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Ferreira I, Guerra P, Pinto N, Alfaiate D, Pereira A. Evaluation of wakefulness electroencephalogram in OSA patients. Sleep Breath 2024; 28:2037-2043. [PMID: 39028483 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-024-03116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with an elevated cardiovascular risk, increased daytime sleepiness, cognitive decline, and slower electroencephalographic activity (EEG). This study assesses EEG patterns during wakefulness in OSA patients compared to those without sleep-disordered breathing. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 30 OSA patients with an Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) of 15 or higher, as well as 29 individuals without sleep-disordered breathing (AHI of 5 or lower) who underwent hospital polysomnography and met all inclusion criteria. Sociodemographic and EEG data were obtained from the sleep laboratory database. Blinded EEG analysis was conducted by two observers, assessing activity in the frontal, central, and occipital regions. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in EEG activity between OSA and non-OSA patients. However, a weak correlation was found between decreased C3 EEG frequency and higher AHI (p = 0.033), as well as increased total sleep time and higher O2 EEG frequency (p = 0.038). Lower amplitudes in C3 (p = 0.043) and O1 (p = 0.031) were correlated with reduced average oxygen saturation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that OSA-related hypoxemia may impact neuronal activity, highlighting the need to address this sleep-disordered breathing in order to potentially prevent the cognitive decline observed in OSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco Health School, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Pinto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CICS-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Alfaiate
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco Health School, Castelo Branco, Portugal.
- Médio Tejo Hospital Center, Torres Novas, Portugal.
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2
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Marcori AJ, Gamberini MG, Ocklenburg S, Monteiro PHM, Okazaki VHA. A task-dependent analysis of closed vs. open and fine vs. gross motor skills in handedness. Laterality 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39154371 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2024.2391793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The traditional classifications of motor skills nature (open vs closed; fine vs gross) have not been considered in handedness investigations. Instead, previous research focused on comparing complex vs less complex motor behaviour, leaving a gap in the literature. We compared manual preference between different motor skill characteristics, namely: fine and closed (FC), gross and closed (GC) and gross and open (GO) tasks. The hand preference was assessed with the Global Lateral Preference Inventory in four hundred and forty participants (244 women) aged from 18 to 59 years old. By assessing the degree and direction of handedness in different motor skills, our results showed a stronger lateralization pattern for FC motor skills as compared to GC and GO, with GO also being less lateralized than GC. Our results expand those of previous investigations that used the motor skill complexity definitions by showing how handedness can also be modulated by the interaction between classic motor skills classifications. Future research should consider fine vs. gross and open vs. closed classifications when selecting tasks for analysis of asymmetries of preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J Marcori
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Matheus G Gamberini
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pedro H M Monteiro
- São Paulo University, School of Physical Education and Sports, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor H A Okazaki
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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3
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Sangeeth TA, Asranna A, Kenchaiah R, Mundlamuri RC, Viswanathan LG, Kulanthaivelu K, Kandavel T, Sinha S. Re-exploring the relationship between skull thickness and alpha asymmetry: A CT/MR imaging correlation study. Epilepsy Res 2024; 202:107353. [PMID: 38522152 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alpha rhythm has been a subject of research for the past few decades. Right-left alpha amplitude asymmetry is a common phenomenon. Several explanations have been proposed to explain this asymmetry, including differences in skull thickness. Our research aims to improve our understanding of the relationship between alpha asymmetry and skull thickness as measured by CT/MRI images. METHODS We analyzed EEGs to study alpha rhythm characteristics. Alpha rhythm amplitude was measured using peak-to-peak values in O1 and O2 reference channels. Significant alpha asymmetry was defined as exceeding 20%. Skull thickness differences at corresponding locations were determined through CT/MRI scans. We examined the correlation between alpha and skull thickness asymmetry using Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, and median regression. RESULTS We examined 401 EEGs and images, categorizing patients into three groups based on alpha asymmetry. Group 1(n= 211) had less than 20 percent alpha asymmetry, Group 2(n=107) showed higher right-side alpha amplitudes, and Group 3(n= 83) displayed higher left-side alpha amplitudes. Our analysis revealed a significant association between groups with asymmetry and skull thickness differences (p<0.001), with a Spearman correlation (Rs) of -0.25 (p<0.001), indicating a significant negative correlation. After adjusting for age, sex, and handedness, Median Regression confirmed a statistically significant variation in skull thickness difference among the groups. SIGNIFICANCE The present study involving a large cohort, the first of its kind, demonstrated a significant relationship between alpha amplitude asymmetry and skull thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sangeeth
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - A Asranna
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - R Kenchaiah
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - K Kulanthaivelu
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | | | - S Sinha
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India.
