How often is oral contraception used for contraception? The need of benefit's formalisation

Hormonal Contraception and Bone Metabolism: Emerging Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies on Post-Pubertal and Reproductive-Age Women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This study aims to assess the effects of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) on bone metabolism markers. It primarily measures osteocalcin and additionally examines other bone health markers, seeking to determine their responses to estrogen-progestogen treatments.

METHODS

This study involved a comprehensive evaluation of the pertinent literature and a meta-analysis explicitly conducted on data describing women of reproductive age. The analysis encompassed accessible papers ranging to December 2024 (i.e., those listed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Database, International Clinical Trials Registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov). We examined published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for prospective studies. The selected indicators for primary and secondary outcomes were ascertained by standardized mean change (SMC), displaying the difference between conditions before and after treatment. Trends were evaluated using meta-regressions.

RESULTS

Ultimately, 34 articles out of 1924 identified items met the inclusion criteria, covering 33 unique studies. In EE/E4 combinations, osteocalcin dropped significantly (SMC -0.54 (CI.95 -0.64/-0.43) and -0.43 (CI.95 -0.76/-0.10)). Similar effects were observed for other bone-formation and reabsorption markers, with less significant reductions observed in E2-containing CHC (e.g., alkaline phosphatase (bone) EE combinations, SMC -0.39 (CI.95 -0.67/-0.11); P1NP E2 combination, 0.12 (CI.95 -0.10/0.33); and EE combinations, -0.55 (CI.95 -0.83/-0.26)). The reduction patterns also exhibited differences according to the women's age (e.g., osteocalcin in EE combinations ≤21, SMC -0.63 (CI.95 -0.77/-0.49) and >21, SMC -0.42 (CI.95 -0.61/-0.24); alkaline phosphatase (bone) EE combinations ≤21, SMC -0.55 (CI.95 -0.86/-0.24) and >21, SMC -0.06 (CI.95 -0.47/0.35)). This analysis found that CHC maintains or reduces bone turnover in childbearing women, with effects varying by age and hormone combination. Moreover, bone-formation and reabsorption markers correlated positively to pro-androgenic progestins (p < 0.05). Thus, estrogen-progestogen combinations reduce bone turnover less when weak estrogens and a pro-androgenic or neutral progestin are present.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that CHCs reduce bone turnover, with natural estrogens and androgenic progestins appearing to be more beneficial than EE and anti-androgenic types. These findings would potentially influence decisions relevant to CHC prescriptions during a woman's reproductive phases, emphasizing the need for additional research to tailor CHC usage to bone health.

Health benefits of combined oral contraceptives - a narrative review

PURPOSE

This review presents an update of the non-contraceptive health benefits of the combined oral contraceptive pill.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search for (review) articles that discussed the health benefits of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), in the period from 1980 to 2023.

RESULTS

We identified 21 subjective and/or objective health benefits of COCs related to (i) the reproductive tract, (ii) non-gynaecological benign disorders and (iii) malignancies. Reproductive tract benefits are related to menstrual bleeding(including anaemia and toxic shock syndrome), dysmenorrhoea, migraine, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), ovarian cysts, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), androgen related symptoms, ectopic pregnancy, hypoestrogenism, endometriosis and adenomyosis, uterine fibroids and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Non-gynaecological benefits are related to benign breast disease, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma and porphyria. Health benefits of COCs related to cancer are lower risks of endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of combined oral contraceptives is accompanied with a range of health benefits, to be balanced against its side-effects and risks. Several health benefits of COCs are a reason for non-contraceptive COC prescription.