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Santoro E, Markus HR. Listening to bridge societal divides. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 54:101696. [PMID: 37897952 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. is plagued by a variety of societal divides across political orientation, race, and gender, among others. Listening has the potential to be a key element in spanning these divides. Moreover, the benefits of listening for mitigating social division has become a culturally popular idea and practice. Recent evidence suggests that listening can bridge divides in at least two ways: by improving outgroup sentiment and by granting outgroup members greater status and respect. When reviewing this literature, we pay particular attention to mechanisms and to boundary conditions, as well as to the possibility that listening can backfire. We also review a variety of current interventions designed to encourage and improve listening at all levels of the culture cycle. The combination of recent evidence and the growing popular belief in the significance of listening heralds a bright future for research on the many ways that listening can diffuse stereotypes and improve attitudes underlying intergroup division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Santoro
- Columbia Business School, Columbia University, NY, USA.
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2
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DeMarree KG, Chang YH, Lee T, Venezia A. Listening and attitude change. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 53:101641. [PMID: 37467627 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
We review research on the role of high-quality listening behavior in attitude change. We examine how listening behaviors can impact attitudes and the mechanisms underlying these effects. The article discusses research that explicitly examines high-quality listening, as well as research that examines behaviors that may indicate high-quality listening or that incorporates high-quality listening into larger interventions. The reviewed research suggests that receiving high-quality listening increases psychological safety and open-minded self-reflection, leading people to consider perspectives they otherwise would not. This in turn leads to less extreme, clearer, and more nuanced views on the topic of conversation. Finally, we highlight the need for further research to better understand the role of listening in attitude change, particularly in non-western cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Hui Chang
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Taylor Lee
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Angelia Venezia
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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3
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Janusik L. Listening training in organizations. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101631. [PMID: 37429075 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Employee listening training in organizations has been sparse and under-researched until recently. The substantial work that Itzchakov and Kluger and their colleagues have conducted in the last six years has laid the foundation for researchers to come. When employees learn to listen better, it decreases turnover intentions and burnout. When employees exist in a positive listening culture, it creates well-being and ties to the bottom line. Employee listening training should not focus on theories or barriers to listening; rather, it should be experiential and contextual. The listening circle technique, as well as other techniques they share freely, show great promise as being easy to implement and tied to a host of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Janusik
- College of Business, Influence, and Information Analysis, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, MO USA.
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4
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Farrell AK, Stimpel AL, Stanton SCE, Slatcher RB. Relationship quality and physical health: Responsiveness as an active ingredient predicting health across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101628. [PMID: 37413936 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has established responsiveness as a robust predictor of physical health. Here, we evaluate the extent to which this work establishes partner responsiveness as an active ingredient- a specific component within the broader construct of relationship quality that accounts for a demonstrated association between relationship quality and health. We review work demonstrating that responsiveness predicts a wide range of physical health outcomes, above and beyond other facets of relationship quality, and that it moderates the effects of other protective processes and risk factors. Finally, we discuss how new methodological and interdisciplinary approaches can provide generalizable, causal, and mechanistic evidence to further validate responsiveness as an active ingredient linking relationships and health.
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5
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Reis HT, Itzchakov G. "Do you hear me?": Understanding the interplay of listening and perceived partner responsiveness. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101615. [PMID: 37392504 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Israel.
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6
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Eveland WP, Henry CM, Appiah O. The implications of listening during political conversations for democracy. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 52:101595. [PMID: 37320984 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of research on listening in the context of political conversation. Yet there is theoretical reason to believe that political listening could be an important pathway toward several democratically important outcomes including increased exposure to difference, mutual understanding, and decreased polarization. Unfortunately, listening in political contexts associated with deeply held moral beliefs and strong social identities may be among the most difficult settings for listening to flourish. On the other hand, listening is reciprocal within dyads and so a foothold of listening could, through subsequent social contagion, have potentially widespread effects. This article will review theory and research on political listening, as well as relevant scholarship on listening outside of the political domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Osei Appiah
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Brink KE, Costigan RD. Development of listening competence in business education. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 50:101581. [PMID: 37210991 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that listening is the most important type of oral communication in the workplace. Unfortunately, there is little evidence showing that business programs share this view. The goal of this literature review is to close the gap between employer preferences and business school priorities, thereby enhancing the listening competence of business graduates. Research has identified four listening styles. Task-oriented listening and critical listening focus on message content whereas relational listening and analytical listening are relationally oriented. Although competence in all four styles is needed, the most appropriate style to use is contingent on why one is listening. We propose a systems approach utilizing the ADIE (assessment, design, implementation, evaluation) model for developing the listening competence of business students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Brink
- Grand Valley State University, L. William Seidman Center 3115, 50 Front Ave. SW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49504-6424, USA
| | - Robert D Costigan
- St. John Fisher University (emeritus), 3690 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14618, USA.