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4
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Gao M, Sang W, Mi K, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhen W, An B. The Relationship Between Theta Power, Theta Asymmetry and the Effect of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:2241-2249. [PMID: 37900670 PMCID: PMC10612517 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s425506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Only about one-third of depressed patients respond to initial antidepressant treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to find effective predictors of antidepressants. The purpose of our study was to learn the relationship between EEG theta power, theta asymmetry, and the efficacy of escitalopram. Methods The study included 34 patients with depression. Before and after each patient's course of treatment, EEG data was gathered. Both the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) were evaluated simultaneously. The natural logarithm of right frontal theta power minus left frontal theta power was used to calculate inter-electrode theta asymmetry (AT). Results First, our study found no statistically significant difference between intra-electrode theta power and inter-electrode AT before and after treatment (P ≥ 0.05). When we later looked at the data regarding treatment effects, the findings revealed that patients (n = 9) who did not respond to treatment had lower baseline theta power at C4 [6.190 (2.000, 12.990) vs 15.800 (7.255, 22.330), z = -2.166, P = 0.030]. The two groups had no difference in other electrodes (P ≥ 0.05). The AT of C3/C4 in non-responders (n = 9) was lower [0.012 (0.795) vs 0.733 (0.539), t = -3.224, P = 0.005]. However, there was no difference in inter-electrode AT between the two groups in F3/F4 and F7/F8 (P ≥ 0.05). We finally show that the theta power at C4 was negatively correlated with HAMD scores before treatment (r = -0.346, P = 0.045). Conclusion Our findings determined that increased theta power and positive asymmetry in the right frontal-central area correlate with favourable escitalopram treatment, providing a basis for finding predictive markers for antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang Mental Health Center, Xianyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Sang
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Mi
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancong Liu
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Zhen
- Department of Affective Disorders II, Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang An
- Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang Mental Health Center, Xianyang, People’s Republic of China
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Fachner J, Maidhof C, Murtagh D, De Silva D, Pasqualitto F, Fernie P, Panin F, Michell A, Muller-Rodriguez L, Odell-Miller H. Music therapy, neural processing, and craving reduction: an RCT protocol for a mixed methods feasibility study in a Community Substance Misuse Treatment Service. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2023; 18:36. [PMID: 37245018 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-023-00385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music therapy has been shown to be effective for multiple clinical endpoints associated with substance use disorder such as craving reduction, emotion regulation, depression, and anxiety, but there are a lack of studies investigating those effects in UK Community Substance Misuse Treatment Services (CSMTSs). Furthermore, there is a demand for identifying music therapy mechanisms of change and related brain processes for substance use disorder treatment. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of music therapy and a pre-test, post-test, and in-session measurement battery in a CSMTS. METHODS Fifteen participants, from a community service based in London, will take part in a mixed-methods non-blind randomized-controlled trial. Ten participants will receive six-weekly sessions of music therapy in addition to the standard treatment offered by the CSMTS-five of them will receive individual music therapy and five of them will receive group music therapy-while a further five participants will act as a control group receiving standard treatment only. Satisfaction and acceptability will be evaluated in focus groups with service users and staff members following the final treatment session. Moreover, attendance and completion rates will be monitored throughout the intervention. Subjective and behavioral indexes will be assessed before and after the interventions to explore the effects of music therapy on craving, substance use, symptoms of depression and anxiety, inhibitory control, and will be correlated with associated neurophysiological signatures. In-session analysis of two individual music therapy sessions will serve to explore how music and emotion are processed in the brain within the therapy. The data collected at each step will be included in an intention-to-treat analysis basis. DISCUSSION This study will provide a first report on the feasibility of music therapy as an intervention for participants with substance use disorder engaged within a community service. It will also provide valuable information regarding the implementation of a multifaceted methodology that includes neurophysiological, questionnaire-based, and behavioral assessments in this cohort. Notwithstanding the limitation of a small sample size, the present study will provide novel preliminary data regarding neurophysiological outcomes in participants with substance use disorder that received music therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrails.gov, NCT0518061, Registered 6 January 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05180617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fachner
