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Enke S, Gunzenhauser C, Hepach R, Karbach J, Saalbach H. Differences in cognitive processing? The role of verbal processes and mental effort in bilingual and monolingual children's planning performance. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 213:105255. [PMID: 34388641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Past research documents a bilingual advantage in the domain of executive functions (EFs). However, controversial debates have questioned the robustness of those behavioral differences. The current study aimed to better understand the underlying cognitive prerequisites in bilingual students as compared with monolingual students and focused on two processes: the role of verbal processes, on the one hand, and mental effort during task execution, on the other. The use of self-regulatory speech has been found to be related to performance in tasks requiring EFs. For bilinguals who have grown up with two language systems from an early age, those relations are not fully understood. Furthermore, results from neuroimaging studies have shown that bilinguals might exhibit less mental effort in EF tasks. We investigated both processes in German-speaking monolingual elementary school students (n = 33; Mage = 8.78 years) and German-Russian bilingual elementary school students (n = 34; Mage = 8.88 years) solving a planning task. Results showed that monolinguals were impaired by a verbal secondary task in comparison with a motor control condition, whereas bilinguals performed in both tasks at an equal level, indicating a differential role of self-regulatory speech in both language groups. Analyses of changes in pupil diameter revealed less mental effort during task execution for bilingual children as compared with monolingual children. The current study adds to the existing literature by supplying further evidence for cognitive differences between monolingual and bilingual children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Enke
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Catherine Gunzenhauser
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Education, Freiburg University, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Henrik Saalbach
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig Research Center for Early Child Development, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Waldie KE, Badzakova-Trajkov G, Park HRP, Zheng Y, Neumann D, Zamani Foroushani N. The cognitive and neural correlates of written language: a selective review of bilingualism. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1779093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Waldie
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gjurgjica Badzakova-Trajkov
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Adult Community Mental Health Services, North Shore, Auckland WDHB, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Haeme R. P. Park
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denise Neumann
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nasrin Zamani Foroushani
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kornisch M, Robb MP, Jones RD. Estimates of functional cerebral hemispheric differences in monolingual and bilingual people who stutter: Dual-task paradigm. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2017; 31:409-423. [PMID: 28409657 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2017.1305448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inter-relationship of stuttering and bilingualism to functional cerebral hemispheric processing was examined on a dual-task paradigm. Eighty native German (L1) speakers, half of whom were sequential bilinguals (L2 = English), were recruited. The participants (mean age = 38.9 years) were organised into four different groups according to speech status and language ability: 20 bilinguals who stutter (BWS), 20 monolinguals who stutter (MWS), 20 bilinguals who do not stutter (BWNS), and 20 monolinguals who do not stutter (MWNS). All participants completed a dual-task paradigm involving simultaneous speaking and finger tapping. No performance differences between BWS and BWNS were found. In contrast, MWS showed greater dual-task interference compared to BWS and MWNS, as well as greater right- than left-hand disruption. A prevailing finding was that bilingualism seems to offset deficits in executive functioning associated with stuttering. Cognitive reserve may have been reflected in the present study, resulting in a bilingual advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Kornisch
- a Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal , Québec , Canada
| | - Michael P Robb
- b Department of Communication Disorders , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Richard D Jones
- b Department of Communication Disorders , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Whitman D, Wurm L, Holcomb E, Wang Z, Liao JF, Van Dyke SA. Hemispheric processing of Chinese hànzì and English words: A lateralized lexical decision study. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1135862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Whitman
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Wayne State University, 441 Education Building, 5425 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Lee Wurm
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 40202, USA
| | - Erin Holcomb
- The Institute for Rehabilitation Research (TIRR, Memorial Herman, 1635 North Loop West, Houston, TX 77008, USA
| | - Zhenni Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Jo Fu Liao
- Wayne State Medical School, Emergency Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sarah A. Van Dyke
- Spectrum Health Medical Group, 2750 East Beltline Ave NE MC 9018, Grand Rapids MI, 49525, USA
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Abstract
Atypical lateralization for language has been found in schizophrenia, suggesting that language and thought disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum may be due to left hemispheric dysfunction. However, research with those with non-clinical schizotypy has been inconsistent, with some studies finding reduced or reversed language laterality (particularly with positive schizotypal traits), and others finding typical left hemispheric specialization. The aim of the current study was to use both a behavioural (dual reading-finger tapping) task and an functional magnetic resonance imaging lexical decision task to investigate language laterality in a university sample of high- and low-schizotypal adults. Findings revealed no evidence for atypical lateralization in our sample for both overall schizotypy (measured by the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) and positive schizotypy (measured by the Unusual Experiences subscale) groups. Our findings provide further evidence that non-clinical schizotypy is not associated with atypical language laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeme R P Park
