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Xiong F, Yang H, Song YG, Qin HB, Zhang QY, Huang X, Jing W, Deng M, Liu Y, Liu Z, Shen Y, Han Y, Lu Y, Xu X, Holmes TC, Luo M, Zhao F, Luo MH, Zeng WB. An HSV-1-H129 amplicon tracer system for rapid and efficient monosynaptic anterograde neural circuit tracing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7645. [PMID: 36496505 PMCID: PMC9741617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosynaptic viral tracers are essential tools for dissecting neuronal connectomes and for targeted delivery of molecular sensors and effectors. Viral toxicity and complex multi-injection protocols are major limiting application barriers. To overcome these barriers, we developed an anterograde monosynaptic H129Amp tracer system based on HSV-1 strain H129. The H129Amp tracer system consists of two components: an H129-dTK-T2-pacFlox helper which assists H129Amp tracer's propagation and transneuronal monosynaptic transmission. The shared viral features of tracer/helper allow for simultaneous single-injection and subsequent high expression efficiency from multiple-copy of expression cassettes in H129Amp tracer. These improvements of H129Amp tracer system shorten experiment duration from 28-day to 5-day for fast-bright monosynaptic tracing. The lack of toxic viral genes in the H129Amp tracer minimizes toxicity in postsynaptic neurons, thus offering the potential for functional anterograde mapping and long-term tracer delivery of genetic payloads. The H129Amp tracer system is a powerful tracing tool for revealing neuronal connectomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ge Song
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Bin Qin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yang Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Huang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jing
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Shen
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Eye Center, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyun Han
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Eye Center, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youming Lu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Todd C. Holmes
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Minmin Luo
- grid.410717.40000 0004 0644 5086National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.510934.a0000 0005 0398 4153Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- grid.510934.a0000 0005 0398 4153Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Thellman NM, Triezenberg SJ. Herpes Simplex Virus Establishment, Maintenance, and Reactivation: In Vitro Modeling of Latency. Pathogens 2017. [PMID: 28644417 PMCID: PMC5617985 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All herpes viruses establish lifelong infections (latency) in their host, and herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly prevalent worldwide. Recurrence of HSV infections contributes to significant disease burden in people and on rare occasion can be fatal. Cell culture models that recapitulate latent infection provide valuable insight on the host processes regulating viral establishment and maintenance of latency. More robust and rapid than infections in live animal studies, advancements in neuronal culture techniques have made the systematic analysis of viral reactivation mechanisms feasible. Only recently have human neuronal cell lines been available, but models in the natural host cell are a critical addition to the currently available models.
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An Immortalized Human Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Line Provides a Novel Context To Study Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency and Reactivation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00080-17. [PMID: 28404842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00080-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining characteristic of alphaherpesviruses is the establishment of lifelong latency in host sensory ganglia with occasional reactivation causing recurrent lytic infections. As an alternative to rodent models, we explored the use of an immortalized cell line derived from human dorsal root ganglia. HD10.6 cells proliferate by virtue of a transduced tetracycline-regulated v-myc oncogene. In the presence of doxycycline, HD10.6 cells mature to exhibit neuronal morphology and express sensory neuron-associated markers such as neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and RET and the sensory neurofilament peripherin. Infection of mature HD10.6 neurons by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) results in a delayed but productive infection. However, infection at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in the presence of acyclovir results in a quiescent infection resembling latency in which viral genomes are retained in a low number of neurons, viral gene expression is minimal, and infectious virus is not released. At least some of the quiescent viral genomes retain the capacity to reactivate, resulting in viral DNA replication and release of infectious virus. Reactivation can be induced by depletion of nerve growth factor; other commonly used reactivation stimuli have no significant effect.IMPORTANCE Infections by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) cause painful cold sores or genital lesions in many people; less often, they affect the eye or even the brain. After the initial infection, the virus remains inactive or latent in nerve cells that sense the region where that infection occurred. To learn how virus maintains and reactivates from latency, studies are done in neurons taken from rodents or in whole animals to preserve the full context of infection. However, some cellular mechanisms involved in HSV infection in rodents are different from those in humans. We describe the use of a human cell line that has the properties of a sensory neuron. HSV infection in these cultured cells shows the properties expected for a latent infection, including reactivation to produce newly infectious virus. Thus, we now have a cell culture model for latency that is derived from the normal host for this virus.
