations in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The review briefly presents the characteristics of calpain and calcineurin, their interrelated role in the neurodegeneration processes. Data on the efficiency of the exogenous inhibitors (in vivo, in vitro) point out the potential role of pharmacological regulation of calpain and calcineurin for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Knaryan
- Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - F P Sarukhanyan
- Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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7
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Role and Dysregulation of miRNA in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010712. [PMID: 36614153 PMCID: PMC9820759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy that has a not yet fully understood molecular pathomechanism behind it. The role of risk genes regulated by small non-coding RNAs, or microRNAs (miRNAs), has also been highlighted in PD, where they may influence disease progression and comorbidities. In this case-control study, we analyzed miRNAs on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by means of RNA-seq in 30 participants, with the aim of identifying miRNAs differentially expressed in PD compared to age-matched healthy controls. Additionally, we investigated the pathways influenced by differentially expressed miRNAs and assessed whether a specific pathway could potentially be associated with PD susceptibility (enrichment analyses performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tools). Overall, considering that the upregulation of miRNAs might be related with the downregulation of their messenger RNA targets, and vice versa, we found several putative targets of dysregulated miRNAs (i.e., upregulated: hsa-miR-1275, hsa-miR-23a-5p, hsa-miR-432-5p, hsa-miR-4433b-3p, and hsa-miR-4443; downregulated: hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-374a-3p, hsa-miR-542-3p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p). An inverse connection between cancer and neurodegeneration, called "inverse comorbidity", has also been noted, showing that some genes or miRNAs may be expressed oppositely in neurodegenerative disorders and in some cancers. Therefore, it may be reasonable to consider these miRNAs as potential diagnostic markers and outcome measures.
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Alan E, Kerry Z, Sevin G. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease: From therapeutic targets to promising drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:397-427. [PMID: 36576325 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment so widespread that it interferes with a person's ability to complete daily activities. AD is becoming increasingly common, and it is estimated that the number of patients will reach 152 million by 2050. Current treatment options for AD are symptomatic and have modest benefits. Therefore, considering the human, social, and economic burden of the disease, the development of drugs with the potential to alter disease progression has become a global priority. In this review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of AD were evaluated as therapeutic targets. The main aim of the review is to focus on new knowledge about mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuronal transmission in AD, as well as a range of cellular signaling mechanisms and associated treatments. Important molecular interactions leading to AD were described in amyloid cascade and in tau protein function, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, cAMP-regulatory element-binding protein (CREB), the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), neuroinflammation (glial cells), and synaptic alterations. This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical research in AD pathology and analyzes the potential of therapeutic applications based on molecular disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Alan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Kerry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Deng H, Tian X, Sun H, Liu H, Lu M, Wang H. Calpain-1 mediates vascular remodelling and fibrosis via HIF-1α in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2819-2830. [PMID: 35365973 PMCID: PMC9097838 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain‐1, a calcium‐activated neutral cysteine proteases, has been reported to be involved in the formation of pulmonary hypertension. HIF‐1α, an oxygen‐sensitive transcription factor, has been reported to activate genes involved in cell proliferation and extracellular matrix recombination. This study was designed to investigate the effect of calpain‐1 in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and to explore whether there is a relationship between calpain‐1 and HIF‐1α in this disease. In the hypoxia‐induced model of HPH, we found that hypoxia resulted in increased right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodelling and collagen deposition in lung tissues of mice. The levels of calpain‐1 and HIF‐1α were up‐regulated in the lung tissues of hypoxia‐treated mice and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Knock‐out of calpain‐1 restrained haemodynamic and histological changes induced by chronic hypoxia in mice, and inhibition of calpain‐1 also repressed the abnormal proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Besides, knock‐out or inhibition of calpain‐1 suppressed hypoxia‐induced expression of HIF‐1α, VEGF, PCNA, TGF‐β1, MMP2 and collagen I in vivo and in vitro. While inhibition of HIF‐1α abolished the above effects of calpain‐1. Furthermore, we found that calpain‐1 mediates the expression of HIF‐1α through NF‐κB (P65) under hypoxia conditions. In conclusion, our results suggest that calpain‐1 plays a pivotal role in hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and fibrosis through HIF‐1α, providing a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hening Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are prototypical classical isoforms of the calpain family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Their substrate