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clemens Maidhof
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Murtagh
- Innovation & Research Unit, Westminster Drug Project (WDP), London, UK
| | - Devon De Silva
- Innovation & Research Unit, Westminster Drug Project (WDP), London, UK
| | - Filippo Pasqualitto
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Fernie
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Panin
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Michell
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helen Odell-Miller
- Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Martin T, Giordani B, Kavcic V. EEG asymmetry and cognitive testing in MCI identification. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:213-219. [PMID: 35618112 PMCID: PMC10756646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding the baseline resting-state EEG markers for early identification of cognitive decline can contribute to the identification of individuals at risk of further change. Potential applications include identifying participants for clinical trials, early treatment, and evaluation of treatment, accessible even from a community setting. METHODS Analyses were completed on a sample of 99 (ages 60-90) consensus-diagnosed, community-dwelling African Americans (58 cognitively typical/HC, and 41 mildly cognitively impaired/MCI), who were recruited from the Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (MADRC) and the Wayne State University Institute of Gerontology. In addition to neuropsychological testing with CogState and Toolbox computerized batteries, resting-state EEGs (rsEEG, eyes closed) were acquired before and after participants were engaged in a visual motion direction discrimination task. rsEEG frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and frontal beta asymmetry (FBA) were calculated. RESULTS FAA showed no difference across groups for the pre-task resting state. FBA was significantly different between groups, with more asymmetric frontal beta in MCI. Both physiological indices, however, along with computerized neuropsychological tests were significant predictors in logistic regression classification of MCI vs. control participants. CONCLUSION rsEEG asymmetries can contribute significantly to successful discrimination of older persons with MCI from those without, over and above cognitive testing, alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - Bruno Giordani
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology and School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Voyko Kavcic
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, USA; International Institute of Applied Gerontology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Berretz G, Packheiser J, Wolf OT, Ocklenburg S. Acute stress increases left hemispheric activity measured via changes in frontal alpha asymmetries. iScience 2022; 25:103841. [PMID: 35198894 PMCID: PMC8850739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal EEG alpha band asymmetries have been linked to affective processing in healthy individuals and affective disorders. As stress provides a strong source of negative affect, the present study investigated how acute stress affects frontal EEG alpha asymmetries. Continuous EEG data were acquired from 51 healthy adult participants during stress induction with the Trier Social Stress Test. EEG data were also collected during a non-stressful control condition. Furthermore, EEG resting state data were acquired after both conditions. Under stress, participants showed stronger left hemispheric activation over frontal electrodes as well as reduced left-hemispheric activation over occipital electrodes compared to the control condition. Our results are in line with predictions of the asymmetric inhibition model which postulates that the left prefrontal cortex inhibits negative distractors. Moreover, the results support the capability model of emotional regulation which states that frontal asymmetries during emotional challenge are more pronounced compared to asymmetries during rest. EEG recording during social stress induction Stronger left hemispheric frontal activation during emotional challenge No stress-related changes in resting state EEG after stress induction Support for asymmetric inhibition and the capability model of emotional regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Berretz
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Julian Packheiser
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Social Brain Lab, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver T. Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Room: IB 6/109, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Hofmann SM, Klotzsche F, Mariola A, Nikulin V, Villringer A, Gaebler M. Decoding subjective emotional arousal from EEG during an immersive virtual reality experience. eLife 2021; 10:e64812. [PMID: 34708689 PMCID: PMC8673835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immersive virtual reality (VR) enables naturalistic neuroscientific studies while maintaining experimental control, but dynamic and interactive stimuli pose methodological challenges. We here probed the link between emotional arousal, a fundamental property of affective experience, and parieto-occipital alpha power under naturalistic stimulation: 37 young healthy adults completed an immersive VR experience, which included rollercoaster rides, while their EEG was recorded. They then continuously rated their subjective emotional arousal while viewing a replay of their experience. The association between emotional arousal and parieto-occipital alpha power was tested and confirmed by (1) decomposing the continuous EEG signal while maximizing the comodulation between alpha power and arousal ratings and by (2) decoding periods of high and low arousal with discriminative common spatial patterns and a long short-term memory recurrent neural network. We successfully combine EEG and a naturalistic immersive VR experience to extend previous findings on the neurophysiology of emotional arousal towards real-world neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Hofmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Felix Klotzsche