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Zeng WB, Jiang HF, Gang YD, Song YG, Shen ZZ, Yang H, Dong X, Tian YL, Ni RJ, Liu Y, Tang N, Li X, Jiang X, Gao D, Androulakis M, He XB, Xia HM, Ming YZ, Lu Y, Zhou JN, Zhang C, Xia XS, Shu Y, Zeng SQ, Xu F, Zhao F, Luo MH. Anterograde monosynaptic transneuronal tracers derived from herpes simplex virus 1 strain H129. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:38. [PMID: 28499404 PMCID: PMC5427628 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 129 (H129) has represented a promising anterograde neuronal circuit tracing tool, which complements the existing retrograde tracers. However, the current H129 derived tracers are multisynaptic, neither bright enough to label the details of neurons nor capable of determining direct projection targets as monosynaptic tracer. Methods Based on the bacterial artificial chromosome of H129, we have generated a serial of recombinant viruses for neuronal circuit tracing. Among them, H129-G4 was obtained by inserting binary tandemly connected GFP cassettes into the H129 genome, and H129-ΔTK-tdT was obtained by deleting the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and adding tdTomato coding gene to the H129 genome. Then the obtained viral tracers were tested in vitro and in vivo for the tracing capacity. Results H129-G4 is capable of transmitting through multiple synapses, labeling the neurons by green florescent protein, and visualizing the morphological details of the labeled neurons. H129-ΔTK-tdT neither replicates nor spreads in neurons alone, but transmits to and labels the postsynaptic neurons with tdTomato in the presence of complementary expressed TK from a helper virus. H129-ΔTK-tdT is also capable to map the direct projectome of the specific neuron type in the given brain regions in Cre transgenic mice. In the tested brain regions where circuits are well known, the H129-ΔTK-tdT tracing patterns are consistent with the previous results. Conclusions With the assistance of the helper virus complimentarily expressing TK, H129-ΔTK-tdT replicates in the initially infected neuron, transmits anterogradely through one synapse, and labeled the postsynaptic neurons with tdTomato. The H129-ΔTK-tdT anterograde monosynaptic tracing system offers a useful tool for mapping the direct output in neuronal circuitry. H129-G4 is an anterograde multisynaptic tracer with a labeling signal strong enough to display the details of neuron morphology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hai-Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Dong Gang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi-Ge Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhang-Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yong-Lu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rong-Jun Ni
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ding Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Michelle Androulakis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29203, USA
| | - Xiao-Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui-Min Xia
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ying-Zi Ming
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shao-Qun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Danaher RJ, Cook RK, Wang C, Triezenberg SJ, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. C-terminal trans-activation sub-region of VP16 is uniquely required for forskolin-induced herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation from quiescently infected-PC12 cells but not for replication in neuronally differentiated-PC12 cells. J Neurovirol 2012. [PMID: 23192733 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The HSV-1 tegument protein VP16 contains a trans-activation domain (TAD) that is required for induction of immediate early (IE) genes during lytic infection and induced reactivation from latency. Here we report the differential contributions of the two sub-regions of the TAD in neuronal and non-neuronal cells during activation of IE gene expression, virus replication, and reactivation from quiescently infected (QIF)-PC12 cells. Our studies show that VP16- and chemical (hexamethylenebisacetamide)-induced IE gene activation is attenuated in neuronal cells. Irrespective of neuronal or non-neuronal cell backgrounds, IE gene activation demonstrated a greater requirement for the N-terminal sub-region of VP16 TAD (VP16N) than the C-terminal sub-region (VP16C). In surprising contrast to these findings, a recombinant virus (RP4) containing the VP16N deletion was capable of modest forskolin-induced reactivation whereas a recombinant (RP3) containing a deletion of VP16C was incapable of stress-induced reactivation from QIF-PC12 cells. These unique process-dependent functions of the VP16 TAD sub-regions may be important during particular stages of the virus life cycle (lytic, entrance, and maintenance of a quiescent state and reactivation) when viral DNA would be expected to be differentially modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Danaher
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA
