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Ahn BT, Maurice-Ventouris M, Bilgic E, Yang A, Lau CHH, Peters H, Li K, Chang-Ou D, Harley JM. A scoping review of emotions and related constructs in simulation-based education research articles. Adv Simul (Lond) 2023; 8:22. [PMID: 37717029 PMCID: PMC10505334 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-023-00258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While acknowledgement of emotions' importance in simulation-based education is emerging, there are concerns regarding how education researchers understand the concept of emotions for them to deliberately incorporate emotionally charged scenarios into simulation-based education. This concern is highlighted especially in the context of medical education often lacking strong theoretical integration. To map out how current simulation-based education literature conceptualises emotion, we conducted a scoping review on how emotions and closely related constructs (e.g. stress, and emotional intelligence) are conceptualised in simulation-based education articles that feature medical students, residents, and fellows. METHODS The scoping review was based on articles published in the last decade identified through database searches (EMBASE and Medline) and hand-searched articles. Data extraction included the constructs featured in the articles, their definitions, instruments used, and the types of emotions captured. Only empirical articles were included (e.g. no review or opinion articles). Data were charted via descriptive analyses. RESULTS A total of 141 articles were reviewed. Stress was featured in 88 of the articles, while emotions and emotional intelligence were highlighted in 45 and 34 articles respectively. Conceptualisations of emotions lacked integration of theory. Measurements of emotions mostly relied on self-reports while stress was often measured via physiological and self-report measurements. Negative emotions such as anxiety were sometimes seen as interchangeable with the term stress. No inferences were made about specific emotions of participants from their emotional intelligence. CONCLUSIONS Our scoping review illustrates that learners in simulation-based education are most often anxious and fearful. However, this is partially due to medical education prioritising measuring negative emotions. Further theoretical integration when examining emotions and stress may help broaden the scope towards other kinds of emotions and better conceptualisations of their impact. We call for simulation education researchers to reflect on how they understand emotions, and whether their understanding may neglect any specific aspect of affective experiences their simulation participants may have.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elif Bilgic
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Education Research Innovation and Theory (MERIT) program, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alison Yang
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Hannah Peters
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jason M Harley
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
- Institute for Health Sciences Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Gkantiri AM, Tsiasioti A, Zacharis CK, Tzanavaras PD. HPLC method with post-column derivatization for the analysis of endogenous histidine in human saliva validated using the total-error concept. Amino Acids 2022; 54:399-409. [PMID: 35182245 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Histidine (His) is an essential amino acid that plays an important biological role and associated with various pathological conditions. A simple and reliable method for the determination of endogenous histidine in human saliva was optimized and validated. The analyte was separated from the saliva matrix by cation exchange chromatography and detected fluorimetrically (λex/λem = 360/440 nm) after online, specific post-column derivatization (PCD) reaction with o-phthalaldehyde. The chemical and instrumental variables of the post-column reaction were optimized using Box-Behnken experimental design to achieve maximum sensitivity. Method validation was carried out employing the total-error concept. Histidine could be analyzed reliably in the range of 0.5-5.0 μΜ, with an LOD (S/N = 3) of 50 nM. Monte Carlo simulations and capability analysis were used to investigate the ruggedness of the PCD reaction. The sampling strategy, sample preparation and stability were also investigated. Seventeen saliva samples were successfully analyzed with histidine levels being in the range of 2.7-19.5 μΜ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Gkantiri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolia Tsiasioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Grgurevic L, Novak R, Salai G, Trkulja V, Hamzic LF, Popovic VZ, Bozic D. Identification of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the saliva after the placement of fixed orthodontic appliance. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:19. [PMID: 34250561 PMCID: PMC8273045 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted in order to explore the effects of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on the changes of salivary proteome. This prospective observational pilot study recruited 12 healthy teenage boys with malocclusion treated with a fixed orthodontic appliance and 6 appropriate control participants. Saliva samples were collected a day before and at 0, 2, 7, and 30 days after initialization of treatment, corresponding to the initial, lag, and post-lag phases of OTM. Pooled samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, ELISA, and Western blotting. To date, there is no published data on the presence of BMP molecules or their antagonists in the saliva or in the gingival cervical fluid related to orthodontic conditions. Results A total of 198 identified saliva proteins were classified based on their functional characteristics. Proteins involved in bone remodeling were observed exclusively 30 days post appliance placement, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a BMP antagonist BMP-binding endothelial regulator, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4, and fibroblast growth factor 5. Based on the analysis of protein interactions, BMP4 was found to have a central position in this OTM-related protein network. Conclusions The placement of a fixed orthodontic appliance induced occurrence of proteins involved in bone remodeling in the saliva at a time corresponding to the post-lag period of OTM. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample size, limited time of monitoring patients, and the lack of interindividual variability assessment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40510-021-00364-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Anatomy, "Drago Perovic," School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ruder Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lejla Ferhatovic Hamzic