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and BrainBerlinGermany
| | - Alberto Mariola
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vadim Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and BrainBerlinGermany
| | - Michael Gaebler
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and BrainBerlinGermany
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9
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Metzen D, Genç E, Getzmann S, Larra MF, Wascher E, Ocklenburg S. Frontal and parietal EEG alpha asymmetry: a large-scale investigation of short-term reliability on distinct EEG systems. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:725-740. [PMID: 34676455 PMCID: PMC8843903 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
EEG resting-state alpha asymmetry is one of the most widely investigated forms of functional hemispheric asymmetries in both basic and clinical neuroscience. However, studies yield inconsistent results. One crucial prerequisite to obtain reproducible results is the reliability of the index of interest. There is a body of research suggesting a moderate-to-good reliability of EEG resting-state alpha asymmetry, but unfortunately sample sizes in these studies are typically small. This study presents the first large-scale short-term reliability study of frontal and parietal EEG resting-state alpha asymmetry. We used the Dortmund Vital Study data set containing 370 participants. In each participant, EEG resting state was recorded eight times, twice with their eyes opened, twice with their eyes-closed, each on two different EEG systems. We found good reliability of EEG alpha power and alpha asymmetry on both systems for electrode pairs. We also found that alpha power asymmetry reliability is higher in the eyes-closed condition than in the eyes-open condition. The frontomedial electrode pair showed weaker reliability than the frontolateral and parietal electrode pairs. Interestingly, we found no population-level alpha asymmetry in frontal electrodes, one of the most investigated electrode sites in alpha asymmetry research. In conclusion, our results suggest that while EEG alpha asymmetry is an overall reliable measure, frontal alpha asymmetry should be assessed using multiple electrode pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Metzen
- Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Erhan Genç
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mauro F Larra
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Azanova M, Herrojo Ruiz M, Belianin AV, Klucharev V, Nikulin VV. Resting-State Theta Oscillations and Reward Sensitivity in Risk Taking. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:608699. [PMID: 33994916 PMCID: PMC8113640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.608699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Females demonstrate greater risk aversion than males on a variety of tasks, but the underlying neurobiological basis is still unclear. We studied how theta (4–7 Hz) oscillations at rest related to three different measures of risk taking. Thirty-five participants (15 females) completed the Bomb Risk Elicitation Task (BRET), which allowed us to measure risk taking during an economic game. The Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) was used to measure self-assessed risk attitudes as well as reward and punishment sensitivities. In addition, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) was included to quantify impulsiveness. To obtain measures of frontal theta asymmetry and frontal theta power, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) acquired prior to task completion, while participants were at rest. Frontal theta asymmetry correlated with average risk taking during the game but only in the female sample. By contrast, frontal theta power correlated with risk taking as well as with measures of reward and punishment sensitivity in the joint sample. Importantly, we showed that reward sensitivity mediated a correlation between risk taking and the power of theta oscillations localized to the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, we observed significant sex differences in source- and sensor-space theta power, risk taking during the game, and reward sensitivity. Our findings suggest that sensitivity to rewards, associated with resting-state theta oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex, is a trait that potentially contributes to sex differences in risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azanova
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Herrojo Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexis V Belianin
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.,International College of Economics and Finance, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Klucharev