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Hansen RK, Zhai S, Skepper JN, Johnston MD, Alpar HO, Slater NKH. Mechanisms of Inactivation of HSV-2 during Storage in Frozen and Lyophilized Forms. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:911-7. [PMID: 15932273 DOI: 10.1021/bp049601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural integrity of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) during freezing, thawing, and lyophilization has been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Viral particles should be thawed quickly from -80 to 37 degrees C to avoid artifacts of thawing. To avoid freezing damage, the virus should be rapidly frozen (>20 K s(-1)) rather than slowly frozen as occurs on the shelf of a lyophilizer (<1 K s(-1)). Fast freezing and thawing allows six cycles of freeze thaw with no loss of viral titer TCID50. Viral particles were characterized using immunogold labeling methods. Freshly thawed virus had 19 +/- 4 polyclonal immunogold particles virus(-1); virus stored at -80 degrees C for at least 4 months had 17 +/- 3 particles virus(-1); virus stored for 1 week at 4 degrees C had 8 +/- 4 particles virus(-1). By bulk lyophilization the number of particles was 4 +/- 4, but by fast freezing and lyophilization the number of gold particles improved to 12 +/- 5. The loss of viral membrane was directly observed, and the in vitro loss was demonstrated to occur through three possible pathways, including (i) simultaneous release of tegument and membrane, (ii) sequential release of membrane and then tegument, and (iii) release like by in vivo infection. The capsids were not further degraded as indicated by the lack of free DNA, which was only released by boiling the viral samples with 1% SDS, followed by a dilution to 0.001% w/v SDS for the real-time PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raino K Hansen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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Schmeisser F, Weir JP. Cloning of replication-incompetent herpes simplex viruses as bacterial artificial chromosomes to facilitate development of vectors for gene delivery into differentiated neurons. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:93-104. [PMID: 16409128 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the adaptation of a tetracycline-regulated system of gene expression for herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors and demonstrated that such a system was capable of inducible foreign gene expression in irreversibly differentiated neurons. These studies suggested that such gene delivery vectors would be especially useful for studying the neuron in vitro. Here, we describe the cloning of a replication-incompetent HSV vector as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to facilitate vector construction. Using prokaryotic genetic techniques for allele replacement, we demonstrate the ease of manipulation of the BAC-containing vector, including the construction of vector mutations for which there is no simple phenotypic selection. Such constructions include the insertion of a tetracycline-regulated gene cassette into the UL41 gene for regulated gene expression and the mutation of the UL48 gene to reduce vector toxicity. In addition, HSV vectors cloned as BACs can be sequentially modified to make multiple changes to the vector platform. Finally, using the BAC system, we constructed an HSV vector that expressed an inducible human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene for delivery into differentiated human NT-neurons (cells of the human embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2, which differentiate irreversibly into postmitotic neuron-like cells after treatment with retinoic acid). The results indicated that there is appreciable expression of SOD1 from this HSV vector in the presence of doxycycline and that vector-expressed SOD1 interacts with endogenous SOD1. Thus, the BAC system provides a practicable platform for construction and manipulation of HSV vectors that are suitable for gene delivery into postmitotic neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gimenez-Cassina A, Lim F, Diaz-Nido J. Differentiation of a human neuroblastoma into neuron-like cells increases their susceptibility to transduction by herpesviral vectors. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:755-67. [PMID: 16802347 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer is a powerful tool for functional gene analysis in human cells. In this respect, there is a need to develop experimental models that involve homogeneous cultures of human neuron-like cells susceptible to gene transduction and that are easy to handle. Here we describe an optimized and reproducible procedure to differentiate human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells into a homogeneous population of neuron-like cells. The fully differentiated cells are postmitotic and resemble primary cultured neurons in terms of their cytoskeletal polarity. Notably, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells are far more susceptible to transduction by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)-based vectors than proliferating SH-SY5Y cells. This increase in transduction efficiency after neuronal differentiation may be due to the up-regulation of cell surface receptors for herpesvirus entry. In summary, we propose that fully differentiated human neuron-like cells obtained from the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma may constitute an excellent and versatile experimental tool for gene transfer and functional genomic studies with HSV-1 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Gimenez-Cassina