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darko Bozic
- Department of Periodontology, University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Sinha I, Modesto J, Krebs NM, Stanley AE, Walter VA, Richie JP, Muscat JE, Sinha R. Changes in salivary proteome before and after cigarette smoking in smokers compared to sham smoking in nonsmokers: A pilot study. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:56. [PMID: 34239408 PMCID: PMC8240953 DOI: 10.18332/tid/138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease. Although smoking results in an acute effect of relaxation and positive mood through dopamine release, smoking is thought to increase stress symptoms such as heart rate and blood pressure from nicotine-induced effects on the HPA axis and increased cortisol. Despite the importance in understanding the mechanisms in smoking maintenance, little is known about the overall protein and physiological response to smoking. There may be multiple functions involved that if identified might help in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, our goal for this pilot study was to identify proteins in the saliva that change in response to an acute smoking event versus acute sham smoking event in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. METHODS We employed the iTRAQ technique followed by Mass Spectrometry to identify differentially expressed proteins in saliva of smokers and non-smokers after smoking cigarettes and sham smoking, respectively. We also validated some of the salivary proteins by ELISA or western blotting. In addition, salivary cortisol and salivary amylase (sAA) activity were measured. RESULTS In all, 484 salivary proteins were identified. Several proteins were elevated as well as decreased in smokers compared to non-smokers. Among these were proteins associated with stress response including fibrinogen alpha, cystatin A and sAA. Our investigation also highlights methodological considerations in study design, sampling and iTRAQ analysis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest further investigation of other differentially expressed proteins in this study including ACBP, A2ML1, APOA4, BPIB1, BPIA2, CAH1, CAH6, CYTA, DSG1, EST1, GRP78, GSTO1, sAA, SAP, STAT, TCO1, and TGM3 that might assist in improving methods for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Anne E Stanley
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Vonn A Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, United States
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Zallocco L, Giusti L, Ronci M, Mussini A, Trerotola M, Mazzoni MR, Lucacchini A, Sebastiani L. Salivary Proteome Changes in Response to Acute Psychological Stress Due to an Oral Exam Simulation in University Students: Effect of an Olfactory Stimulus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4295. [PMID: 33919012 PMCID: PMC8122612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role both in acute and chronic psychological stress eliciting changes in many local and systemic physiological and biochemical processes. Salivary secretion is also regulated by ANS. In this study, we explored salivary proteome changes produced in thirty-eight University students by a test stress, which simulated an oral exam. Students underwent a relaxation phase followed by the stress test during which an electrocardiogram was recorded. To evaluate the effect of an olfactory stimulus, half of the students were exposed to a pleasant odor diffused in the room throughout the whole session. Saliva samples were collected after the relaxation phase (T0) and the stress test (T1). State anxiety was also evaluated at T0 and T1. Salivary proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and patterns at different times were compared. Spots differentially expressed were trypsin digested and identified by mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was used to validate proteomic results. Anxiety scores and heart rate changes indicated that the fake exam induced anxiety. Significant changes of α-amylase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), and immunoglobulin α chain (IGHA) secretion were observed after the stress test was performed in the two conditions. Moreover, the presence of pleasant odor reduced the acute social stress affecting salivary proteome changes. Therefore, saliva proteomic analysis was a useful approach to evaluate the rapid responses associated to an acute stress test also highlighting known biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.Z.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Andrea Mussini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. D’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Mazzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.Z.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.S.)
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Salivary Biomarkers and Work-Related Stress in Night Shift Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063184. [PMID: 33808679 PMCID: PMC8003447 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Work organization, such as shifts and night work, can interfere with the perception of work-related stress and therefore on the development of pathological conditions. Night shift work, particularly, can have a negative impact on workers’ wellbeing by interfering with the biological sphere. The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations between work activities, shift work effects and stress-related responses in 106 dock workers enrolled in southeast Italy. Dock workers’ tasks consist of complex activities that seemed to affect more sleep quality than work-related stress. An analysis of salivary biomarkers such as cortisol, α-amylase, melatonin and lysozyme was performed along with validated psycho-diagnostic questionnaires. Alpha-amylase showed a significant negative correlation with the effort/reward imbalance score; thus, the measurement of salivary α-amylase is proposed as a sensitive and non-invasive biomarker of work-related stress. This study may provide new insights into developing strategies for the management of night shift work. Salivary biomarkers should be further investigated in the future in order to develop simple and effective tools for the early diagnosis of work-related stress or its outcomes.