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Gallina J, Pietrelli M, Zanon M, Bertini C. Hemispheric differences in altered reactivity of brain oscillations at rest after posterior lesions. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:709-723. [PMID: 33895865 PMCID: PMC8844183 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A variety of evidence supports the dominance of the right hemisphere in perceptual and visuo-spatial processing. Although growing evidence shows a strong link between alpha oscillations and the functionality of the visual system, asymmetries in alpha oscillatory patterns still need to be investigated. Converging findings indicate that the typical alpha desynchronization occurring in the transition from the eyes-closed to the eyes-open resting state might represent an index of reactivity of the visual system. Thus, investigating hemispheric asymmetries in EEG reactivity at the opening of the eyes in brain-lesioned patients may shed light on the contribution of specific cortical sites and each hemisphere in regulating the oscillatory patterns reflecting the functionality of the visual system. To this aim, EEG signal was recorded during eyes-closed and eyes-open resting state in hemianopic patients with posterior left or right lesions, patients without hemianopia with anterior lesions and healthy controls. Hemianopics with both left and right posterior lesions showed a reduced alpha reactivity at the opening of the eyes, suggesting that posterior cortices have a pivotal role in the functionality of alpha oscillations. However, right-lesioned hemianopics showed a greater dysfunction, demonstrated by a reactivity reduction more distributed over the scalp, compared to left-lesioned hemianopics. Moreover, they also revealed impaired reactivity in the theta range. This favors the hypothesis of a specialized role of the right hemisphere in orchestrating oscillatory patterns, both coordinating widespread alpha oscillatory activity and organizing focal processing in the theta range, to support visual processing at the opening of the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gallina
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Pietrelli
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Marco Zanon
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521, Cesena, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121, Bologna, Italy.,Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea, 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Caterina Bertini
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521, Cesena, Italy. .,Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121, Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Di Gruttola F, Malizia AP, D'Arcangelo S, Lattanzi N, Ricciardi E, Orfei MD. The Relation Between Consumers' Frontal Alpha Asymmetry, Attitude, and Investment Decision. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:577978. [PMID: 33584168 PMCID: PMC7874093 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.577978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is a neurophysiological measure of motivation and preference. Despite the FAA is associated to commercial pleasantness, conflicting evidence emerged in the literature regarding its relationship with behavior. To study the association between FAA and consumers' decision, we manipulated a commercial script to elicit diverse consumers' attitudes and decisions and to evaluate whether the FAA score is associated to their final investment. A little informative script (S1) was used to polarize consumers' attitudes and investments toward unfavorable scores, while a more personalized message (S2) to elicit in customers a favorable attitude and higher investments. Twenty-one participants listened to the scripts, and their FAA, attitude, and monetary investment were measured. In S1, the FAA did not correlate with neither attitude nor the investment decision, while a robust negative correlation between these variables was found in S2. No other peripheral body and neural measures associated with attitude or final decision. Our data suggest that the FAA correlates with attitude and decision, when a commercial script is customized and provides an adequate information, likely leading the consumer to a more reasoned and planned decision-making process. When facilitating a favorable attitude toward an offer, the negative correlation of FAA and behavior may reflect the involvement of a control system, whose role is to monitor and govern possible conflicts between approach and avoidance motivations. This observation provides additional indication on the value of FAA as a marker of consumer behaviors, and how it could be affected by experimental and contextual bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia D'Arcangelo
- Intesa Sanpaolo Innovation Center SpA, Neuroscience Lab, Torino, Italy
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13
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Packheiser J, Berretz G, Rook N, Bahr C, Schockenhoff L, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. Investigating real-life emotions in romantic couples: a mobile EEG study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1142. [PMID: 33441947 PMCID: PMC7806608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of emotional processing has been largely investigated in constrained spatial environments such as stationary EEGs or fMRI scanners using highly artificial stimuli like standardized pictures depicting emotional scenes. Typically, such standardized experiments have low ecological validity and it remains unclear whether their results reflect neuronal processing in real-life affective situations at all. Critically, emotional situations do not only encompass the perception of emotions, but also behavioral components associated with them. In this study, we aimed to investigate real-life emotions by recording couples in their homes using