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Schmeisser F, Weir JP. Cloning of Replication-Incompetent Herpes Simplex Viruses as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes to Facilitate Development of Vectors for Gene Delivery into Differentiated Neurons. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.17.ft-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Cordelier P, Calarota SA, Pomerantz RJ, Xiaoshan J, Strayer DS. Inhibition of HIV-1 in the Central Nervous System by IFN-α2 Delivered by an SV40 Vector. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:477-88. [PMID: 14565857 DOI: 10.1089/10799900360708605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, virus-induced production of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is impaired. In order to obtain regulated expression of IFN-alpha that responds to HIV-1 infection, a recombinant SV40 vector was designed that carries the human IFN-alpha2 cDNA under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) (SV[HIVLTR]IFN). Thus, the IFN-alpha2 gene would be trans-activated on infection with HIV-1. This vector was tested to determine if central nervous system (CNS) cell types that may be potential HIV-1 targets could be transduced and protected from HIV. SV[HIVLTR]IFN transduced NT2 cells, a human neuronal precursor cell line, mature neurons derived from NT2 precursor cells, and human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. IFN-alpha2 expression was retained in mature neurons after SV[HIVLTR]IFN-transduced NT2 precursor cells were induced to differentiate using retinoic acid. IFN-alpha expression was detected only after exposing transduced cells to HIV. Furthermore, SV[HIVLTR]IFN-delivered IFN-alpha2 expression significantly inhibited replication of multiple strains of HIV in both NT2 and NT2-derived mature neurons. SV[HIVLTR]IFN transduction also inhibited HIV-1(BaL) replication in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of IFN-alpha2, delivered by an SV40 vector driven by HIV-1 LTR as a promoter, to protect several CNS-based, potentially HIV-susceptible cell types. These findings may have implications for therapy of HIV-1 infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cordelier
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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11
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Cordelier P, Van Bockstaele E, Calarota SA, Strayer DS. Inhibiting AIDS in the central nervous system: gene delivery to protect neurons from HIV. Mol Ther 2003; 7:801-10. [PMID: 12788654 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy to treat primary and secondary CNS diseases, including neuro-AIDS, has not yet been effective. New approaches to delivering therapeutic genes to the central nervous system are therefore required. Recombinant SV40 vectors (rSV40) transduce both dividing and quiescent cells efficiently, and so we tested them for their ability to deliver anti-HIV-1 transgenes to terminally differentiated human NT2-derived neurons (NT2-N). These vectors transduced >95% of immature as well as mature human neurons efficiently, without detectable toxicity and without requiring selection. rSV40 gene delivery was stable to retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. The rSV40 vectors used in these studies, SV(RevM10) and SV(AT), respectively carried the cDNAs for RevM10, a trans-dominant mutant of HIV-1 Rev, and human alpha1-antitrypsin. As measured by HIV-1 p24 antigen assays and by immunostaining for gp120, NT2-N treated with these vectors strongly resisted challenge with different strains of HIV-1. Protection from HIV replication and HIV-induced cytotoxicity was conferred by SV(AT) and SV(RevM10) and remained constant throughout retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation and for the duration of these studies (> or =11 weeks). rSV40 transduction of human neurons might therefore be a practicable approach to gene delivery for the treatment of CNS diseases, including neuro-AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cordelier
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Schmeisser F, Donohue M, Weir JP. Tetracycline-regulated gene expression in replication-incompetent herpes simplex virus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:2113-24. [PMID: 12542843 DOI: 10.1089/104303402320987815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors appear to have great potential as gene delivery vectors both in vitro and in vivo, the expression of foreign genes in such vectors cannot be easily regulated. Of the known eukaryotic regulatory systems, the tetracycline-inducible gene expression system is perhaps the most widely used because of its induction characteristics and because of the well-known pharmacological properties of tetracycline (Tet) and analogs such as doxycycline. Here, we describe the adaptation of the Tet-inducible system for use in replication-incompetent HSV vectors. HSV vectors were constructed that contained several types of Tet-inducible promoters for foreign gene expression. These promoters contained a tetracycline response element (TRE) linked to either a minimal cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter, a minimal HSV ICP0 promoter, or a truncated HSV ICP0 promoter containing one copy of the HSV TAATGARAT cis-acting immediate-early regulatory element (where R represents a prime base). All three promoter constructs were regulated appropriately by doxycycline, as shown by the expression of the marker gene lacZ in cell lines engineered to express Tet transactivators. The ICP0 promoter constructs expressed the highest and most sustained levels of lacZ, but the CMV promoter construct had the highest relative level of induction, suggesting their use in different applications. To extend the utility of Tet-regulated HSV vectors, vectors were constructed that coexpressed an inducible Tet transactivator in addition to the inducible lacZ marker gene. This modification resulted in tetracycline-inducible gene expression that was not restricted to specific cell lines, and this vector was capable of inducible expression in irreversibly differentiated NT2 cells (NT-neurons) for several days. Finally, HSV vectors were constructed that expressed modified Tet transactivators, resulting in improved induction properties and indicating the flexibility of the Tet-regulated system for regulation of foreign gene expression in HSV vector-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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