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Huang L, Shao D, Wang Y, Cui X, Li Y, Chen Q, Cui J. Human body-fluid proteome: quantitative profiling and computational prediction. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:315-333. [PMID: 32020158 PMCID: PMC7820883 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. In the meantime, a tremendous progress in disclosing the body-fluid proteomes was made, resulting in a collection of over 15 000 different proteins detected in major human body fluids. However, common challenges remain with current proteomics technologies about how to effectively handle the large variety of protein modifications in those fluids. To this end, computational effort utilizing statistical and machine-learning approaches has shown early successes in identifying biomarker proteins in specific human diseases. In this article, we first summarized the experimental progresses using a combination of conventional and high-throughput technologies, along with the major discoveries, and focused on current research status of 16 types of body-fluid proteins. Next, the emerging computational work on protein prediction based on support vector machine, ranking algorithm, and protein-protein interaction network were also surveyed, followed by algorithm and application discussion. At last, we discuss additional critical concerns about these topics and close the review by providing future perspectives especially toward the realization of clinical disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Dan Shao
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
- College of Computer Science and Technology in Changchun University
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Xueteng Cui
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Changchun University
| | - Yufei Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Changchun University
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Ojha YR, Giovannucci DR, Cameron BD. Selection and characterization of structure-switching DNA aptamers for the salivary peptide histatin 3. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:9-17. [PMID: 33387594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, single-stranded DNA aptamers that switch structural conformation upon binding to the salivary peptide histatin 3 have been reported for the first time. Histatin 3 is an antimicrobial peptide that possesses the capability of being a therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis and has recently been linked as a novel biomarker for acute stress. The aptamers were identified through a library immobilization version of an iterative in vitro process known as the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). Through the SELEX process, four unique aptamer candidates sharing a consensus sequence were identified. These selected sequences exhibited binding affinity and specificity to histatin 3 and in order to further characterize these aptamers, a direct format enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) was developed. The best performing candidate demonstrated an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) value of 1.97 ± 0.48 μM. These novel aptamers have the potential to lead to the further development of refined sensing assays and platforms for the detection and quantification of histatin 3 in human saliva and other biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagya R Ojha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Brent D Cameron
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Zgombić Popović V, Grgurević L, Trkulja V, Novak R, Negovetić-Vranić D. THE ROLE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN DEFINING SALIVARY PROTEIN COMPOSITION FOLLOWING PLACEMENT OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES - BREAKTHROUGH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES. Acta Clin Croat 2020; 59:480-488. [PMID: 34177058 PMCID: PMC8212653 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.03.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva is rich in proteins of variable functions (e.g., enzymes, immunoglobulins, cytokines) and origin (blood plasma, salivary glands, or oral microflora). Circadian dynamics, volume and composition (electrolytes, pH, protein, etc.) of secreted saliva vary with local and systemic physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, the composition of saliva, protein in particular, has been intensively investigated to identify the potential markers and/or mechanisms of systemic and local diseases. Proteomic techniques used for the analysis of biological fluids have enabled great advances in salivary protein stabilization (as the main precondition for their analysis) and detection of those found in saliva in very low concentrations, including small proteins and peptides. This review brings the main characteristics of current proteomic techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, and surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization/time of flight/mass spectrometry. These techniques enable simultaneous identification of hundreds and thousands of protein molecules, as well as identifying those of a potential biological value in particular states. This literature review is focused on the state-of-the-art and possibilities offered by proteomic techniques in analyzing the effects of orthodontic appliances on salivary protein composition and searching for potential markers of therapeutic success/failure or for the molecules by which therapeutic effects are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovorka Grgurević
- 1Orthonova Dental Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Drago Perović Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- 1Orthonova Dental Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Drago Perović Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ruđer Novak
- 1Orthonova Dental Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Drago Perović Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Negovetić-Vranić
- 1Orthonova Dental Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia; 2Drago Perović Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 3Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 4Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; 5Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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