mobile EEG technology during embracing, kissing and emotional speech. We focused on asymmetries in affective processing as emotions have been demonstrated to be strongly lateralized in the brain. We found higher alpha and beta power asymmetry during kissing and embracing on frontal electrodes during emotional kisses and speech compared to a neutral control condition indicative of stronger left-hemispheric activation. In contrast, we found lower alpha power asymmetry at parieto-occipital electrode sites in the emotional compared to the neutral condition indicative of stronger right-hemispheric activation. Our findings for alpha power asymmetries are in line with models of emotional lateralization that postulate a valence-specific processing over frontal cortices and right-hemispheric dominance in emotional processing in parieto-occipital regions. In contrast, beta power asymmetries pointed more towards valence-specific processing indicating that, while alpha and beta frequencies seem to be functionally associated, they are not reflecting identical cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Packheiser
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Berretz
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Noemi Rook
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Celine Bahr
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lynn Schockenhoff
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Pavlov YG, Kotchoubey B. Oscillatory brain activity and maintenance of verbal and visual working memory: A systematic review. Psychophysiology 2020; 59:e13735. [PMID: 33278030 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain oscillations likely play a significant role in the storage of information in working memory (WM). Despite the wide popularity of the topic, current attempts to summarize the research in the field are narrative reviews. We address this gap by providing a descriptive systematic review, in which we investigated oscillatory correlates of maintenance of verbal and visual information in WM. The systematic approach enabled us to challenge some common views popularized by previous research. The identified literature (100 EEG/MEG studies) highlighted the importance of theta oscillations in verbal WM: frontal midline theta enhanced with load in most verbal studies, while more equivocal results have been obtained in visual studies. Increasing WM load affected alpha activity in most studies, but the direction of the effect was inconsistent: the ratio of studies that found alpha increase versus decrease with increasing load was 80/20% in the verbal WM domain and close to 60/40% in the visual domain. Alpha asymmetry (left < right) was a common finding in both verbal and visual WM studies. Beta and gamma activity studies yielded the least convincing data: a diversity in the spatial and frequency distribution of beta activity prevented us from making a coherent conclusion; gamma rhythm was virtually neglected in verbal WM studies with no systematic support for sustained gamma changes during the delay in EEG studies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Pavlov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Kotchoubey
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Levenberg K, Hajnal A, George DR, Saunders EFH. Prolonged functional cerebral asymmetry as a consequence of dysfunctional parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus signaling: An integrative model for the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110433. [PMID: 33317848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 45 million people worldwide are diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD). While there are many known risk factors and models of the pathologic processes influencing BD, the exact neurologic underpinnings of BD are unknown. We attempt to integrate the existing literature and create a unifying hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of BD with the hope that a concrete model may potentially facilitate more specific diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of BD in the future. We hypothesize that dysfunctional signaling from the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) results in the clinical presentation of BD. Functional damage to this nucleus and its signaling pathways may be mediated by myriad factors (e.g. immune dysregulation and auto-immune processes, polygenetic variation, dysfunctional interhemispheric connections, and impaired or overactivated hypothalamic axes) which could help explain the wide variety of clinical presentations along the BD spectrum. The neurons of the PVN regulate ultradian rhythms, which are observed in cyclic variations in healthy individuals, and mediate changes in functional hemispheric lateralization. Theoretically, dysfunctional PVN signaling results in prolonged functional hemispheric dominance. In this model, prolonged right hemispheric dominance leads to depressive symptoms, whereas left hemispheric dominance correlated to the clinical picture of mania. Subsequently, physiologic processes that increase signaling through the PVN (hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity, suprachiasmatic nucleus pathways) as well as, neuro-endocrine induced excito-toxicity, auto-immune and inflammatory flairs may induce mood episodes in susceptible individuals. Potentially, ultradian rhythms slowing with age, in combination with changes in hypothalamic axes and maturation of neural circuitry, accounts for BD clinically presenting more frequently in young adulthood than later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Levenberg
- College of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, State College, USA.