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8
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Itzchakov G, Weinstein N, Vinokur E, Yomtovian A. Communicating for workplace connection: A longitudinal study of the outcomes of listening training on teachers' autonomy, psychological safety, and relational climate. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services University of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Netta Weinstein
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Eli Vinokur
- Department of Social‐Community Education Gordon Academic College of Education Haifa Israel
| | - Avinoam Yomtovian
- Department of Social‐Community Education Gordon Academic College of Education Haifa Israel
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9
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Rave R, Itzchakov G, Weinstein N, Reis HT. How to get through hard times: Principals' listening buffers teachers' stress on turnover intention and promotes organizational citizenship behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-16. [PMID: 35967509 PMCID: PMC9362686 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When principals listen to their teachers, they may foster an open and receptive work environment that helps teachers adapt during stressful times. Two studies examined the role of perceived principals' listening to teachers on workplace outcomes. Study 1 (N = 218) was conducted during the first nationwide lockdown in Israel. Study 2 (N = 247) was conducted during a later lockdown and controlled for social support to test the independent effects of the two distinct interpersonal experiences. Findings supported our hypothesis that principals' listening would relate to lower teacher turnover intention. In addition, in line with our hypothesis, teachers high on perceived stress generally reported higher turnover intentions. However, the detrimental effect of perceived stress was not observed when teachers evaluated their principals as good listeners. Finally, we anticipated and found that principal listening is associated with organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, teachers were more likely to help one another when feeling listened to by their principals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Rave
- Department of Human Services, The University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 349883 Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services, The University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 349883 Haifa, Israel
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Avoiding harm, benefits of interpersonal listening, and social equilibrium adjustment: An applied psychology approach to side effects of organizational interventions. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2021.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Itzchakov G, Weinstein N, Cheshin A. Learning to listen: Downstream effects of listening training on employees' relatedness, burnout, and turnover intentions. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hrm.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services University of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | | | - Arik Cheshin
- Department of Human Services University of Haifa Haifa Israel
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12
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Kluger AN, Itzchakov G. The Power of Listening at Work. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Listening is associated with and a likely cause of desired organizational outcomes in numerous areas, including job performance, leadership, quality of relationships (e.g., trust), job knowledge, job attitudes, and well-being. To advance understanding of the powerful effects of listening on organizational outcomes, we review the construct of listening, its measurement and experimental manipulations, and its outcomes, antecedents, and moderators. We suggest that listening is a dyadic phenomenon that benefits both the listener and the speaker, including supervisor-subordinate and salesperson-customer dyads. To explain previous findings and generate novel and testable hypotheses, we propose the episodic listening theory: listening can lead to a fleeting state of togetherness, in which dyad members undergo a mutual creative thought process. This process yields clarity, facilitates the generation of novel plans, increases well-being, and strengthens attachment to the conversation partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham N. Kluger
- Jerusalem School of Business Administration, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Weinstein N, Itzchakov G, Legate N. The motivational value of listening during intimate and difficult conversations. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services University of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Nicole Legate
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
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Itzchakov G, Reis HT, Weinstein N. How to foster perceived partner responsiveness: High‐quality listening is key. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- Department of Human Services University of Haifa Haifa Israel
| | - Harry T. Reis
- Department of Psychology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA
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15
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Saleem F, Malik MI, Qureshi SS, Farid MF, Qamar S. Technostress and Employee Performance Nexus During COVID-19: Training and Creative Self-Efficacy as Moderators. Front Psychol 2021; 12:595119. [PMID: 34721124 PMCID: PMC8555488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.595119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Technostress, a stressor, has implications for employee’s psychological states; however, flexibility like work from home can have positive outcomes, especially for instructors who have to teach and ensure social distance during COVID-19. The present study examined the relationship of technostress and employee performance while taking training and creative self-efficacy as boundary conditions. A sample of 222 university instructors, who worked from home or hybrid (home and workplace) during COVID-19 lockdown, was selected from Pakistan. The responses were recorded using a closed-ended questionnaire. Stepwise linear regression and PROCESS Macro by Hayes (2013) was used to analyze the data. It was revealed that technostress, instead of having adverse effects, had a positive effect on employee’s performance and both training and one’s creative self-efficacy significantly moderated the relationship. As the main finding, it was revealed that the employees continued to perform well despite the prevalence of technostress. The training and one’s creative self-efficacy were useful to control the technostress and maintain the performance of instructors during COVID-19. The university administrators and employees must take technology as a positive tool for performance. The training, along with creative self-efficacy, adds to the working capacity of employees and enhances their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Saleem
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Saddiqa Qureshi
- Department of Business Administration, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sabeen Qamar
- Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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