- a School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- a School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Wei M, Joshi AA, Zhang M, Mei L, Manis FR, He Q, Beattie RL, Xue G, Shattuck DW, Leahy RM, Xue F, Houston SM, Chen C, Dong Q, Lu ZL. How age of acquisition influences brain architecture in bilinguals. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2015; 36:35-55. [PMID: 27695193 PMCID: PMC5045052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we explored how Age of Acquisition (AoA) of L2 affected brain structures in bilingual individuals. Thirty-six native English speakers who were bilingual were scanned with high resolution MRI. After MRI signal intensity inhomogeneity correction, we applied both voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) approaches to the data. VBM analysis was performed using FSL's standard VBM processing pipeline. For the SBM analysis, we utilized a semi-automated sulci delineation procedure, registered the brains to an atlas, and extracted measures of twenty four pre-selected regions of interest. We addressed three questions: (1) Which areas are more susceptible to differences in AoA? (2) How do AoA, proficiency and current level of exposure work together in predicting structural differences in the brain? And (3) What is the direction of the effect of AoA on regional volumetric and surface measures? Both VBM and SBM results suggested that earlier second language exposure was associated with larger volumes in the right parietal cortex. Consistently, SBM showed that the cortical area of the right superior parietal lobule increased as AoA decreased. In contrast, in the right pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus, AoA, proficiency, and current level of exposure are equally important in accounting for the structural differences. We interpret our results in terms of current theory and research on the effects of L2 learning on brain structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wei
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Anand A. Joshi
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2564, USA
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Franklin R. Manis
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Rachel L. Beattie
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging and Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gui Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - David W. Shattuck
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, USA
| | - Richard M. Leahy
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2564, USA
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Houston
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging and Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Language lateralisation in late proficient bilinguals: a lexical decision fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:688-95. [PMID: 22245007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half the world's population can now speak more than one language. Understanding the neural basis of language organisation in bilinguals, and whether the cortical networks involved during language processing differ from that of monolinguals, is therefore an important area of research. A main issue concerns whether L2 (second language) is processed using the same neural mechanisms that mediate L1 (first language) processing. Moderating factors include the age of L2 acquisition and the level of proficiency. Here we used a lexical decision task with five conditions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate language processing in eight late proficient bilinguals when using Macedonian (L1) and English (L2). Bilinguals had greater bilateral activation during both L1 and L2 processing, and therefore weaker language lateralisation, compared to matched control English monolinguals. A greater amount of overall activation was also seen in bilinguals, especially during L2 conditions. Late proficient bilinguals living in their L2 environment employ a more extensive neural network than monolinguals when processing their second language.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the neural substrates of an adult English-German bilingual with dyslexia (in both languages) during lexical decision-making using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A lexical decision task with five conditions in a block design was employed (nonverbal shape judgment, lettercase judgment, regular word judgment, irregular word judgment, and nonword judgment), and the activation was compared to a non-dyslexic control bilingual and a control monolingual participant. Both of the control participants matched the dyslexic bilingual BK on age, sex, IQ, handedness, and education level. Results indicated that the bilingual adult with dyslexia was strongly right lateralized for stimuli that required phonological processing, a profile that differed particularly from the activation observed from the monolingual participant. These results are consistent with the idea of increased activation (mostly in the right hemisphere) during linguistic tasks in adults with dyslexia and in late proficient bilinguals relative to monolinguals. Findings also suggest that the additional activation observed in both of the bilinguals are similar, suggesting that these effects are not additive in the dyslexic bilingual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeme R P Park
- Research Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Joss LM, Virtue S. Hemispheric processing in bilinguals: The role of shared meanings across languages and sentential constraint. Cogn Neurosci 2010; 1:26-32. [PMID: 24168243 DOI: 10.1080/17588920903420167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In monolinguals, the right hemisphere plays a key role when readers process multiple meanings of ambiguous words and when text weakly leads to a specific outcome (i.e., is weakly constrained). However, currently little is known about the influence of word meanings and sentential constraint in the hemispheres of bilinguals. Using a divided visual field paradigm, we investigated how cognates, interlingual homographs, and control words (within strongly and weakly constrained sentences) influence hemispheric processing in bilinguals. In the current study, both languages showed facilitation in the right hemisphere, whereas only the language currently in use showed facilitation in the left hemisphere. In addition, bilinguals (unlike monolinguals) processed strongly constrained targets more quickly than weakly constrained targets in both hemispheres. Thus, bilinguals and monolinguals process shared meanings of words similarly in the right hemisphere, but process sentential constraint differently in the hemispheres.
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