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, State College, USA
| | - Daniel R George
- Department of Humanities, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Erika F H Saunders
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State University College of Medicine, State College, USA
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16
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Aviram-Friedman R, Kafri L, Baz G, Alyagon U, Zangen A. Prisoners of Addictive Cues: Biobehavioral Markers of Overweight and Obese Adults with Food Addiction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113563. [PMID: 33233720 PMCID: PMC7699916 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with food and eating addiction (FA), but the biobehavioral markers of this condition are poorly understood. To characterize FA, we recruited 18 healthy controls and overweight/obese adults with (n = 31) and without (n = 17) FA (H-C, FAOB, NFAOB, respectively) to assess alpha brain asymmetry at rest using electroencephalogram; event-related potentials following exposure to high-calorie food (HCF), low-calorie food (LCF), and nonfood (NF) images in a Stroop paradigm; reaction time reflective of the Stroop bias; and symptoms of depression and disordered eating behavior. The FAOB group had the greatest emotional and uncontrollable eating, depressive, and binge-eating symptoms. The FAOB group displayed lower resting left alpha brain asymmetry than that of the NFAOB group. Differently from the other groups, the FAOB group presented attenuated Stroop bias following exposure to HCF relative to NF images, as well as a lower late positive potential component (LPPb; 450-495 ms) in both frontal and occipital regions. In the total cohort, a correlation was found between the Stroop bias and the LPPb amplitude. These results point to biobehavioral hypervigilance in response to addictive food triggers in overweight/obese adults with FA. This resembles other addictive disorders but is absent in overweight/obesity without FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Aviram-Friedman
- Correspondence: (R.A.-F.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +972-52-6066876 or +972-8-6472646 (R.A.-F. & A.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Abraham Zangen
- Correspondence: (R.A.-F.); (A.Z.); Tel.: +972-52-6066876 or +972-8-6472646 (R.A.-F. & A.Z.)
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17
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Response inhibition to emotional faces is modulated by functional hemispheric asymmetries linked to handedness. Brain Cogn 2020; 145:105629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Human brain networks: a graph theoretical analysis of cortical connectivity normative database from EEG data in healthy elderly subjects. GeroScience 2020; 42:575-584. [PMID: 32170641 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving from the hypothesis that aging processes modulate brain connectivity networks, 170 healthy elderly volunteers were submitted to EEG recordings in order to define age-related normative limits. Graph theory functions were applied to exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography on cortical sources in order to evaluate the small-world parameter as a representative model of network architecture. The analyses were carried out in the whole brain-as well as for the left and the right hemispheres separately-and in three specific resting state subnetworks defined as follows: attentional network (AN), frontal network (FN), and default mode network (DMN) in the EEG frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, gamma). To evaluate the stability of the investigated parameters, a subgroup of 32 subjects underwent three separate EEG recording sessions in identical environmental conditions after a few days interval. Results showed that the whole right/left hemispheric evaluation did not present side differences, but when individual subnetworks were considered, AN and DMN presented in general higher SW in low (delta and/or theta) and high (gamma) frequency bands in the left hemisphere, while for FN, the alpha 1 band was lower in the left with respect to the right hemisphere. It was also evident the test-retest reliability and reproducibility of the present methodology when carried out in clinically stable subjects.Evidences from the present study suggest that graph theory represents a reliable method to address brain connectivity patterns from EEG data and is particularly suitable to study the physiological impact of aging on brain functional connectivity networks.
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19
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Packheiser J, Schmitz J, Pan Y, El Basbasse Y, Friedrich P, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. Using Mobile EEG to Investigate Alpha and Beta Asymmetries During Hand and Foot Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:109. [PMID: 32116536 PMCID: PMC7033815 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire (WFQ) are two of the most widely used questionnaires to assess lateralized everyday behavior in human participants. However, it is unclear to what extent the specific behavior assessed in these questionnaires elicit lateralized neural activity when performed in real-life situations. To illuminate this unresolved issue, we assessed EEG alpha and beta asymmetries during real-life performance of the behaviors assessed in the EHI and WFQ using a mobile EEG system. This methodology provides high ecological validity for studying neural correlates of motor behavior under more naturalistic conditions. Our results indicate that behavioral performance of items of both the EHI and WFQ differentiate between left- and right-handers and left- and right-footers on the neural level, especially in the alpha frequency band. These results were unaffected by movement parameters. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that neural activity elicited specifically during left-sided task performance provides predictive power for the EHI or WFQ score of the participants. Overall, our results show that these prominent questionnaires not only distinguish between different motor preferences on the behavioral level, but also on the neurophysiological level. Furthermore, we could show that mobile EEG systems are a powerful tool to investigate motor asymmetries in ecologically valid situations outside of the laboratory setting. Future research should focus on other lateralized behavioral phenotypes in real-life settings to provide more insights into lateralized motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Packheiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Schmitz
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Yaolu Pan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yasmin El Basbasse
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Friedrich
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France.,CNRS, Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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