proteins participate in a wide range of cellular processes, including transcription, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Dysregulated calpain activity has been implicated in tumorigenesis, suggesting that calpains may be promising therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review covers clinical and basic research studies implicating calpain-1 and calpain-2 expression and activity in tumorigenesis and metastasis. We highlight isoform specific functions and provide an overview of substrates and cancer-related signalling pathways affected by calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage. We also discuss efforts to develop clinically relevant calpain specific inhibitors and spotlight the challenges facing inhibitor development. EXPERT OPINION Rationale for targeting calpain-1 and calpain-2 in cancer is supported by pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating that calpain inhibition has the potential to attenuate carcinogenesis and block metastasis of aggressive tumors. The wide range of substrates and cleavage products, paired with inconsistencies in model systems, underscores the need for more complete understanding of physiological substrates and how calpain cleavage alters their function in cellular processes. The development of isoform specific calpain inhibitors remains an important goal with therapeutic potential in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shapovalov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Danielle Harper
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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Calpain Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1125-1149. [PMID: 34982393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is considered a significant challenge to understand the neuronal cell death mechanisms with a suitable cure for neurodegenerative disorders in the coming years. Calpains are one of the best-considered "cysteine proteases activated" in brain disorders. Calpain is an important marker and mediator in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Calpain activation being the essential neurodegenerative factor causing apoptotic machinery activation, it is crucial to develop reliable and effective approaches to prevent calpain-mediated apoptosis in degenerating neurons. It has been recently seen that the "inhibition of calpain activation" has appeared as a possible therapeutic target for managing neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was conducted. The present article reviews the basic pathobiology and role of selective calpain inhibitors used in various neurodegenerative diseases as a therapeutic target.
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Ennes-Vidal V, Branquinha MH, dos Santos ALS, d’Avila-Levy CM. The Diverse Calpain Family in Trypanosomatidae: Functional Proteins Devoid of Proteolytic Activity? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020299. [PMID: 33535641 PMCID: PMC7912814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine peptidases that were originally described in mammals and, thereafter, their homologues were identified in almost all known living organisms. The deregulated activity of these peptidases is associated with several pathologies and, consequently, huge efforts have been made to identify selective inhibitors. Trypanosomatids, responsible for life-threatening human diseases, possess a large and diverse family of calpain sequences in their genomes. Considering that the current therapy to treat trypanosomatid diseases is limited to a handful of drugs that suffer from unacceptable toxicity, tough administration routes, like parenteral, and increasing treatment failures, a repurposed approach with calpain inhibitors could be a shortcut to successful chemotherapy. However, there is a general lack of knowledge about calpain functions in these parasites and, currently, the proteolytic activity of these proteins is still an open question. Here, we highlight the current research and perspectives on trypanosomatid calpains, overview calpain description in these organisms, and explore the potential of targeting the calpain system as a therapeutic strategy. This review gathers the current knowledge about this fascinating family of peptidases as well as insights into the puzzle: are we unable to measure calpain activity in trypanosomatids, or are the functions of these proteins devoid of proteolytic activity in these parasites?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Ennes-Vidal
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1014
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (M.H.B.); (A.L.S.d.S.)
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (M.H.B.); (A.L.S.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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Chen L, Xiao D, Tang F, Gao H, Li X. CAPN6 in disease: An emerging therapeutic target (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1644-1652. [PMID: 33000175 PMCID: PMC7521557 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the calpain protein family, calpain6 (CAPN6) is highly expressed mainly in the placenta and embryos. It plays a number of important roles in cellular processes, such as the stabilization of microtubules, the main-tenance of cell stability, the control of cell movement and the inhibition of apoptosis. In recent years, various studies have found that CAPN6 is one of the contributing factors associated with the tumorigenesis of uterine tumors and osteosarcoma, and that CAPN6 participates in the development of tumors by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and by inhibiting apoptosis, which is mainly regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Due to its abnormal cellular expression, CAPN6 has also been found to be associated with a number of diseases, such as white matter damage and muscular dystrophy. Therefore, CAPN6 may be a novel therapeutic target for these diseases. In the present review, the role of CAPN6 in disease and its possible use as a target in various therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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